This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
It is almost 20 years since the largest observational, multicentre study evaluating the risks of mortality associated with general anaesthesia in horses. We proposed an internet-based method to collect data (cleaned and analysed with R) in a multicentre, cohort, observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective study to evaluate peri-operative equine mortality. The objective was to report the usefulness of the method, illustrated with the preliminary data, including outcomes for horses seven days after undergoing general anaesthesia and certain procedures using standing sedation. Within six months, data from 6701 procedures under general anaesthesia and 1955 standing sedations from 69 centres were collected. The results showed (i) the utility of the method; also, that (ii) the overall mortality rate for general anaesthesia within the seven-day outcome period was 1.0%. In horses undergoing procedures other than exploratory laparotomy for colic (“noncolics”), the rate was lower, 0.6%, and in “colics” it was higher, at 3.4%. For standing sedations, the overall mortality rate was 0.2%. Finally, (iii) we present some descriptive data that demonstrate new developments since the previous CEPEF2. In conclusion, horses clearly still die unexpectedly when undergoing procedures under general anaesthesia or standing sedation. Our method is suitable for case collection for future studies.
Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Mark Johnston; Polly M. Taylor; Jose I. Redondo. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals 2021, 11, 2549 .
AMA StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Mark Johnston, Polly M. Taylor, Jose I. Redondo. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Mark Johnston; Polly M. Taylor; Jose I. Redondo. 2021. "Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results." Animals 11, no. 9: 2549.
Medetomidine partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) has not been compared to xylazine PIVA regarding quality of recovery. This clinical retrospective study compared recoveries following isoflurane anaesthesia balanced with medetomidine or xylazine. The following standard protocol was used: sedation with 7 µg·kg−1 medetomidine or 1.1 mg·kg−1 xylazine, anaesthesia induction with ketamine/diazepam, maintenance with isoflurane and 3.5 µg·kg−1·h−1 medetomidine or 0.7 mg·kg−1·h−1 xylazine, and sedation after anaesthesia with 2 µg·kg−1 medetomidine or 0.3 mg·kg−1 xylazine. Recovery was timed and, using video recordings, numerically scored by two blinded observers. Influence of demographics, procedure, peri-anaesthetic drugs, and intraoperative complications (hypotension, hypoxemia, and tachycardia) on recovery were analysed using regression analysis (p< 0.05). A total of 470 recoveries (medetomidine 279, xylazine 191) were finally included. Following medetomidine, recoveries were significantly longer (median (interquartile range): 57 (43–71) min) than xylazine (43 (32–59) min) (p< 0.001). However, the number of attempts to stand was similar (medetomidine and xylazine: 2 (1–3)). Poorer scores were seen with increased pre-anaesthetic dose of xylazine, intraoperative tetrastarch, or salbutamol. However, use of medetomidine or xylazine did not influence recovery score, concluding that, following medetomidine–isoflurane PIVA, recovery is longer, but of similar quality compared to xylazine.
Isabel Kälin; Inken S. Henze; Simone K. Ringer; Paul R. Torgerson; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Comparison of Recovery Quality Following Medetomidine versus Xylazine Balanced Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Horses: A Retrospective Analysis. Animals 2021, 11, 2440 .
AMA StyleIsabel Kälin, Inken S. Henze, Simone K. Ringer, Paul R. Torgerson, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Comparison of Recovery Quality Following Medetomidine versus Xylazine Balanced Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Horses: A Retrospective Analysis. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2440.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabel Kälin; Inken S. Henze; Simone K. Ringer; Paul R. Torgerson; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2021. "Comparison of Recovery Quality Following Medetomidine versus Xylazine Balanced Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Horses: A Retrospective Analysis." Animals 11, no. 8: 2440.
Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Sevoflurane versus isoflurane – which agent leads to better recovery from anaesthesia in horses? Veterinary Record 2021, 189, 110 -112.
AMA StyleRegula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Sevoflurane versus isoflurane – which agent leads to better recovery from anaesthesia in horses? Veterinary Record. 2021; 189 (3):110-112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. 2021. "Sevoflurane versus isoflurane – which agent leads to better recovery from anaesthesia in horses?" Veterinary Record 189, no. 3: 110-112.
Background: Rodent cancer models have limitations in predicting efficacy, tolerability and accompanying biomarkers of ICIs in humans. Companion dogs suffering from neoplastic diseases have gained attention as a highly relevant translational disease model. Despite successful reports of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in dogs, no compounds are available for veterinary medicine. Methods: Here, we assessed suitability of seven FDA-approved human ICIs to target CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 in dogs. Cross-reactivity and blocking potential was assessed using ELISA and flow cytometry. Functional responses were assessed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors (n = 12) and cancer patient dogs (n = 27) as cytokine production after stimulation. Immune composition and target expression of healthy donors and cancer patients was assessed via flow cytometry. Results: Four candidates showed cross-reactivity and two blocked the interaction of canine PD-1 and PD-L1. Of those, only atezolizumab significantly increased cytokine production of healthy and patient derived PBMCs in vitro. Especially lymphoma patient PBMCs responded with increased cytokine production. In other types of cancer, response to atezolizumab appeared to correlate with a lower frequency of CD8 T cells. Conclusions: Cross-functionality of atezolizumab encourages reverse translational efforts using (combination) immunotherapies in companion dog tumor patients to benefit both veterinary and human medicine.
