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Govinda Timilsina is a Senior Research Economist at the Research Department of the World Bank. He has over 20 years of experience in the fields of energy and climate change policy modeling and analysis. His key expertise includes climate change policy analysis; general equilibrium and input-output modeling of climate change policies; climate change negotiation architecture, project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol; climate change science, impacts, and mitigation; the GHG market; energy sector modeling; electricity economics and planning. He has authored more than 70 journal articles, conference proceeding papers, technical reports, and books. At the Bank, he was involved in several analytical studies, including low carbon studies in Brazil and Nigeria and green growth studies in Macedonia and Romania. He led the energy sector modeling task under the Romania Green Growth and Climate Change RAS.
Climate change adaptation is one of the main strategies to address global climate change. The least developed countries and the small island states that lack financial resources to adapt to climate change are the most vulnerable nations to climate change. Although it would be more economical to adapt to climate change compared to the anticipated damage of not doing so, the demand for capital is estimated to range to hundreds of billions. The crucial question is how to manage investments to adapt to climate change globally. This study provides an overview of existing international provisions on climate finance for adaptation. It includes provisions through international financial institutions, United Nations agencies, bilateral and multilateral channels, and the private sector. It also explores how private sector finance can be further attracted to invest in climate change adaptation.
Govinda Timilsina. Financing Climate Change Adaptation: International Initiatives. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6515 .
AMA StyleGovinda Timilsina. Financing Climate Change Adaptation: International Initiatives. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda Timilsina. 2021. "Financing Climate Change Adaptation: International Initiatives." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6515.
This paper analyzes the economic impacts of a national emissions trading scheme in 31 Chinese provinces. The emissions trading system is assumed to accomplish China's emissions reduction targets set under the Paris Climate Agreement. A multi-regional, multi-sectoral, recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model is developed for the analysis. The results show that the emissions trading scheme would reduce provincial CO2 emissions by 4%–22% relative to the baseline levels in 2030. It would cause the provincial GDP to change from −4.6% to 1.8% relative to the 2030 baseline levels. The magnitudes of the impacts on provincial economies and CO2 emissions are sensitive to initial emissions allocation rules. Some provinces that face GDP loss under one rule of emissions allocation would experience GDP gains under the other rules, and vice versa. However, emissions-intensive provincial economies—Neimenggu, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Shaanxi—are found to experience higher GDP loss irrespective of the allowance allocation rules. Meanwhile, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Liaoning are found to experience higher GDP under all the rules of allowances allocation.
Jun Pang; Govinda Timilsina. How would an emissions trading scheme affect provincial economies in China: Insights from a computable general equilibrium model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 145, 111034 .
AMA StyleJun Pang, Govinda Timilsina. How would an emissions trading scheme affect provincial economies in China: Insights from a computable general equilibrium model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 145 ():111034.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Pang; Govinda Timilsina. 2021. "How would an emissions trading scheme affect provincial economies in China: Insights from a computable general equilibrium model." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 145, no. : 111034.
Climate change is posing risks for human and natural systems, and one of the most important questions faced by policy makers is to reduce such risks and impacts through adaption and mitigation actions. As the country with the highest CO2 emissions, China is facing unprecedented challenges: climate change, energy structure transformation and socio-economic development all pose complex dilemmas for policy makers. The Chinese government has introduced energy policy and emission reduction measures to achieve its climate change mitigation targets. However, overlap between these measures may generate great uncertainty about their performance. By using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, this study examines the economic impacts of implementing a nationwide carbon market and a renewable energy subsidy in the power sector in China. The study finds that a renewable energy policy would increase the economic cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and lead to a lower carbon price level if a carbon pricing mechanism were in place. However, the combination of the two policies indeed shows advantages in achieving emission reduction targets and renewable energy promotion targets. While an emission trading scheme is necessary for reducing emissions effectively, a renewable energy policy could promote the large-scale use of renewable energy in the electricity sector. In addition, the adoption of a renewable energy policy could yield substantial inter-regional capital inflow to central and western regions. This would improve low-carbon investment in less developed regions, and thus an appropriately designed policy mix would be sensible.
Jie Wu; Ying Fan; Govinda Timilsina; Yan Xia; Renyong Guo. Understanding the economic impact of interacting carbon pricing and renewable energy policy in China. Regional Environmental Change 2020, 20, 1 -11.
