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Dr. Chun Hsion Lim
Department of Chemical Engineering, University Tunku Abdul Rahman

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0 Biomass
0 Optimisation
0 Process Integration
0 Sustainability
0 palm oil

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Biomass
Optimisation
Sustainability
palm oil
Sustainability Development

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Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Empty fruit bunch (EFB), which is one of the primary agricultural wastes generated from the palm oil plantation, is generally discharged into the open environment or ends up in landfills. The utilization of this EFB waste for other value-added applications such as activated carbon and biofuels remain low, despite extensive research efforts. One of the reasons is that the EFB is highly vulnerable to microbial and fungi degradation under natural environment owning to its inherent characteristic of high organic matter and moisture content. This can rapidly deteriorate its quality and results in poor performance when processed into other products. However, the lignocellulosic components in degraded EFB (DEFB) still largely remain intact. Consequently, it could become a promising feedstock for production of bio-products after suitable pretreatment with organic solvents. In this study, DEFB was subjected to five different types of organic solvents for the pretreatment, including ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, acetic acid and acetone. The effects of temperature and residence time were also investigated during the pretreatment. Organosolv pretreatment in ethylene glycol (50 v/v%) with the addition of NaOH (3 v/v%) as an alkaline catalyst successfully detached 81.5 wt.% hemicellulose and 75.1 wt.% lignin. As high as 90.4 wt.% cellulose was also successfully retrieved at mild temperature (80 °C) and short duration (45 min), while the purity of cellulose in treated DEFB was recorded at 84.3%. High-purity lignin was successfully recovered from the pretreatment liquor by using sulfuric acid for precipitation. The amount of recovered lignin from alkaline ethylene glycol liquor was 74.6% at pH 2.0. The high recovery of cellulose and lignin in DEFB by using organosolv pretreatment rendered it as one of the suitable feedstocks to be applied in downstream biorefinery processes. This can be further investigated in more detailed studies in the future.

ACS Style

Danny Chin; Steven Lim; Yean Pang; Chun Lim; Siew Shuit; Kiat Lee; Cheng Chong. Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6757 .

AMA Style

Danny Chin, Steven Lim, Yean Pang, Chun Lim, Siew Shuit, Kiat Lee, Cheng Chong. Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6757.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danny Chin; Steven Lim; Yean Pang; Chun Lim; Siew Shuit; Kiat Lee; Cheng Chong. 2021. "Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6757.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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As one of the major vegetable oils, the sustainability development in the palm oil industry is a critical concern among the global community. Majority of the sustainability concerns relate to the plantation practises which were claimed to be inefficient and create pollution. This paper explores the issues associated with the oil palm plantation site, specifically in the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) harvesting and evacuation process that known to be a labour and energy intensive process. A novel mathematical model was proposed to determine the shortest distance required to collect harvestable FFBs within the site. The model was demonstrated on various scenarios within the oil palm plantation site, including the differences in floorplan shape, distribution of harvestable trees, and loading capacity of transporter. The results have shown that the proposed model is capable to propose the shortest route(s) for different plantation site to reduce the travelled distance. Vertical rectangular plantation layout was found to have the highest reduction in travelled distance at 21% as compared to other floorplans; and the impact of the reduction in travelled distance is most noticeable at low harvestable tree distribution (60%) at 26.4%. Lastly, the proposed model was demonstrated to be able to propose a multiple trips solution when a low loading capacity transporter (wheelbarrow), which is a critical solution for small and medium enterprise farmers.

ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Zi Hooi Cheah; Xi Him Lee; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Sue Lin Ngan; Steven Lim; Hon Loong Lam. Harvesting and evacuation route optimisation model for fresh fruit bunch in the oil palm plantation site. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 307, 127238 .

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Zi Hooi Cheah, Xi Him Lee, Bing Shen How, Wendy Pei Qin Ng, Sue Lin Ngan, Steven Lim, Hon Loong Lam. Harvesting and evacuation route optimisation model for fresh fruit bunch in the oil palm plantation site. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 307 ():127238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Zi Hooi Cheah; Xi Him Lee; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Sue Lin Ngan; Steven Lim; Hon Loong Lam. 2021. "Harvesting and evacuation route optimisation model for fresh fruit bunch in the oil palm plantation site." Journal of Cleaner Production 307, no. : 127238.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Producing sustainable biodiesel from oil crops has been a great challenge, especially for oil crops plantations that involve various small and medium stakeholders. Differences in plantation activities and environments create a unique sustainability profile for each oil crop that may impose more sustainability issues such as deforestation problems in oil palm plantations. This paper embraced the unique sustainability index profile of each oil crop, and an investigation was performed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating multiple oil crops into the existing biodiesel refinery to improve its economic and sustainability performances. The selection of the process feed is proposed to be based on oil crop properties such as iodine value, peroxide value and saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents. The sustainability profiles considered in the study include deforestation, oil yield, fertiliser impact, water impact and carbon footprint. Case studies demonstrated that a more balanced sustainability index profile could be achieved at a higher production cost—from USD 6.43 billion·y−1 in a cost-saving-centric solution to USD 39.90 billion·y−1 in a sustainability-improvement-centric solution. The study provided excellent insight into the impact on production cost to achieve sustainability which can help stakeholders to evaluate the feasibility of integrating multiple oil crops in the system.