Stanislav Pantelyushin; Elisabeth Ranninger; Diego Guerrera; Gregor Hutter; Caroline Maake; Enni Markkanen; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Carla Rohrer Bley; Heinz Läubli; Johannes Vom Berg. Cross-Reactivity and Functionality of Approved Human Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Dogs. Cancers 2021, 13, 785 .
AMA StyleStanislav Pantelyushin, Elisabeth Ranninger, Diego Guerrera, Gregor Hutter, Caroline Maake, Enni Markkanen, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Carla Rohrer Bley, Heinz Läubli, Johannes Vom Berg. Cross-Reactivity and Functionality of Approved Human Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Dogs. Cancers. 2021; 13 (4):785.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanislav Pantelyushin; Elisabeth Ranninger; Diego Guerrera; Gregor Hutter; Caroline Maake; Enni Markkanen; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Carla Rohrer Bley; Heinz Läubli; Johannes Vom Berg. 2021. "Cross-Reactivity and Functionality of Approved Human Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Dogs." Cancers 13, no. 4: 785.
In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of fMRI in rodents is impaired. In the present systematic review, literature analyzing in rats and mice the influence of anesthesia regimes and concurrent physiological functions on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI results was investigated. Studies from four databases that were searched were selected following pre-defined criteria. Two separate articles publish the results; the herewith presented article includes the analyses of 83 studies. Most studies found differences in BOLD fMRI readouts with different anesthesia drugs and dose rates, time points of imaging or when awake status was compared to anesthetized animals. To obtain scientifically valid, reproducible results from rodent fMRI studies, stable levels of anesthesia with agents suitable for the model under investigation as well as known and objectively quantifiable effects on readouts are, thus, mandatory. Further studies should establish dose ranges for standardized anesthetic protocols and determine time windows for imaging during which influence of anesthesia on readout is objectively quantifiable
Aline Steiner; Frédérik Rousseau-Blass; Aileen Schroeter; Sonja Hartnack; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)–Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing. Animals 2021, 11, 199 .
AMA StyleAline Steiner, Frédérik Rousseau-Blass, Aileen Schroeter, Sonja Hartnack, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)–Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAline Steiner; Frédérik Rousseau-Blass; Aileen Schroeter; Sonja Hartnack; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2021. "Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)–Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing." Animals 11, no. 1: 199.
Miguel Gozalo‐Marcilla; Jose I. Redondo; Mark Johnston; Polly Taylor; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live! Equine Veterinary Journal 2020, 52, 891 -892.
AMA StyleMiguel Gozalo‐Marcilla, Jose I. Redondo, Mark Johnston, Polly Taylor, Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live! Equine Veterinary Journal. 2020; 52 (6):891-892.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Gozalo‐Marcilla; Jose I. Redondo; Mark Johnston; Polly Taylor; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. 2020. "A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live!" Equine Veterinary Journal 52, no. 6: 891-892.
: The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for stunning and killing animals is considered to compromise welfare due to air hunger, anxiety, fear, and pain. Despite decades of research, no alternatives have so far been found that provide a safe and reliable way to induce unconsciousness in groups of animals, and also cause less distress than CO2. Here, we revisit the current and historical literature to identify key research questions that may lead to the identification and implementation of more humane alternatives to induce unconsciousness in mice, rats, poultry, and pigs. In addition to the evaluation of novel methods and agents, we identify the need to standardise the terminology and behavioural assays within the field. We further reason that more accurate measurements of consciousness state are needed and serve as a central component in the assessment of suffering. Therefore, we propose a roadmap toward improving animal welfare during end-of-life procedures.
Aline R. Steiner; Shannon Axiak Flammer; Ngaio J. Beausoleil; Charlotte Berg; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Rebeca García Pinillos; Huw D.R. Golledge; Michael Marahrens; Robert Meyer; Tobias Schnitzer; Michael J. Toscano; Patricia V. Turner; Daniel M. Weary; Thomas C. Gent. Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide. Animals 2019, 9, 911 .
