With the evolution of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless network, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become a revolutionary technique that enables a diverse number of features and applications. It can able a diverse amount of devices to be connected in order to create a single communication architecture. As it has significantly expanded in recent years, it is fundamental to study this trending technology in detail and take a close look at its applications in the different domains. It represents an enabler of new communication possibilities between people and things. The main asset of this concept is its significant influence through the creation of a new world dimension. The key features required for employing a large-scale IoT are low-cost sensors, high-speed and error-tolerant data communications, smart computations, and numerous applications. This research work is presented in four main sections, including a general overview of IoT technology, a summary of previous correlated surveys, a review regarding the main IoT applications, and a section on the challenges of IoT. The purpose of this study is to fully cover the applications of IoT, including healthcare, environmental, commercial, industrial, smart cities, and infrastructural applications. This work explains the concept of IoT and defines and summarizes its main technologies and uses, offering a next-generation protocol as a solution to the challenges. IoT challenges were investigated to enhance research and development in the fields. The contribution and weaknesses of each research work cited are covered, highlighting eventual possible research questions and open matters for IoT applications to ensure a full analysis coverage of the discussed papers.

Neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) is the core protocol of Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) suite. The motive behind NDP is to replace address resolution protocol (ARP), router discovery, and redirect functions in Internet protocol version 4. NDP is known as the stateless protocol as it is utilized by the IPv6 nodes to determine joined hosts as well as routers in an IPv6 network without the need of dynamic host configuration protocol server. NDP is susceptible to attacks due to the deficiency in its authentication process. Securing NDP is extremely crucial as the Internet is prevalent nowadays and it is widely used in communal areas, for instance, airports, where trust does not exist among the users. A malicious host is able to expose denial of service or man-in-the-middle attacks by injecting spoofed address in NDP messages. With the intention to protect the NDP many solutions were proposed by researchers. However, these solutions either introduced new protocols that need to be supported by all nodes or built mechanisms that require the cooperation of all nodes. Moreover, some solutions are deviating from the layering principals of open system interconnection model. Therefore, the necessity to study NDP in details to recognize and identify the points that could be a source of enhancement has become mandatory task. This article revolves around the survey of the vulnerabilities mitigations approaches of NDP, since the time of the protocol development up to the date of finalized this paper. We described the technical specifications of NDP showing its components, functions, and working procedures. In addition, each threat of NDP is classified and explained in details. Open challenges of NDP and recommended future directions for scientific research are presented at the end of this paper.

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), mobile devices connect with other devices wirelessly, where there is no central administration. They are prone to different types of attacks such as the black hole, insider, gray hole, wormhole, faulty node, and packet drop, which considerably interrupt to perform secure communication. This paper has implemented the denial‐of‐service attacks like black hole attacks on general‐purpose ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV) protocol. It uses three approaches: normal AODV, black hole AODV (BH_AODV), and detected black hole AODV (D_BH_AODV), wherein we observe that black holes acutely degrade the performance of networks. We have detected the black hole attacks within the networks using two techniques: (1) intrusion detection system (IDS) and (2) encryption technique (digital signature) with the concept of prevention. Moreover, normal AODV, BH_AODV, and D_BH_AODV protocols are investigated for various quality of service (QoS) parameters, i.e., packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, and overhead with varying the number of nodes, packet sizes, and simulation times. The NS2 software has been used as a simulation tool to simulate existing network topologies, but it does not contain any mechanism to simulate malicious protocols by itself; therefore, we have developed and implemented a D_BH_AODV routing protocol. The outcomes show that the proposed D_BH_AODV approach for the PDR value delivers around 40 to 50% for varying nodes and packets. In contrast, the delay decreases from 300 to 100 ms and 150 to 50 ms with an increase in the number of nodes and packets, respectively. Furthermore, the overhead changes from 1 to 3 for various nodes and packet values. The outcome of this research proves that the black hole attack degrades the overall performance of the network, while the D_BH_AODV enhances the QoS performance since it detects the black hole nodes and avoids them to establish the communication between nodes.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) would gradually be replaced by Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) as the next generation of Internet protocol. The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), one of the main protocols in the IPv6 suite, comprises Neighbor Discovery for IPv6. NDP is used by both hosts and routers. Its functions include Neighbor Discovery (ND), Router Discovery (RD), Address Auto configuration, Address Resolution, Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD), Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) and Redirection. If not secured, NDP is vulnerable to various attacks: Neighbor Solicitation (NS) spoofing and Neighbor Advertisement (NS) spoofing, redirection, stealing addresses, denial of service are examples of these attacks. Since its early stages of designing and development NDP assumes connections between nodes will be safe but deployment stage prove this assumption is incorrect and highlight the security holes. This fact leads Internet Engineer Task Force (IETF) to request solutions in order to overcoming these drawbacks. Secure Neighbor Discovery or SEND is then proposed, SEND solve a part of the threats associated with NDP and request for more researches to find a better solution that manage to forbid all these threats and ignore its limitations. This study presents a new mechanism to avoid security threats for IPv6 NDP based on digital signature procedures. The proposed solution is manage to eliminate the threats because it do mapping and binding between IP address, MAC address and public keys of the nodes in the node’s neighbors cache, intruders will not be able to spoof other nodes’ IP addresses.

For a successful communication in a LAN network Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) has to identify Machine Code Address (MAC) of the target host which was possible via using Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). This is improved in IPv6 in which nodes uses Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to access MAC address of other nodes. In addition to this it enables accessibility to routers and reachability of information on paths to active neighbor discovery. When NDP was initially defined, there was a belief that the local link would be made up of mutually trusting nodes. On the contrary, this has been rectified in wireless connection of networks in which the situation has radically changed. The lack of authorization and vulnerability to various attacks, various mechanisms have been implemented to counter this effect. These mechanisms are of two types which are Secured Neighbor Discovery Protocol (SEND) and Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). A keen interest is taken to analyze this mechanisms showing how it works including the shortcoming of each and various recommendations. Also we analyze each of NDP attacks in details, define the requirements to mitigate each of them and proposed a conceptual model layout in order to secure NDP.

Every day, vehicle accidents occur and many of them might be avoided if the drivers demonstrated excellent driving without mistakes. This paper presents a novel prototype applied in a real transportation system, particularly for buses, to avoid accidents, which may involve numerous victims, and even occasionally cause death. This system consists of a wearable device and embedded system with several sensors connected via Bluetooth, similar to the Internet of Things (IoT). Wearable devices are made to monitor the driver’s heart rate and alert the driver if they are in a state of sleep deprivation to prevent any potential accidents. The embedded system includes a Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometers, and gyroscopes attached to a Smart Box mounted on the bus. The embedded system alert function will be triggered if an accident occurs and automatically sends the geolocation of the accident to the registered phone number through a message using a mobile phone. The results for all scenarios were significant when measured by an automatic accident trigger via the smart box if the value of measured values in each axis exceeded 583. In conclusion, the implementation of this innovative solution at the system-level was shown to be satisfactory in terms of the safety mechanism used by the nominated drivers.