ACS Style

Chun Lim; Wei Chua; Yi Pang; Bing How; Wendy Ng; Sin Teng; Wei Leong; Sue Ngan; Hon Lam. A Diverse and Sustainable Biodiesel Supply Chain Optimisation Model Based on Properties Integration. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8400 .

AMA Style

Chun Lim, Wei Chua, Yi Pang, Bing How, Wendy Ng, Sin Teng, Wei Leong, Sue Ngan, Hon Lam. A Diverse and Sustainable Biodiesel Supply Chain Optimisation Model Based on Properties Integration. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Lim; Wei Chua; Yi Pang; Bing How; Wendy Ng; Sin Teng; Wei Leong; Sue Ngan; Hon Lam. 2020. "A Diverse and Sustainable Biodiesel Supply Chain Optimisation Model Based on Properties Integration." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8400.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Huge generation of oil palm biomass has stimulated the development of biorefineries for synthesis of bioproducts. By targeting the palm oil industry and the biorefineries as the consumers of these products, a sustainable circular economy can be created by recycling the biomass wastes to the said consumers. To evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of the sustainable circular economy, a mathematical model demonstrating the biomass network with consideration of recycling is developed in this work. Besides, Process Graph (P-graph) is incorporated to perform the combinatorial optimization of the biomass network, which targets three common resources: fertilizer, steam, and electricity for regeneration and recycling. Although the result shows that the linear economy model is preferred in terms of profitability, the circular economy model shows potential in reducing 39.292% of the imported steam and 13.469% of the imported electricity, while being 0.642% lower in terms of the gross profit. Three scenarios are then proposed to identify the potential bottleneck that can hinder the implementation of the sustainable circular economy approach, with the aid of sensitivity analysis. This work is expected to benefit the biomass-based industry sectors and the policymakers on future development and transition to the sustainable circular economy.

ACS Style

Jason Yeo; Bing How; Sin Teng; Wei Leong; Wendy Ng; Chun Lim; Sue Ngan; Jaka Sunarso; Hon Lam. Synthesis of Sustainable Circular Economy in Palm Oil Industry Using Graph-Theoretic Method. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8081 .

AMA Style

Jason Yeo, Bing How, Sin Teng, Wei Leong, Wendy Ng, Chun Lim, Sue Ngan, Jaka Sunarso, Hon Lam. Synthesis of Sustainable Circular Economy in Palm Oil Industry Using Graph-Theoretic Method. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8081.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jason Yeo; Bing How; Sin Teng; Wei Leong; Wendy Ng; Chun Lim; Sue Ngan; Jaka Sunarso; Hon Lam. 2020. "Synthesis of Sustainable Circular Economy in Palm Oil Industry Using Graph-Theoretic Method." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8081.

Review
Published: 24 August 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Palm oil is a renewable resource that has the potential to replace fossil fuel and petrochemical for a better sustainable system. However, there is room for improvement in the current operation of the palm oil industry to achieve better sustainability development. The industrial revolution toward automation and artificial intelligence (AI) is the new trend known as the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Unfortunately, the palm oil industry has been moving slowly in this revolution. This paper aims to conduct a detailed review of the current state of the palm oil industry development toward Industry 4.0. A novel Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) approach is adopted i) to ensure a detailed evaluation of the existing problems, and ii) to identify potential implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the palm oil industry. HAZOP is a common approach used in chemical engineering to systematically evaluate process safety and identify the possible improvement of the existing system. The same concept is applied in this paper to investigate the possible adaptation of Industry 4.0 technologies to improve the palm oil industry. Existing Industry 4.0 technologies and features were evaluated to identify feasible adaptation in the industry. The HAZOP review proposed 23 recommendations to improve the palm oil industry with Industry 4.0 technologies to achieve a higher standard in sustainable production. A total of 13 specific Industry 4.0 features were identified as the potential development gaps for palm oil industry stakeholders, which included the adaptation of Internet-of-Things sensors, cloud computing, blockchain, and smart imaging processing technologies.

ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Steven Lim; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Sue Lin Ngan; Wei Dong Leong; Hon Loong Lam. A review of industry 4.0 revolution potential in a sustainable and renewable palm oil industry: HAZOP approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 135, 110223 .

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Steven Lim, Bing Shen How, Wendy Pei Qin Ng, Sue Lin Ngan, Wei Dong Leong, Hon Loong Lam. A review of industry 4.0 revolution potential in a sustainable and renewable palm oil industry: HAZOP approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 135 ():110223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Steven Lim; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Sue Lin Ngan; Wei Dong Leong; Hon Loong Lam. 2020. "A review of industry 4.0 revolution potential in a sustainable and renewable palm oil industry: HAZOP approach." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 135, no. : 110223.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Decision-making can be a complicated task when contradicting factors have to be considered and the complication is extended when qualitative factor is to be included. Mathematical approaches have been developed to generate a range of solutions for optimal decision to be made. In this work, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) are employed to develop sets of optimal decisional parameters which consider both the quantitative and qualitative inputs. PCA is a multivariate statistical tool that has been widely used for dimension reduction and to identify the importance of parameter based on its variation. However, this prioritisation method overlooks the customised needs of the decision-makers. ANP is an approach that is capable of deriving the priority weightages of a set of parameters based on the importance, influence power and dependency relationship of the elements. In order to achieve an optimal solution, max-min aggregation fuzzy technique is applied onto the solution sets to tighten the range of possible solutions and to determine an optimal variable which fits the multi-objective considered. A theoretical case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed two-stage methodology. The demonstration proposes an effective approach to generate a narrowed range of optimal solutions that considers both quantitative and qualitative elements for decision-making.

ACS Style

Shi Zhuan Yeo; Bing Shen How; Sue Lin Ngan; Wendy P.Q. Ng; Wei Dong Leong; Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. An integrated approach to prioritise parameters for multi-objective optimisation: A case study of biomass network. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 274, 123053 .

AMA Style

Shi Zhuan Yeo, Bing Shen How, Sue Lin Ngan, Wendy P.Q. Ng, Wei Dong Leong, Chun Hsion Lim, Hon Loong Lam. An integrated approach to prioritise parameters for multi-objective optimisation: A case study of biomass network. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 274 ():123053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi Zhuan Yeo; Bing Shen How; Sue Lin Ngan; Wendy P.Q. Ng; Wei Dong Leong; Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. 2020. "An integrated approach to prioritise parameters for multi-objective optimisation: A case study of biomass network." Journal of Cleaner Production 274, no. : 123053.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The global trend is moving towards practising sustainability. Various renewable resources have been discovered and promoted to substitute non-renewable consumables. Biomass is identified to be one promising renewable resource for value-added products and bioenergy generation. Despite the promising potential of biomass utilisation, biomass processors are facing challenges to secure constant supply of raw material due to the seasonal and fluctuation availability of biomass. In this work, a biomass supply chain model considering fluctuation availability is studied and optimised using element targeting approach and multiperiod analysis. The conceptual case study proposes optimal biomass storage strategy across multiperiod of interest and highlights supply chain debottlenecking strategy by looking into biomass element deficiency within a technology’s element acceptance range. The application of element targeting approach in biomass supply chain optimisation improves process feed selection and biomass utilisation from local resources.

ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Hon Loong Lam. Debottlenecking of biomass element deficiency in a multiperiod supply chain system via element targeting approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 230, 751 -766.

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Bing Shen How, Wendy Pei Qin Ng, Hon Loong Lam. Debottlenecking of biomass element deficiency in a multiperiod supply chain system via element targeting approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 230 ():751-766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Bing Shen How; Wendy Pei Qin Ng; Hon Loong Lam. 2019. "Debottlenecking of biomass element deficiency in a multiperiod supply chain system via element targeting approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 230, no. : 751-766.

Review
Published: 01 March 2018 in Energy
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ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam; Wendy Pei Qin Ng. A novel HAZOP approach for literature review on biomass supply chain optimisation model. Energy 2018, 146, 13 -25.