AMA StyleAline R. Steiner, Shannon Axiak Flammer, Ngaio J. Beausoleil, Charlotte Berg, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Rebeca García Pinillos, Huw D.R. Golledge, Michael Marahrens, Robert Meyer, Tobias Schnitzer, Michael J. Toscano, Patricia V. Turner, Daniel M. Weary, Thomas C. Gent. Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide. Animals. 2019; 9 (11):911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAline R. Steiner; Shannon Axiak Flammer; Ngaio J. Beausoleil; Charlotte Berg; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Rebeca García Pinillos; Huw D.R. Golledge; Michael Marahrens; Robert Meyer; Tobias Schnitzer; Michael J. Toscano; Patricia V. Turner; Daniel M. Weary; Thomas C. Gent. 2019. "Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide." Animals 9, no. 11: 911.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most commonly used gas euthanasia agents in mice, despite reports of aversion and nociception. Inert gases such as nitrogen (N2) may be a viable alternative to carbon dioxide. Here we compared behavioural and electrophysiological reactions to CO2 or N2 at either slow fill or rapid fill in C57Bl/6 mice undergoing gas euthanasia. We found that mice euthanised with CO2 increased locomotor activity compared to baseline, whereas mice exposed to N2 decreased locomotion. Furthermore, mice exposed to CO2 showed significantly more vertical jumps and freezing episodes than mice exposed to N2. We further found that CO2 exposure resulted in increased theta:delta of the EEG, a measure of excitation, whereas the N2 decreased theta:delta. Differences in responses were not oxygen-concentration dependent. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CO2 increases both behavioural and electrophysiological excitation as well as producing a fear response, whereas N2 reduces behavioural activity and central neurological depression and may be less aversive although still produces a fear response. Further studies are required to evaluate N2 as a suitable euthanasia agent for mice.
Carlotta Detotto; Sarah Isler; Martin Wehrle; Alexei L. Vyssotski; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Thomas C. Gent. Nitrogen gas produces less behavioural and neurophysiological excitation than carbon dioxide in mice undergoing euthanasia. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0210818 .
AMA StyleCarlotta Detotto, Sarah Isler, Martin Wehrle, Alexei L. Vyssotski, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Thomas C. Gent. Nitrogen gas produces less behavioural and neurophysiological excitation than carbon dioxide in mice undergoing euthanasia. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (1):e0210818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlotta Detotto; Sarah Isler; Martin Wehrle; Alexei L. Vyssotski; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Thomas C. Gent. 2019. "Nitrogen gas produces less behavioural and neurophysiological excitation than carbon dioxide in mice undergoing euthanasia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 1: e0210818.
Monica Aleman; Matthew J. Annear; Jörg A. Auer; Jeremy V. Bailey; Joshua T. Bartoe; Michelle Henry Barton; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Andrea S. Bischofberger; Anthony T. Blikslager; Lindsey Boone; Larry R. Bramlage; James L. Carmalt; Elizabeth A. Carr; Heather J. Chalmers; Jonathan Cheetham; Vanessa L. Cook; Elizabeth J. Davidson; Jennifer L. Davis; John A. Disegi; Padraic M. Dixon; Bernd Driessen; Wei Duan; Norm G. Ducharme; Callie Fogle; Lisa A. Fortier; Jennifer G. Fowlie; Samantha H. Franklin; David E. Freeman; David D. Frisbie; Susan L. Fubini; Anton E. Fürst; Mathew P. Gerard; Kati G. Glass; Jan F. Hawkins; Dean A. Hendrickson; Michelle A. Jackson; Sherry A. Johnson; Jessica A. Kidd; Jan M. Kümmerle; Christoph J. Lischer; Mandi J. Lopez; Emma J. Love; Joel Lugo; Robert J. Mackay; Khursheed R. Mama; John F. Marshall; Ann Martens; Katharyn Mitchell; Freya M. Mowat; Margaret C. Mudge; Amelia S. Munsterman; Nathan C. Nelson; Frank A. Nickels; Alan J. Nixon; Henry O'neill; Kyla F. Ortved; Karine Pader; Anthony P. Pease; John F. Peroni; Simon M. Petersen-Jones; Kenneth E. Pierce; Timo Prange; Patricia J. Provost; Peter C. Rakestraw; Dean W. Richardson; Simone K. Ringer; Fabrice Rossignol; Alan J. Ruggles; Lauren V. Schnabel; Angelika Schoster; Harold C. Schott; Michael Schramme; James Schumacher; John Schumacher; Ceri Sherlock; Roger K.W. Smith; Louise L. Southwood; Suzanne Stewart; Felix Theiss; Ferenc Tóth; Wendy M. Townsend; P. René Van Weeren; Denis Verwilghen; Jeffrey P. Watkins; David A. Wilson; J. Brett Woodie. Contributors. Equine Surgery 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMonica Aleman, Matthew J. Annear, Jörg A. Auer, Jeremy V. Bailey, Joshua T. Bartoe, Michelle Henry Barton, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Andrea S. Bischofberger, Anthony T. Blikslager, Lindsey Boone, Larry R. Bramlage, James L. Carmalt, Elizabeth A. Carr, Heather J. Chalmers, Jonathan Cheetham, Vanessa L. Cook, Elizabeth J. Davidson, Jennifer L. Davis, John A. Disegi, Padraic M. Dixon, Bernd Driessen, Wei Duan, Norm G. Ducharme, Callie Fogle, Lisa A. Fortier, Jennifer G. Fowlie, Samantha H. Franklin, David E. Freeman, David D. Frisbie, Susan L. Fubini, Anton E. Fürst, Mathew