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Prof. Michael Lueck
Auckland University of Technology

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0 Ecotourism
0 Interpretation
0 Sustainable Tourism
0 Tourism
0 Wildlife tourism

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Tourism
Ecotourism
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Sustainable Tourism
Wildlife tourism

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Journal article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism
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The global COVID-19 health pandemic has shaken the most stable political systems, and left deep economic scars across industries. With global and national travel at a standstill, the tourism industry is among the most heavily hit. The gradual lifting of restrictions has already fuelled tourism demand, and previous hopes of rebuilding and transforming tourism more sustainably are vanishing. To ensure that pre-COVID-19 situations of unsustainable development do not resurface, it is of critical importance to go beyond economically driven crisis recovery. Instead, governments need to reconsider pre-crisis challenges, such as imbalances between tourists and residents, infrastructure shortages, and questions around the efficiency of regulations and policies. In New Zealand, issues related to freedom camping have fuelled these debates, with headlines relating to tourists defecating in public space, dropping garbage, and being ‘freeloaders’ with little economic value. Adopting a multiple stakeholder approach, this research note empirically explores stakeholder perceptions of challenges associated with freedom camping in the context of New Zealand. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 stakeholders representing host communities, local councils, national agencies, tourism businesses, and regional tourism organisations. Qualitative data analysis reveals positive changes and reduced impacts as results of additional infrastructure funding, educational measures, and locally enforced bylaws. However, participants also noted the need for a national framework, and clear statements and messages regarding domestic demand. Considering that nature-based experiences that allow for social distancing, such as (freedom) camping, have grown significantly during the pandemic and that domestic tourists will be crucial to post-COVID tourism recovery, this original multiple stakeholder approach delivers policy-relevant insights and provides avenues for future research with regard to a responsible and sustainable tourism restart.

ACS Style

Sabrina Seeler; Michael Lueck. Freedom camping in Aotearoa New Zealand: an exploration of stakeholder perceptions. Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism 2021, 2, 68 -76.

AMA Style

Sabrina Seeler, Michael Lueck. Freedom camping in Aotearoa New Zealand: an exploration of stakeholder perceptions. Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism. 2021; 2 (1):68-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabrina Seeler; Michael Lueck. 2021. "Freedom camping in Aotearoa New Zealand: an exploration of stakeholder perceptions." Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism 2, no. 1: 68-76.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in International Journal of Hospitality Management
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The cruise dining experience is one of the core elements of the overall cruise travel experience as guests fulfill their cognitive and affective needs in this pleasant environment. Nonetheless, the cruise dining experience has been sparsely researched. There is also no holistic model conceptualizing the cruise ship dining experiencescape. This study explores how under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise ship dining environment stimuli dimensions are evaluated by female cruise travelers. Female travelers are the major spenders and travel decision-makers. They are also the dominant customer group in the cruise sector. Their perception of cruise ship dining environment is leading to their positive emotional responses and approach behavior. More precisely, this study demonstrates the potency of the moderating role of a perceived health risk from COVID-19, which strengthens female travelers’ perceptions of the dining atmosphere and interaction with other guests by evoking positive emotions and influencing their approach behavior.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Amr Al-Ansi; Bee-Lia Chua; Sabrina Seeler; Heesup Han. Cruise ship dining experiencescape: The perspective of female cruise travelers in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2021, 95, 102923 .

AMA Style

Aleksandar Radic, Michael Lück, Amr Al-Ansi, Bee-Lia Chua, Sabrina Seeler, Heesup Han. Cruise ship dining experiencescape: The perspective of female cruise travelers in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2021; 95 ():102923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Amr Al-Ansi; Bee-Lia Chua; Sabrina Seeler; Heesup Han. 2021. "Cruise ship dining experiencescape: The perspective of female cruise travelers in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic." International Journal of Hospitality Management 95, no. : 102923.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Given that cruise line companies are rushing to restart their operations with modified dining services, the aim of this research is to establish a conceptual framework that precisely outlines female passengers’ behavioral intentions towards dining on cruise ships in the time of the COVID-19 crisis. It does so by extending the theory of reasoned action (TRA) by including the social servicescape of the cruise ship dining experiencescape (stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) paradigm) and perceived health risk from COVID-19 (the prospect theory). The developed theoretical framework based on this tripartite approach has predictive power for intentions. Its effectiveness and comprehensiveness are also demonstrated. Despite the positive effect of the social servicescape on attitude and emotions and the positive attitude of female cruise travelers, the negative effect of the perceived health risk from COVID-19 appears to be the dominant factor that ultimately discourages the behavioral intentions of female cruise passengers towards dining on a cruise ship in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present research provides a crucial guiding framework that helps cruise academics and operators to maximize existing and potential passengers’ favorable decisions and behaviors for cruise ship dining.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Amr Al-Ansi; Bee-Lia Chua; Sabrina Seeler; António Raposo; Jinkyung Kim; Heesup Han. To Dine, or Not to Dine on a Cruise Ship in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Tripartite Approach towards an Understanding of Behavioral Intentions among Female Passengers. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2516 .

AMA Style

Aleksandar Radic, Michael Lück, Amr Al-Ansi, Bee-Lia Chua, Sabrina Seeler, António Raposo, Jinkyung Kim, Heesup Han. To Dine, or Not to Dine on a Cruise Ship in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Tripartite Approach towards an Understanding of Behavioral Intentions among Female Passengers. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Amr Al-Ansi; Bee-Lia Chua; Sabrina Seeler; António Raposo; Jinkyung Kim; Heesup Han. 2021. "To Dine, or Not to Dine on a Cruise Ship in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Tripartite Approach towards an Understanding of Behavioral Intentions among Female Passengers." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2516.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The current COVID-19 pandemic has evolved to unprecedented proportions. This research aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ship employees stuck at sea. Using an inductive qualitative approach, a synchronous online focus group was conducted with nine cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea during COVID-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has managed to erase the feeling of joy from cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea while exposing weakness of cruise line companies such as poor human resource management leadership. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that it is of paramount importance that cruise line companies create a comprehensive strategy in assisting their employees who are experiencing an anxiety disorder and depression. The managerial implications are outlined.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Antonio Ariza-Montes; Heesup Han. Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6741 .