AMA StyleJie Wu, Ying Fan, Govinda Timilsina, Yan Xia, Renyong Guo. Understanding the economic impact of interacting carbon pricing and renewable energy policy in China. Regional Environmental Change. 2020; 20 (3):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJie Wu; Ying Fan; Govinda Timilsina; Yan Xia; Renyong Guo. 2020. "Understanding the economic impact of interacting carbon pricing and renewable energy policy in China." Regional Environmental Change 20, no. 3: 1-11.
As in many countries around the world, subsidies to energy in Bangladesh impose a significant fiscal burden, with benefits that disproportionately accrue to high-income households. Using a computable general equilibrium model, this study investigates the economy-wide impacts of the removal of direct subsidies in the electricity sector and indirect subsidy in natural gas in Bangladesh. The study finds that the removal of energy subsidies would be beneficial to the economy and would increase GDP. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on how the budgetary savings from the removal of electricity subsidy and the increased revenues due to the removal of indirect subsidies to natural gas are reallocated to the economy. Recycling the savings (or the new revenues) to fund investment would benefit the country most, followed by the case of utilizing them to fund cuts in income taxes, and finally to fund cuts in indirect taxes. While the reallocation of budgetary savings to households through lump-sum transfers is found inferior to other recycling options considered, it could be the preferred from the distributional perspective. However, further analysis is needed to confirm this.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Sheoli Pargal. Economics of energy subsidy reforms in Bangladesh. Energy Policy 2020, 142, 111539 .
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Sheoli Pargal. Economics of energy subsidy reforms in Bangladesh. Energy Policy. 2020; 142 ():111539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Sheoli Pargal. 2020. "Economics of energy subsidy reforms in Bangladesh." Energy Policy 142, no. : 111539.
The rapid increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in recent decades is a major concern because CO2 emissions are the main precursor of global warming. Thus, a clear understanding of the factors behind this increase is crucial for the design of policies that limit or at least stabilize global concentrations of CO2. In this study, we investigate factors driving the growth in global CO2 emissions over the last two decades (between 1997 and 2015) using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. The analysis shows that economic growth is the main driver of CO2 emissions during the 1997–2015 period. Population growth is also responsible for increased CO2 emissions, mainly in low-income countries. Without lowering energy intensity and increasing the deployment of clean and renewable energy, CO2 emissions during 1997–2015 would have been almost 50% higher than the observed level. The analysis also shows that the factors driving CO2 emission growth vary among countries from different per-capita income brackets. The analysis emphasizes the need to reduce CO2 more rapidly in highly industrialized countries and to continue to support reduction of CO2 in developing countries, per the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) Common But Differentiated Resposibilities.
Kangyin Dong; Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. Do drivers of CO2 emission growth alter overtime and by the stage of economic development? Energy Policy 2020, 140, 111420 .
AMA StyleKangyin Dong, Gal Hochman, Govinda R. Timilsina. Do drivers of CO2 emission growth alter overtime and by the stage of economic development? Energy Policy. 2020; 140 ():111420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangyin Dong; Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2020. "Do drivers of CO2 emission growth alter overtime and by the stage of economic development?" Energy Policy 140, no. : 111420.
Mali has introduced a program to produce biodiesel using jatropha, a shrub widely available throughout the country. The aim of the program is to partially substitute diesel, which is entirely supplied through imports, with domestically produced biodiesel. In this paper, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and a microsimulation model to analyze macroeconomic and distributional impact of a hypothetical expansion of jatropha based biodiesel industry in Mali. We find that the expansion of biodiesel industry (i.e., both jatropha farming and oil conversion), would increase GDP, though slightly, if idle lands are utilized for jatropha cultivation. However, the expansion of jatropha would cause slight loss in GDP if the existing agriculture land is used for jatropha cultivation. The distributional results are slightly different. We find that rural poverty would decrease no matter whether idle lands or existing agricultural lands are used for jatropha plantation, although the percentage reductions in rural poverty are higher in the former compared to the latter case. Our results indicate that if governments plan to promote jatropha biodiesel they should not allow jatropha to compete with food staples on the existing land. Policies should be targeted to utilize the idle lands which have not been used for any productive use.
Dorothée Boccanfuso; Massa Coulibaly; Luc Savard; Govinda Timilsina. Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Jatropha Based Biodiesel in Mali. Economies 2018, 6, 63 .
AMA StyleDorothée Boccanfuso, Massa Coulibaly, Luc Savard, Govinda Timilsina. Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Jatropha Based Biodiesel in Mali. Economies. 2018; 6 (4):63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorothée Boccanfuso; Massa Coulibaly; Luc Savard; Govinda Timilsina. 2018. "Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Jatropha Based Biodiesel in Mali." Economies 6, no. 4: 63.
