Nutraceuticals are biologically active molecules present in foods; they can have beneficial effects on health, but they are not available in large enough quantities to perform this function. Plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, are widely diffused in the plant kingdom, where they play fundamental roles in plant development and interactions with the environment. Among these, flavonoids are of particular interest as they have significant effects on human health. In vitro and/or in vivo studies described flavonoids as essential nutrients for preventing several diseases. They display broad and promising bioactivities to fight cancer, inflammation, bacterial infections, as well as to reduce the severity of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. Therefore, it is not surprising that interest in flavonoids has sharply increased in recent years. More than 23,000 scientific publications on flavonoids have described the potential anticancer activity of these natural molecules in the last decade. Studies, in vitro and in vivo, show that flavonoids exhibit anticancer properties, and many epidemiological studies confirm that dietary intake of flavonoids leads to a reduced risk of cancer. This review provides a glimpse of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids on cancer cells.

Soil salinization, one of the most common causes of soil degradation, negatively affects plant growth, reproduction, and yield in plants. Saline conditions elicit some physiological changes to cope with the imposed osmotic and oxidative stresses. Inoculation of plants with some bacterial species that stimulate their growth, i.e., plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), may help plants to counteract saline stress, thus improving the plant’s fitness. This manuscript reports the effects of the inoculation of a salt-sensitive cultivar of Brassica napus (canola) with five different PGPB species (separately), i.e., Azospirillum brasilense, Arthrobacter globiformis, Burkholderia ambifaria, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and Pseudomonas sp. on plant salt stress physiological responses. The seeds were sown in saline soil (8 dS/m) and inoculated with bacterial suspensions. Seedlings were grown to the phenological stage of rosetta, when morphological and physiological features were determined. In the presence of the above-mentioned PGPB, salt exposed canola plants grew better than non-inoculated controls. The water loss was reduced in inoculated plants under saline conditions, due to a low level of membrane damage and the enhanced synthesis of the osmolyte proline, the latter depending on the bacterial strain inoculated. The reduction in membrane damage was also due to the increased antioxidant activity (i.e., higher amount of phenolic compounds, enhanced superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities) in salt-stressed and inoculated Brassica napus. Furthermore, the salt-stressed and inoculated plants did not show detrimental effects to their photosynthetic apparatus, i.e., higher efficiency of PSII and low energy dissipation by heat for photosynthesis were detected. The improvement of the response to salt stress provided by PGPB paves the way to further use of PGPB as inoculants of plants grown in saline soils.

Plants irrigated with saline solutions undergo osmotic and oxidative stresses, which affect their growth, photosynthetic activity and yield. Therefore, the use of saline water for irrigation, in addition to the increasing soil salinity, is one of the major threats to crop productivity worldwide. Plant tolerance to stressful conditions can be improved using different strategies, i.e., seed priming and acclimation, which elicit morphological and biochemical responses to overcome stress. In this work, we evaluated the combined effect of priming and acclimation on salt stress response of a tomato cultivar (Solanum lycopersicum L.), very sensitive to salinity. Chemical priming of seeds was performed by treating seeds with polyamines (PAs): 2.5 mM putrescine (PUT), 2.5 mM spermine (SPM) and 2.5 mM spermidine (SPD). Germinated seeds of primed and non-primed (controls) were sown in non-saline soil. The acclimation consisted of irrigating the seedlings for 2 weeks with tap water, followed by irrigation with saline and non-saline water for 4 weeks. At the end of the growth period, morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters were determined. The positive effects of combined treatments were evident, when primed plants were compared to non-primed, grown under the same conditions. Priming with PAs improved tolerance to salt stress, reduced the negative effects of salinity on growth, improved membrane integrity, and increased photosynthetic pigments, proline and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant responses in all salt-exposed plants. These results may open new perspectives and strategies to increase tolerance to salt stress in sensitive species, such as tomato.

Salt stress represents one of the most problematic abiotic stress affecting plants worldwide. In saline soils, plants try to counteract the consequences of salt stress by physiological changes, leading to the decreasing of both osmotic and oxidative stresses. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) can ameliorate plant stress response by several mechanisms. In this work, we focused on the effects of halotolerant strain Arthrobacter globiformis on salt stress response in Brassica napus. The strain was inoculated on seeds of three rapeseed cultivars with different levels of salt tolerance; seed germination and following first phases of development were examined in plants exposed to high salinity. Compared to not inoculated plants under the same saline conditions, the inoculated showed a better stress response in the seedling phase. Moreover, a significant increase in phenolic compounds, as well as in Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activities were observed in inoculated plants; the concentration of the osmolyte proline was also significantly enhanced in comparison to the not inoculated ones. A. globiformis was proved to be a promising PGPB strain and it can be a tool to counteract salt stress in quite an effective manner, even at high saline conditions.

Plants grown in saline soils undergo osmotic and oxidative stresses, affecting growth and photosynthesis and, consequently, the yield. Therefore, the increase in soil salinity is a major threat to crop productivity worldwide. Plant’s tolerance can be ameliorated by applying simple methods that induce them to adopt morphological and physiological adjustments to counteract stress. In this work, we evaluated the effects of seed priming on salt stress response in three cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) that had different tolerance levels. Seed chemical priming was performed with 2.5 mM spermine (SPM), 5 mM spermidine (SPD), 40 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM Ca (NO₃)₂. Primed and not primed seeds were sown on saline and not saline (controls) media, and morphological and physiological parameters were determined. Since SPD treatment was effective in reducing salinity negative effects on growth, membrane integrity and photosynthetic pigments, we selected this priming to further investigate plant salt stress response. The positive effects of this seed treatment on growth and physiological responses were evident when primed plants were compared to not primed ones, grown under the same saline conditions. SPD priming ameliorated the tolerance towards saline stress, in a genotype-independent manner, by increasing photosynthetic pigments, proline amounts and antioxidant responses in all cultivars exposed to salt. These results may open new perspectives for crop productivity in the struggle against soil salinization.