P. Gerard, Kati G. Glass, Jan F. Hawkins, Dean A. Hendrickson, Michelle A. Jackson, Sherry A. Johnson, Jessica A. Kidd, Jan M. Kümmerle, Christoph J. Lischer, Mandi J. Lopez, Emma J. Love, Joel Lugo, Robert J. Mackay, Khursheed R. Mama, John F. Marshall, Ann Martens, Katharyn Mitchell, Freya M. Mowat, Margaret C. Mudge, Amelia S. Munsterman, Nathan C. Nelson, Frank A. Nickels, Alan J. Nixon, Henry O'neill, Kyla F. Ortved, Karine Pader, Anthony P. Pease, John F. Peroni, Simon M. Petersen-Jones, Kenneth E. Pierce, Timo Prange, Patricia J. Provost, Peter C. Rakestraw, Dean W. Richardson, Simone K. Ringer, Fabrice Rossignol, Alan J. Ruggles, Lauren V. Schnabel, Angelika Schoster, Harold C. Schott, Michael Schramme, James Schumacher, John Schumacher, Ceri Sherlock, Roger K.W. Smith, Louise L. Southwood, Suzanne Stewart, Felix Theiss, Ferenc Tóth, Wendy M. Townsend, P. René Van Weeren, Denis Verwilghen, Jeffrey P. Watkins, David A. Wilson, J. Brett Woodie. Contributors. Equine Surgery. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonica Aleman; Matthew J. Annear; Jörg A. Auer; Jeremy V. Bailey; Joshua T. Bartoe; Michelle Henry Barton; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Andrea S. Bischofberger; Anthony T. Blikslager; Lindsey Boone; Larry R. Bramlage; James L. Carmalt; Elizabeth A. Carr; Heather J. Chalmers; Jonathan Cheetham; Vanessa L. Cook; Elizabeth J. Davidson; Jennifer L. Davis; John A. Disegi; Padraic M. Dixon; Bernd Driessen; Wei Duan; Norm G. Ducharme; Callie Fogle; Lisa A. Fortier; Jennifer G. Fowlie; Samantha H. Franklin; David E. Freeman; David D. Frisbie; Susan L. Fubini; Anton E. Fürst; Mathew P. Gerard; Kati G. Glass; Jan F. Hawkins; Dean A. Hendrickson; Michelle A. Jackson; Sherry A. Johnson; Jessica A. Kidd; Jan M. Kümmerle; Christoph J. Lischer; Mandi J. Lopez; Emma J. Love; Joel Lugo; Robert J. Mackay; Khursheed R. Mama; John F. Marshall; Ann Martens; Katharyn Mitchell; Freya M. Mowat; Margaret C. Mudge; Amelia S. Munsterman; Nathan C. Nelson; Frank A. Nickels; Alan J. Nixon; Henry O'neill; Kyla F. Ortved; Karine Pader; Anthony P. Pease; John F. Peroni; Simon M. Petersen-Jones; Kenneth E. Pierce; Timo Prange; Patricia J. Provost; Peter C. Rakestraw; Dean W. Richardson; Simone K. Ringer; Fabrice Rossignol; Alan J. Ruggles; Lauren V. Schnabel; Angelika Schoster; Harold C. Schott; Michael Schramme; James Schumacher; John Schumacher; Ceri Sherlock; Roger K.W. Smith; Louise L. Southwood; Suzanne Stewart; Felix Theiss; Ferenc Tóth; Wendy M. Townsend; P. René Van Weeren; Denis Verwilghen; Jeffrey P. Watkins; David A. Wilson; J. Brett Woodie. 2018. "Contributors." Equine Surgery , no. : 1.
Background In horses castration with primary intention healing is usually performed under balanced inhalation anaesthesia. To optimise analgesia, the use of local anaesthesia was tested. Objectives To investigate the effect of local mepivacaine before castration with first intention healing under balanced medetomidine‐isoflurane anaesthesia and flunixin meglumine, morphine analgesia on perioperative cytokine levels and pain in horses. Study design Prospective blinded clinical study. Methods Twenty stallions were randomly assigned to control or mepivacaine groups. Flunixin meglumine was administered before sedation with medetomidine and followed by ketamine/diazepam i.v. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and 3.5 μg/kg/h medetomidine. Mepivacaine horses were given mepivacaine 2% (3.5 mL SC, 1 mL/100kg intrafunicularly, 2 mL/100kg intratesticularly). on each side 2 minutes before incision. For recovery horses were given 2 μg/kg medetomidine i.v. and 0.1 mg/kg morphine i.m. and oral phenylbutazone (0.02 mg/kg q12h) for postoperative analgesia. One hour before premedication and 4, 8 and 24 hours post incision, pain was scored with three different pain scales (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain, Horse Grimace Scale, Equine Utrecht University Scale for Composite Pain Assessment) and plasma cytokines (interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) were measured. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and unpaired t‐test, significance level p≤0.05. Results Horses in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores and cytokines compared to baseline. Postoperatively the mepivacaine group exhibited significantly lower pain scores and cytokine levels. Mean heart rate during anaesthesia was significantly lower in the mepivacaine group compared to control group (28.8 ± 1 and 33.2 ± 1.7 respectively). Otherwise there were no differences between the groups. Main limitation The decision to provide additional analgesia was based on the attending surgeon's assessment rather than a standardised rescue analgesia plan based on pain scores. The study was only conducted for 24 hours post‐castration and complications were not recorded. Conclusion Local mepivacaine before castration with primary wound closure improved anaesthesia quality, attenuated postoperative increases in cytokines and reduced postoperative pain despite balanced anaesthesia with multimodal analgesia in control horses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
M. Abass; S. Picek; J. F. G. Garzón; C. Kühnle; A. Zaghlou; R. Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release. Equine Veterinary Journal 2018, 50, 733 -738.