Kangyin Dong; Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses. Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleKangyin Dong, Gal Hochman, Govinda R. Timilsina. Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses. Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangyin Dong; Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2018. "Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses." Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses , no. : 1.
The World Bank Group (WBG) considers climate change as one of its main business agendas. It allocated more than US$50 billions to climate change-related activities over the 5 years during the 2011–2015 period. Helping developing countries to achieve their Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) is one of main climate change-related activities of the WBG at present. This study highlights WBG’s recent efforts to facilitate low-carbon investment in developing countries and presents a case study of China where a hypothetical carbon pricing mechanism is assumed to meet the country’s emission intensity targets under the INDC.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Jing Cao; Mun Ho. World Bank Experience in Low-Carbon Investments and the Role of Carbon Pricing in China. Globalization of Low-Carbon Technologies 2017, 513 -535.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Jing Cao, Mun Ho. World Bank Experience in Low-Carbon Investments and the Role of Carbon Pricing in China. Globalization of Low-Carbon Technologies. 2017; ():513-535.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Jing Cao; Mun Ho. 2017. "World Bank Experience in Low-Carbon Investments and the Role of Carbon Pricing in China." Globalization of Low-Carbon Technologies , no. : 513-535.
Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis. Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleGal Hochman, Govinda R. Timilsina. Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis. Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2017. "Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis." Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis , no. : 1.
Despite the declining trends in total energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, energy intensity, and emission intensity over the past two decades, Romania still emits more greenhouse gas per unit of output than many other members of the European Union. The country is looking for further greening of its energy supply system to achieve the clean energy and climate change mitigation goals included in the European Union’s 2030 target and 2050 Roadmap. Using an energy supply optimization model, TIMES, this study develops energy supply mixes for Romania under a baseline scenario that satisfies the European Union’s current energy and climate targets for 2020, a green scenario that satisfies the European Union’s 2030 energy and climate targets, and a super green scenario that satisfies the European Union’s prospective 2050 energy road map. The study finds that although Romania could achieve the green scenario at a moderate cost, it would be challenging and costly to achieve the super green scenario.
Govinda Timilsina; Erika Jorgensen. The economics of greening Romania’s energy supply system. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2017, 23, 123 -144.
AMA StyleGovinda Timilsina, Erika Jorgensen. The economics of greening Romania’s energy supply system. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2017; 23 (1):123-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda Timilsina; Erika Jorgensen. 2017. "The economics of greening Romania’s energy supply system." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 23, no. 1: 123-144.
SIDS have both opportunities and challenges – economic, social and environmental vulnerability – for low carbon development. Economically, they are highly dependent on international trade; they have limited domestic markets, too small to provide significant scale economies; their exports are constraint by their isolation and remote location. We provide an overview of current energy situation in SIDS, their goals to adopt low carbon economic development paths, policies already in place or required to achieve the goals and challenges to implement their plans and strategies. The focus is on energy policy landscape that needs to be addressed in order to scale-up renewable energy technologies needed to stimulate low carbon economic growth. We find that SIDS face four key barriers to renewable energy development: information to improve the energy information network by strengthening existing information systems and building awareness of renewable energy; financing mechanisms for renewable energy projects, including regional loan structures and technical assistance to banks; policy supports to implement regulatory frameworks that enable renewable energy development; and building technical capacity among players in the renewable energy field. We recommend “policy enablers” that underlie what could positively impact on renewable energy goals and more broadly energy efficiency and climate change.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Kalim U. Shah. Filling the gaps: Policy supports and interventions for scaling up renewable energy development in Small Island Developing States. Energy Policy 2016, 98, 653 -662.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Kalim U. Shah. Filling the gaps: Policy supports and interventions for scaling up renewable energy development in Small Island Developing States. Energy Policy. 2016; 98 ():653-662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Kalim U. Shah. 2016. "Filling the gaps: Policy supports and interventions for scaling up renewable energy development in Small Island Developing States." Energy Policy 98, no. : 653-662.