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Hon Loong Lam, Wendy Pei Qin Ng. A novel HAZOP approach for literature review on biomass supply chain optimisation model. Energy. 2018; 146 ():13-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam; Wendy Pei Qin Ng. 2018. "A novel HAZOP approach for literature review on biomass supply chain optimisation model." Energy 146, no. : 13-25.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Chapter 2 Biomass pyrolysis to bio-oil is one of the promising sustainable fuels. In this work, relation between biomass feedstock element characteristic and pyrolysis process outputs was explored. The element characteristics considered in this study include moisture, ash, fix carbon, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur. A semi-batch fixed bed reactor was used for biomass pyrolysis with heating rate of 30 °C/min from room temperature to 600 °C and the reactor was held at 600 °C for 1 hour before cooling down. Constant nitrogen flow rate of 5 L/min was provided for anaerobic condition. Rice husk, Sago biomass and Napier grass were used in the study to form different element characteristic of feedstock by altering mixing ratio. Comparison between each element characteristic to total produced bio-oil yield, aqueous phase bio-oil yield, organic phase bio-oil yield, higher heating value of organic phase bio-oil, and organic bio-oil compounds was conducted. The results demonstrate that process performance is associated with feedstock properties, which can be used as a platform to access the process feedstock element acceptance range to estimate the process outputs. Ultimately, this work evaluated the element acceptance range for proposed biomass pyrolysis technology to integrate alternative biomass species feedstock based on element characteristic to enhance the flexibility of feedstock selection.

ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Isah Yakub Mohammed; Yousif Abdalla Abakr; Feroz Kabir Kazi; Suzana Yusup; Hon Loong Lam. Novel input-output prediction approach for biomass pyrolysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 136, 51 -61.

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Isah Yakub Mohammed, Yousif Abdalla Abakr, Feroz Kabir Kazi, Suzana Yusup, Hon Loong Lam. Novel input-output prediction approach for biomass pyrolysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 136 ():51-61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Isah Yakub Mohammed; Yousif Abdalla Abakr; Feroz Kabir Kazi; Suzana Yusup; Hon Loong Lam. 2016. "Novel input-output prediction approach for biomass pyrolysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 136, no. : 51-61.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2016 in Waste and Biomass Valorization
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In this study, co-pyrolysis of rice husk with underutilized biomass, Napier grass and sago waste was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 600 °C, 30 °C/min and 5 L/min nitrogen flowrate. Two-phase bio-oil (organic and aqueous) was collected and characterized using standard analytical techniques. 34.13–45.55 wt% total boil-oil yield was recorded using assorted biomass compared to pure risk husk biomass with 31.51 wt% yield. The organic phase consist mainly benzene derivatives with higher proportion in the oil from the co-pyrolysis process relative to the organic phase from the pyrolysis of the individual biomass while the aqueous phase in all cases was predominantly water, acids, ketones, aldehydes, sugars and traces of phenolics. This study has demonstrated a good approach towards increasing valorization of rice husk in a single reaction step for the production of high grade bio-oil, which can be transformed into fuel and valuable chemicals.

ACS Style

Isah Yakub Mohammed; Chun Hsion Lim; Feroz Kabir Kazi; Suzana Yusup; Hon Loong Lam; Yousif Abdalla Abakr. Co-pyrolysis of Rice Husk with Underutilized Biomass Species: A Sustainable Route for Production of Precursors for Fuels and Valuable Chemicals. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2016, 8, 911 -921.

AMA Style

Isah Yakub Mohammed, Chun Hsion Lim, Feroz Kabir Kazi, Suzana Yusup, Hon Loong Lam, Yousif Abdalla Abakr. Co-pyrolysis of Rice Husk with Underutilized Biomass Species: A Sustainable Route for Production of Precursors for Fuels and Valuable Chemicals. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2016; 8 (3):911-921.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isah Yakub Mohammed; Chun Hsion Lim; Feroz Kabir Kazi; Suzana Yusup; Hon Loong Lam; Yousif Abdalla Abakr. 2016. "Co-pyrolysis of Rice Husk with Underutilized Biomass Species: A Sustainable Route for Production of Precursors for Fuels and Valuable Chemicals." Waste and Biomass Valorization 8, no. 3: 911-921.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. Biomass supply chain optimisation via novel Biomass Element Life Cycle Analysis (BELCA). Applied Energy 2016, 161, 733 -745.

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Hon Loong Lam. Biomass supply chain optimisation via novel Biomass Element Life Cycle Analysis (BELCA). Applied Energy. 2016; 161 ():733-745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. 2016. "Biomass supply chain optimisation via novel Biomass Element Life Cycle Analysis (BELCA)." Applied Energy 161, no. : 733-745.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Energy Conversion and Management
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ACS Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. Biomass Demand-Resources Value Targeting. Energy Conversion and Management 2014, 87, 1202 -1209.

AMA Style

Chun Hsion Lim, Hon Loong Lam. Biomass Demand-Resources Value Targeting. Energy Conversion and Management. 2014; 87 ():1202-1209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Hsion Lim; Hon Loong Lam. 2014. "Biomass Demand-Resources Value Targeting." Energy Conversion and Management 87, no. : 1202-1209.