AMA StyleM. Abass, S. Picek, J. F. G. Garzón, C. Kühnle, A. Zaghlou, R. Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2018; 50 (6):733-738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Abass; S. Picek; J. F. G. Garzón; C. Kühnle; A. Zaghlou; R. Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2018. "Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release." Equine Veterinary Journal 50, no. 6: 733-738.
In dorsally recumbent anaesthetized horses, CPAP of 8 cmHO results in redistribution of ventilation towards the dependent lung regions, thereby improving ventilation-perfusion matching. This improvement was not associated with an increase in dead space indicative for a lack in distension of the airways or impairment of alveolar perfusion.
Martina Mosing; Ulrike Auer; Paul MacFarlane; David Bardell; Johannes P. Schramel; Stephan H. Böhm; Regula Bettschart; Andreas D. Waldmann. Regional ventilation distribution and dead space in anaesthetized horses treated with and without continuous positive airway pressure: novel insights by electrical impedance tomography and volumetric capnography. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2018, 45, 31 -40.
AMA StyleMartina Mosing, Ulrike Auer, Paul MacFarlane, David Bardell, Johannes P. Schramel, Stephan H. Böhm, Regula Bettschart, Andreas D. Waldmann. Regional ventilation distribution and dead space in anaesthetized horses treated with and without continuous positive airway pressure: novel insights by electrical impedance tomography and volumetric capnography. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2018; 45 (1):31-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Mosing; Ulrike Auer; Paul MacFarlane; David Bardell; Johannes P. Schramel; Stephan H. Böhm; Regula Bettschart; Andreas D. Waldmann. 2018. "Regional ventilation distribution and dead space in anaesthetized horses treated with and without continuous positive airway pressure: novel insights by electrical impedance tomography and volumetric capnography." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 45, no. 1: 31-40.
In this study dose rate combinations of ketamine, azaperone and romifidine were tested in 3-4 (G3-4) and 5-6 weeks (G5-6) old piglets according to a dose rate decision tree (DRT) to provide calm anaesthesia induction, reaction-free anaesthesia for castration and smooth recovery within 2 hours. When a combination failed to meet those criteria in 2 piglets, the next dosage of the DRT was tested. In G3-4 four combinations were tested in 14 piglets with dose rates of 10-20 mg/kg ketamine, 3 mg/kg azaperone and 0.15-0.20 mg/kg romifidine IM. Induction was smooth in all piglets, but depth of anaesthesia or recovery (11 and 6 piglets) were insufficient. In G5-6 five combinations were tested in 37 piglets with dose rates of 10-20 mg/kg ketamine, 3-4 mg/kg azaperone and 0.15-0.20 mg/kg romifidine IM. Induction was smooth in all piglets but 2. Depth of anaesthesia or recovery (17 and 7 piglets, respectively) were insufficient. In the present study with 3-4 and 5-6 weeks old piglets, acceptable quality of anaesthesia could not be achieved despite using high drug dose rates.
V H Cap; P J Hug; T Echtermann; S Von Ah; I Nussbaumer; F Janett; R Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Evaluation of different dose rate combinations of ketamine, romifidine and azaperone for castration of 3-4 and 5-6 weeks old piglets. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2017, 159, 587 -592.
AMA StyleV H Cap, P J Hug, T Echtermann, S Von Ah, I Nussbaumer, F Janett, R Bettschart-Wolfensberger. Evaluation of different dose rate combinations of ketamine, romifidine and azaperone for castration of 3-4 and 5-6 weeks old piglets. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2017; 159 (11):587-592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV H Cap; P J Hug; T Echtermann; S Von Ah; I Nussbaumer; F Janett; R Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2017. "Evaluation of different dose rate combinations of ketamine, romifidine and azaperone for castration of 3-4 and 5-6 weeks old piglets." Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 159, no. 11: 587-592.
To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols (isoflurane-dexmedetomidine versus medetomidine) on sedation, cardiopulmonary function and recovery in horses.Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Sixty healthy adult warm blood horses undergoing elective surgery.Thirty horses each were sedated with dexmedetomidine 3.5 μg kg(-1) (group DEX) or medetomidine 7 μg kg(-1) (group MED) intravenously. After assessing and supplementing sedation if necessary, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and dexmedetomidine 1.75 μg kg(-1) hour(-1) or medetomidine 3.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1). Ringer's lactate (7-10 mL kg(-1) hour(-1)) and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. Controlled mechanical ventilation maintained end-tidal expired carbon dioxide pressures at 40-50 mmHg (5.3-6.7 kPa). Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired gas composition and arterial blood gases were measured. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg(-1) or medetomidine 2 μg kg(-1) was administered for timed and scored recovery phase. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-square test. Significance was considered when p≤0.05.In group DEX, significantly more horses (n=18) did not fulfil the sedation criteria prior to induction and received one or more supplemental doses, whereas in group MED only two horses needed one additional bolus. Median (range) total sedation doses were dexmedetomidine 4 (4-9) μg kg(-1) or medetomidine 7 (7-9) μg kg(-1). During general anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Recovery scores in group DEX were significantly better than in group MED.Horses administered dexmedetomidine required more than 50% of the medetomidine dose to reach equivalent sedation. During isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function was comparable between the two groups. Recovery scores following dexmedetomidine were better compared to medetomidine.