Improvement of energy efficiency is an important element of energy policy for a sustainable supply of energy in Ukraine. However, the country is facing several challenges to the large-scale deployment of energy efficient technologies. We conducted a two-stage quota sample survey of 509 commercial and industrial firms of all regions of Ukraine to understand the barriers to energy efficiency improvements. Our study finds that more than two-thirds of the commercial and industrial firms in the country view improvement of energy efficiency very important to their business. However, due to several barriers they are unable to realize the improvements of energy efficiency. Among the 19 potential barriers investigated in the study, the survey results show that high upfront investment requirement, lack of government policies to support energy efficiency improvements, higher cost of capital, and lack of information and awareness are the most critical barriers to the improvement of energy efficiency in the industrial and commercial sectors in Ukraine.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Gal Hochman; Iryna Fedets. Understanding energy efficiency barriers in Ukraine: Insights from a survey of commercial and industrial firms. Energy 2016, 106, 203 -211.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Gal Hochman, Iryna Fedets. Understanding energy efficiency barriers in Ukraine: Insights from a survey of commercial and industrial firms. Energy. 2016; 106 ():203-211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Gal Hochman; Iryna Fedets. 2016. "Understanding energy efficiency barriers in Ukraine: Insights from a survey of commercial and industrial firms." Energy 106, no. : 203-211.
Despite the declining trends in total energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, energy intensity, and emission intensity over the past two decades, Romania still emits more greenhouse gas per unit of output than many other members of the European Union. The country is looking for further greening of its energy supply system to achieve the clean energy and climate change mitigation goals included in the European Union's 2030 target and 2050 Roadmap. Using an energy supply optimization model, TIMES, this study develops energy supply mixes for Romania under a baseline scenario that satisfies the European Union's current energy and climate targets for 2020, a green scenario that satisfies the European Union's 2030 energy and climate targets, and a super green scenario that satisfies the European Union's prospective 2050 energy road map. The study finds that although Romania could achieve the green scenario at a moderate cost, it would be challenging and costly to achieve the super green scenario.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Erika A. Jorgensen. Development of low-carbon energy supply system in Romania. 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Erika A. Jorgensen. Development of low-carbon energy supply system in Romania. . 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Erika A. Jorgensen. 2016. "Development of low-carbon energy supply system in Romania." , no. : 1.
Gal Hochman; Deepak Rajagopal; Govinda Timilsina; David Zilberman. Quantifying the causes of the global food commodity price crisis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2014, 68, 106 -114.
AMA StyleGal Hochman, Deepak Rajagopal, Govinda Timilsina, David Zilberman. Quantifying the causes of the global food commodity price crisis. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2014; 68 ():106-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGal Hochman; Deepak Rajagopal; Govinda Timilsina; David Zilberman. 2014. "Quantifying the causes of the global food commodity price crisis." Biomass and Bioenergy 68, no. : 106-114.
Gal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. Why Has Energy Efficiency Not Scaled-up in the Industrial and Commercial Sectors in Ukraine? An Empirical Analysis. The Long-Term Legacy of the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambodia 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleGal Hochman, Govinda R. Timilsina. Why Has Energy Efficiency Not Scaled-up in the Industrial and Commercial Sectors in Ukraine? An Empirical Analysis. The Long-Term Legacy of the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambodia. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGal Hochman; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2014. "Why Has Energy Efficiency Not Scaled-up in the Industrial and Commercial Sectors in Ukraine? An Empirical Analysis." The Long-Term Legacy of the Khmer Rouge Period in Cambodia , no. : 1.
Many countries present climate change mitigation benefit as one of the main rationales to defend their policies to promote biofuels. However, the role of biofuels on climate change mitigation remains ambiguous. Whether or not biofuels save greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions depends on how the savings are estimated. The GHG mitigation potentials of biofuels are normally assessed through three different approaches: project level approach, life-cycle approach, and an approach that accounts for indirect land-use change (ILUC) effect. Relying on a general equilibrium analysis, this chapter assesses climate change mitigation impacts of meeting biofuel mandates and targets introduced by 40 plus countries around the world.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Simon Mevel. Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty 2014, 111 -122.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Simon Mevel. Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty. 2014; ():111-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Simon Mevel. 2014. "Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation." The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty , no. : 111-122.
Large-scale deployment of biofuels has a profound effect on allocation of land resources. The expansion of biofuels industry requires a greater amount of crop lands for producing biofuel feedstocks. This additional crop lands could be supplied through (1) reallocation of existing crop lands from other crops (e.g., rice, fruits and vegetables, tobacco, cotton) towards production of biofuel feedstocks (e.g., corn, sugarcane, jatropha, rapeseed), (2) conversion of forest and pasture lands to crop lands. The land-use change thus occurs directly and indirectly. For example, when forest land is converted to produce sugarcane, such conversion is termed as direct land-use change. When biofuels displace existing crop lands in one part of the world, and production of food crops increases in other parts of the world (e.g., by converting forest lands to crop lands), this conversion is termed as indirect land-use change.
