The correct setting of laser beam parameters and scanning strategy for Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology is a demanding process. Usually, numerous experimental procedures must be taken before the final strategy can be applied. The presented work deals with SLM technology and the impact of its technological parameters on the porosity and hardness of AISI H13 tool steel. In this study, we attempted to map the dependency of porosity and hardness of the tested tool steel on a broad spectrum of scanning speed—laser power combinations. Cubic samples were fabricated under parameters defined by full factorial DOE, and metallurgic specimens were prepared for measurement of the two studied quantities. The gathered data were finally analyzed, and phenomenological models were proposed. Analysis of the data revealed a minimal energy density of 100.3 J/mm${}^3$ was needed to obtain a dense structure with a satisfactory hardness level. Apart from this, the model may be used for approximation of non-tested combinations of input parameters.

“Muscle tone” is a clinically important and widely used term and palpation is a crucial skill for its diagnosis. However, the term is defined rather vaguely, and palpation is not measurable objectively. Therefore, several methods have been developed to measure muscle tone objectively, in terms of biomechanical properties of the muscle. This article aims to summarize these approaches. Through database searches, we identified those studies related to objective muscle tone measurement in vivo, in situ. Based on them, we described existing methods and devices and compared their reliability. Furthermore, we presented an extensive list of the use of these methods in different fields of research. Although it is believed by some authors that palpation cannot be replaced by a mechanical device, several methods have already proved their utility in muscle biomechanical property diagnosis. There appear to be two issues preventing wider usage of these objective methods in clinical practice. Firstly, a high variability of their reliability, and secondly, a lack of valid mathematical models that would provide the observed mechanical characteristics with a clear physical significance and allow the results to be compared with each other.

The aim of this study was to find possibilities of using the Fourier transform in the analysis of vibration load tests of heterogeneous mechanical systems, especially those of a biological nature. The study applied the idea that the dispersion...

Narrow sense heritability (h²) is a key concept in quantitative genetics, as it expresses the proportion of the observed phenotypic variation that is transmissible from parents to offspring. h² determines the resemblance among relatives and the rate of response to artificial and natural selection. Classical methods for estimating h² use random samples of individuals with known relatedness, as well as response to artificial selection, when it is called realized heritability. Here, we present a method for estimating realized h² based on a simple assessment of a random-mating population with no artificial manipulation of the population structure, and derive standard errors of the estimates. This method can be applied to arbitrary phenotypic segments of the population (for example, the top ranking p parents and offspring), rather than random samples. It can thus be applied to non-pedigreed random mating populations, where relatedness is determined from molecular markers in the p selected parents and offspring, thus substantially saving on genotyping costs. Further, we assessed the method by stochastic simulations and as expected from the mathematical derivation, it provides unbiased estimates of h². We compared our approach to the regression and maximum-likelihood approaches utilizing Galton9s dataset on human heights and all three methods provided identical results.