Muriel Sacks; Simone Ringer; Andrea S. Bischofberger; Sabrina M. Berchtold; Regula Bettschart. Clinical comparison of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine for isoflurane balanced anaesthesia in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2017, 44, 1128 -1138.
AMA StyleMuriel Sacks, Simone Ringer, Andrea S. Bischofberger, Sabrina M. Berchtold, Regula Bettschart. Clinical comparison of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine for isoflurane balanced anaesthesia in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2017; 44 (5):1128-1138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuriel Sacks; Simone Ringer; Andrea S. Bischofberger; Sabrina M. Berchtold; Regula Bettschart. 2017. "Clinical comparison of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine for isoflurane balanced anaesthesia in horses." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, no. 5: 1128-1138.
The aims of this study were to measure plasma levels of R- and S-ketamine and their major metabolites R- and S-norketamine following single intravenous bolus administration of racemic or S-ketamine in sevoflurane anaesthetised dogs and to calculate the relevant pharmacokinetic profiles. Six adult healthy beagle dogs were used in the study. An intravenous bolus of 4mg/kg racemic ketamine (RS-KET) or 2mg/kg S-ketamine (S-KET) was administered, with a three-weeks washout period between treatments. Venous blood samples were collected at fixed times until 900min and R- and S-ketamine as well as R- and S-norketamine plasma levels determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded during the anaesthesia until 240min. All dogs recovered well from anaesthesia. No statistical differences between groups were detected in any cardiovascular parameter. The pharmacokinetics of S-ketamine did not differ when injected intravenously alone or as part of the racemic mixture in dogs anaesthetised with sevoflurane. Following racemic ketamine, the area under the curve of R-norketamine was statistically higher than the one of S-norketamine.
Noemi Romagnoli; Rima Nadine Bektas; Annette Kutter; Andrea Barbarossa; Paola Roncada; Sonja Hartnack; Regula Bettschart. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic or S-ketamine IV bolus administration in dogs during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Research in Veterinary Science 2017, 112, 208 -213.
AMA StyleNoemi Romagnoli, Rima Nadine Bektas, Annette Kutter, Andrea Barbarossa, Paola Roncada, Sonja Hartnack, Regula Bettschart. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic or S-ketamine IV bolus administration in dogs during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Research in Veterinary Science. 2017; 112 ():208-213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoemi Romagnoli; Rima Nadine Bektas; Annette Kutter; Andrea Barbarossa; Paola Roncada; Sonja Hartnack; Regula Bettschart. 2017. "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine enantiomers after racemic or S-ketamine IV bolus administration in dogs during sevoflurane anaesthesia." Research in Veterinary Science 112, no. : 208-213.
This chapter provides an overview of peculiarities associated with horses and focuses on management of anesthesia and solutions for common problems. In addition to the judicious use of sedatives, common principles of physical restraint should be applied to the handling of horses. For most cases, it is possible to catheterize a jugular vein using local anesthetic infiltration with or without prior administration of a sedative. For many veterinarians, the preferred anesthetic induction agent in horses is ketamine. The use of several drugs in combination is caked balanced anesthesia if their net effect is to produce unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, amnesia, and antinociception. All available a2-adrenergic receptor agonists have been used successfully for partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA). Lidocaine is frequently used as part of balanced anesthesia in horses due to its numerous useful effects. Various reports have included benzodiazepines or guaifenesin as adjuncts during equine anesthesia.
Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Horses. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 2017, 34, 857 -866.
AMA StyleRegula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Horses. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2017; 34 ():857-866.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. 2017. "Horses." Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 34, no. : 857-866.
The combination of ketamine and an α2-receptor agonist is often used in veterinary medicine. Four different α2-receptor agonists, medetomidine, detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine, which differ in their chemical structure and thus in selectivity for the α2-receptor and in the sedative and analgesic potency, are typically employed during surgery of equines. Recovery following anesthesia with ketamine and an α2-receptor agonist is dependent on the α2-receptor agonist. This prompted us to investigate (i) the inhibition characteristics for the N-demethylation of ketamine to norketamine and (ii) the formation of the ketamine metabolites norketamine, 6-hydroxynorketamine (6HNK), and 5,6-dehydronorketamine (DHNK) in presence of the four α2-receptor agonists and equine liver microsomes. Samples were analyzed with enantioselective capillary electrophoresis using highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. All four α2-receptor agonists have an impact on the ketamine metabolism. Medetomidine was found to be the strongest inhibitor, followed by detomidine, whereas xylazine and romifidine showed almost no effect on the ketamine N-demethylation in the inhibition studies with a short-incubation period of the reaction mixture. After prolonged incubation, inhibition with xylazine and romifidine was also observed. The formation of 6HNK and DHNK is affected by all selected α2-receptor agonists. With medetomidine, levels of these metabolites are reduced compared to the case without an α2-receptor agonist. For detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine, the opposite was found.