Jevgenijs Steinbuks; Govinda R. Timilsina. Land-Use Change and Food Supply. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty 2014, 91 -102.
AMA StyleJevgenijs Steinbuks, Govinda R. Timilsina. Land-Use Change and Food Supply. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty. 2014; ():91-102.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJevgenijs Steinbuks; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2014. "Land-Use Change and Food Supply." The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty , no. : 91-102.
The production cost of biofuels is one of the key determinants of the commercial viability of biofuels and its social costs of promoting through fiscal stimuli and regulations. Estimates of production costs for different types of biofuels vary widely and are evolving over time (see Fig. 3.1). The sources of variability depend on the category/feedstock/production technology. The costs of first generation biofuels, whose production technologies are matured with commercial production, are influenced mostly by costs of feedstock. In the case of corn-based ethanol, for example, feedstock accounts for about 70 % of the total production costs. For biodiesel, the share of feedstock in total costs of production is even higher, reaching 85–90 %. The recent price volatility in agricultural commodities further contributed to the higher costs of biofuels. In the case of second generation biofuels, much less is known in terms of both process technologies and costs, as there is little experience on commercial production. The available costs are ex-ante estimates with assumptions changing in each estimate (Klein-Marcuschamer et al. 2012). Also, technology pathways for converting cellulosic biomass into biofuels are associated with technical and cost uncertainties.
Miguel A. Carriquiry; Xiaodong Du; Govinda R. Timilsina. Production Costs of Biofuels. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty 2014, 33 -46.
AMA StyleMiguel A. Carriquiry, Xiaodong Du, Govinda R. Timilsina. Production Costs of Biofuels. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty. 2014; ():33-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel A. Carriquiry; Xiaodong Du; Govinda R. Timilsina. 2014. "Production Costs of Biofuels." The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty , no. : 33-46.
Does the increasing oil price have an impact on demand for biofuels? Does an expansion of biofuels put pressure on oil price to fall down? These are the questions frequently asked by policy makers and other stakeholders. However, the answer is ambiguous. Serra and Zilberman (2013) surveyed 45 studies published during 2007–2012 period, which mostly used time series data, to analyze biofuel related price transmission. Only two out of the 45 studies found an impact of biofuels on fossil fuel prices in the long-run. Twenty of those studies found that energy prices influence agricultural commodities’ prices. One can argue that since feedstock costs represent more than half of the total production costs of crop-based biofuels, energy prices would impact prices of biofuels. However, existing literature have mixed findings on the relationship between oil price rise and increased prices for agriculture commodity. While some studies, such as Ciaian and Kancs (2011), Mallory et al. (2012) show the transmission of increased energy prices to agricultural commodity prices, others studies, such as Cha and Bae (2011), Hassouneh et al. (2012) find no such relationship in the long-run. This implies that increased oil price would cause substitution of petroleum products with biofuels in the long-run thereby increasing their penetration in the global energy mix. Timilsina et al. (2011) find, in the United States for example, that around a 50 % rise in oil price in 2020 from 2009 level would increase biofuel use to the level that the country has targeted through its blending mandate.
Govinda R. Timilsina. Oil Price and Biofuels. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty 2014, 103 -110.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina. Oil Price and Biofuels. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty. 2014; ():103-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina. 2014. "Oil Price and Biofuels." The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty , no. : 103-110.
Following the oil crisis of the 1970s, countries looked to biofuels to substitute the use of fossil fuel in transportation. Brazil and the United States (US) governments impelled national programs for ethanol production (Worldwatch 2007) around 1979; meanwhile, some countries (e.g. China, Kenya, and Zimbabwe) acted in response to the oil crisis but were not able to sustain biofuel production (Liu 2005; Karekezi et al. 2004). When oil prices decreased again, the impetus for alternative fuels retreated—except in Brazil. Current drivers of the alternative energy supply include issues of energy supply security, oil price volatility, climate change, production costs, and more. Subsidy is the main policy instrument to incentivize production, although production costs are dropping.
Govinda R. Timilsina; Ashish Shrestha. An Overview of Global Markets and Policies. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty 2014, 1 -14.
AMA StyleGovinda R. Timilsina, Ashish Shrestha. An Overview of Global Markets and Policies. The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty. 2014; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGovinda R. Timilsina; Ashish Shrestha. 2014. "An Overview of Global Markets and Policies." The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy, Environment, and Poverty , no. : 1-14.