Friederike A. Sandbaumhüter; Regula Theurillat; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger; Wolfgang Thormann. Effect of the α2 -receptor agonists medetomidine, detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine on the ketamine metabolism in equines assessed with enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. ELECTROPHORESIS 2017, 38, 1895 -1904.
AMA StyleFriederike A. Sandbaumhüter, Regula Theurillat, Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger, Wolfgang Thormann. Effect of the α2 -receptor agonists medetomidine, detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine on the ketamine metabolism in equines assessed with enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. ELECTROPHORESIS. 2017; 38 (15):1895-1904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFriederike A. Sandbaumhüter; Regula Theurillat; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger; Wolfgang Thormann. 2017. "Effect of the α2 -receptor agonists medetomidine, detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine on the ketamine metabolism in equines assessed with enantioselective capillary electrophoresis." ELECTROPHORESIS 38, no. 15: 1895-1904.
In spontaneously breathing anaesthetized horses in dorsal recumbency, ventilation was essentially centred within the dependent dorsal lung regions and moved towards non-dependent ventral regions as soon as CMV was started. This shows a major lack of ventilation in the dependent lung, which may be indicative of atelectasis.
Martina Mosing; Charlotte Marly-Voquer; Paul MacFarlane; David Bardell; Stephan H. Böhm; Regula Bettschart; Andreas D. Waldmann. Regional distribution of ventilation in horses in dorsal recumbency during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation assessed by electrical impedance tomography: a case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2017, 44, 127 -132.
AMA StyleMartina Mosing, Charlotte Marly-Voquer, Paul MacFarlane, David Bardell, Stephan H. Böhm, Regula Bettschart, Andreas D. Waldmann. Regional distribution of ventilation in horses in dorsal recumbency during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation assessed by electrical impedance tomography: a case series. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2017; 44 (1):127-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Mosing; Charlotte Marly-Voquer; Paul MacFarlane; David Bardell; Stephan H. Böhm; Regula Bettschart; Andreas D. Waldmann. 2017. "Regional distribution of ventilation in horses in dorsal recumbency during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation assessed by electrical impedance tomography: a case series." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, no. 1: 127-132.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on intrapulmonary shunt, cardiac output and oxygen delivery in horses subjected to a 6 hour period of general anaesthesia.Study designRandomized, experimental, crossover study.AnimalsTen healthy adult horses.MethodsFollowing medetomidine, diazepam and ketamine administration, orotracheal intubation was performed and horses positioned in dorsal recumbency. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane carried in an oxygen and air mix (FiO2 0.5) combined with a medetomidine infusion. Horses were anaesthetized twice and either CPAP (8 cmH2O) or physiologic airway pressure (NO CPAP) was applied to the lungs for 6 hours; the order of treatments was randomly assigned. Following induction of anaesthesia, cardiovascular and respiratory variables (including arterial blood gas analysis) were recorded every 30 minutes, cardiac output was measured every 60 minutes using the lithium dilution technique and oxygen delivery calculated. If PaCO2 exceeded 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa), controlled ventilation was initiated and horses excluded from further data collection. Groups were compared using a general linear model.ResultsData from eight horses were analysed. PaO2 was 15–56 mmHg (2.00–7.45 kPa) higher (p < 0.001) and shunt fraction 6–14% lower (p < 0.001) in the CPAP group. No differences were seen for cardiac output and oxygen delivery. The lack of difference in oxygen delivery was attributed to lower haemoglobin levels in the CPAP group than in the NO CPAP group.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCPAP of 8 cmH2O can be used in dorsally recumbent horses to decrease pulmonary shunt fraction without causing a decrease in cardiac output during longterm anaesthesia.
Martina Mosing; Paul Macfarlane; David Bardell; Laura Lüthi; Peter J. Cripps; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases pulmonary shunt in anaesthetized horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2016, 43, 611 -622.
AMA StyleMartina Mosing, Paul Macfarlane, David Bardell, Laura Lüthi, Peter J. Cripps, Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases pulmonary shunt in anaesthetized horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2016; 43 (6):611-622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Mosing; Paul Macfarlane; David Bardell; Laura Lüthi; Peter J. Cripps; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. 2016. "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases pulmonary shunt in anaesthetized horses." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 43, no. 6: 611-622.
OBJECTIVES\ud \ud To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane receiving medetomidine or S-ketamine infusions.\ud \ud STUDY DESIGN\ud \ud Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial.\ud \ud ANIMALS\ud \ud Fifty horses undergoing elective surgery.\ud \ud METHODS\ud \ud After acepromazine and flunixin meglumine premedication, horses received medetomidine (7 μg kg(-1) ) intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam and racemic ketamine (Med treatment group; 2.2 mg kg(-1) ; n = 25) or S-ketamine (S-ket treatment group; 1.1 mg kg(-1) ; n = 25) IV and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine (Med; 3.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1) ) or S-ketamine (S-ket; 0.5 mg kg(-1) hour(-1) ). All horses were mechanically ventilated. Cardiopulmonary variables were evaluated. Isoflurane end-tidal concentrations (Fe'Iso), dobutamine requirements and thiopental boli were recorded. Plasma samples were collected in six horses to evaluate S-ketamine and S-norketamine concentrations. After surgery, medetomidine 2 μg kg(-1) was administered IV. Four independent observers scored recovery using a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud \ud Both groups required similar mean Fe'Iso (1%). However, S-ket horses needed more thiopental boli. Median intraoperative cardiac index values were higher with S-ket (4.5 L minute(-1) m(-2) ) than Med (3.9 L minute(-1) m(-2) ). Overall, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure or dobutamine requirements; however, horses in S-ket showed higher heart rate values at 30 minutes after anaesthesia induction. Compared with Med horses, S-ket horses showed decreased PaO2 and increased pulmonary venous admixture values estimated with the Fshunt calculation. Recoveries were shorter and of poorer quality with S-ket. During infusion, S-ketamine and S-norketamine plasma concentrations lay in the ranges of 0.209-0.917 μg mL(-1) and 0.250-0.723 μg mL(-1) , respectively.\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE\ud \ud Despite the higher intraoperative cardiac index with S-ket, both protocols were considered to provide acceptable cardiovascular function. However, recovery quality was significantly better in the Med group
M Paula Larenza Menzies; Simone Ringer; Aude Conrot; Regula Theurillat; Katharina Kluge; Annette Kutter; Michelle Jackson; Wolfgang Thormann; Regula Bettschart. Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low‐dose S‐ketamine or medetomidine infusions. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2016, 43, 623 -634.
AMA StyleM Paula Larenza Menzies, Simone Ringer, Aude Conrot, Regula Theurillat, Katharina Kluge, Annette Kutter, Michelle Jackson, Wolfgang Thormann, Regula Bettschart. Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low‐dose S‐ketamine or medetomidine infusions. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2016; 43 (6):623-634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM Paula Larenza Menzies; Simone Ringer; Aude Conrot; Regula Theurillat; Katharina Kluge; Annette Kutter; Michelle Jackson; Wolfgang Thormann; Regula Bettschart. 2016. "Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low‐dose S‐ketamine or medetomidine infusions." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 43, no. 6: 623-634.
Ketamine is often used for anesthesia in veterinary medicine. One possible comedication is the sedative α-agonist medetomidine. Advantages of that combination are the compensation of side effects of the two drugs and the anesthetic-sparing effect of medetomidine. In vitro studies showed that medetomidine has an inhibitive effect on the formation of norketamine. Norketamine is the first metabolite of ketamine and is also active. It is followed by others like 6-hydroxynorketamine and 5,6-dehydronorketamine (DHNK). In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study Beagle dogs under sevoflurane anesthesia (mean end-tidal concentration 3.0±0.2%) or following medetomidine sedation (450μg/m) received 4mg/kg racemic ketamine or 2mg/kg S-ketamine. Blood samples were collected between 0 and 900min after drug injection. 50μL aliquots of plasma were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction prior to analysis of the reconstituted extracts with a robust enantioselective capillary electrophoresis assay using highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin as chiral selector and electrokinetic sample injection of the analytes from the extract across a short buffer plug without chiral selector. Levels of S- and R-ketamine, S- and R-norketamine, (2S,6S)- and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine and S- and R-DHNK were determined. Data were analyzed with compartmental pharmacokinetic models which included two compartments for the ketamine and norketamine enantiomers and a single compartment for the DHNK and 6-hydroxynorketamine stereoisomers. Medetomidine showed an effect on the formation and elimination of all metabolites. Stereoselectivities were detected for 6-hydroxynorketamine and DHNK, but not for ketamine and norketamine.
Friederike A. Sandbaumhüter; Regula Theurillat; Rima Nadine Bektas; Annette Kutter; Regula Bettschart; Wolfgang Thormann. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and three metabolites in Beagle dogs under sevoflurane vs. medetomidine comedication assessed by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A 2016, 1467, 436 -444.
AMA StyleFriederike A. Sandbaumhüter, Regula Theurillat, Rima Nadine Bektas, Annette Kutter, Regula Bettschart, Wolfgang Thormann. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and three metabolites in Beagle dogs under sevoflurane vs. medetomidine comedication assessed by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016; 1467 ():436-444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFriederike A. Sandbaumhüter; Regula Theurillat; Rima Nadine Bektas; Annette Kutter; Regula Bettschart; Wolfgang Thormann. 2016. "Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and three metabolites in Beagle dogs under sevoflurane vs. medetomidine comedication assessed by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography A 1467, no. : 436-444.