AMA Style

Aleksandar Radic, Michael Lück, Antonio Ariza-Montes, Heesup Han. Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück; Antonio Ariza-Montes; Heesup Han. 2020. "Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6741.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Sustainability
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The current COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis has evolved to epic proportions and placed some of the cruise lines on the verge of bankruptcy. This research aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the crisis. Using an inductive qualitative approach, interviews were conducted with eight frequent cruisers who were at home and eight cruise ship employees who were employed by various cruise companies and who were working on cruise ships during the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis. The findings revealed a systematic failure within the cruise industry management to understand the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of this study highlight the importance of health-related perceived risks on the nature and impact of the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis. This study supports the overall theory of cruise tourism and crisis management by extending the chaos theory and its principals on the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis. The managerial implications for cruise lines are outlined.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Radic; Rob Law; Michael Lück; Haesang Kang; Antonio Ariza-Montes; Juan Arjona-Fuentes; Heesup Han. Apocalypse Now or Overreaction to Coronavirus: The Global Cruise Tourism Industry Crisis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6968 .

AMA Style

Aleksandar Radic, Rob Law, Michael Lück, Haesang Kang, Antonio Ariza-Montes, Juan Arjona-Fuentes, Heesup Han. Apocalypse Now or Overreaction to Coronavirus: The Global Cruise Tourism Industry Crisis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6968.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Radic; Rob Law; Michael Lück; Haesang Kang; Antonio Ariza-Montes; Juan Arjona-Fuentes; Heesup Han. 2020. "Apocalypse Now or Overreaction to Coronavirus: The Global Cruise Tourism Industry Crisis." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6968.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Hospitality Insights
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The term ‘hospitality’ has long been linked to accommodation providers and eateries, but the wider range of hospitality, and hospitable experiences, has received little attention from academics and practitioners alike. Although tourism and hospitality are undeniably linked, Lynch [1] notes that “in tourism, there is a curious neglect of welcome given its associations with the idea of universal hospitality” (p. 174). To this end, we argue that hospitality goes well beyond food and accommodation alone, and includes any host-tourist interactions, such as those between guides and tour participants. Participants aboard nature-based marine tours are expecting to learn [2]. However, the guide's ability to 'connect' with their audience and provide quality learning experiences is not part of an industry standard. As a result, the expertise and personality of guides varies, as do their duties and their levels of training. Learning is a critical component of nature-based tours, thus placing significant responsibility on the guide in the creation of a hospitable experience. For nature-based wildlife tour operators in New Zealand (and globally), in many cases guide training efforts are a choice left up to the operators. While individual operators' needs may vary, previous hospitality research suggests that beyond fulfilling visitor expectations, appropriate training not only benefits guests, but also increases workplace satisfaction [3]. This paper discusses the need for guide training in increasing the hospitable experience aboard nature-based wildlife tours. Through data captured in self-administered visitor surveys, we explored over 400 participants' perceptions of guide abilities related to a hospitable, or pleasant, experience [4]. Tour participants on swim-with wild dolphins tours were asked to rate the importance of items related to their on-tour experience. All items were rated on a five-point scale. Over 93% of the respondents thought that having a knowledgeable and helpful boat crew was important, and more specifically over 90% felt having a knowledgeable guide on board was important. Likewise, the majority of participants identified the importance of learning about various subjects, such as the natural environment (69%) and threats to marine life (66%) – a responsibility that falls to the guides and crew. Being able to understand the safety rules was of near comparable importance to the learning experience desires (86%), as was the cleanliness of the vessel (85%). Our findings demonstrated that in order to create a hospitable experience, marine tour guides must fulfil dual roles as crew and naturalists. The high values placed on educational and safety information emphasise the critical role of knowledgeable guides/crew aboard nature-based tours. While it is apparent that many guides take pride in their work, with many furthering their knowledge during their personal time, the findings from our study highlight the importance of the guide's role in the overall visitor experience. While some tour components, such as the safety messages, are matters of legal compliance (and clearly were of high importance to participants as well), other components such as fulfilling the educational desires of visitors should be carefully considered by operators. Our findings show that visitors place a high importance on tour components that are directly related to a guide's performance, personality and abilities. Options for operators include requiring a minimum qualification for guides (e.g., a bachelor's degree in a related field) and/or an investment in continuing and specialised education. In conclusion, guide training on the natural environment and conservation as well as vessel/marine safety is essential. More specifically, this means that operators stand to benefit from guide training that reaches beyond the factual information and includes interpretation techniques. This may seem like a large investment for operators; however, the findings from this research indicate that visitor satisfaction is dependent upon this investment. The role of guides aboard nature-based wildlife tours is central to the overall hospitable experience. The original research on which this article was based can be accessed here: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1353609 Corresponding author Brooke Porter can be contacted at: [email protected] References (1) Lynch, P. Mundane Welcome: Hospitality as Life Politics. Annals of Tourism Research 2017, 64, 174–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.04.001 (2) Lück, M. Education on Marine Mammal Tours – but What Do Tourists Want to Learn? Ocean & Coastal Management 2015, 103, 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.002 (3) Poulston, J. Hospitality Workplace Problems and Poor Training: A Close Relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 2008, 20(4), 412–427. (4) Lück, M.; Porter, B.A. Experiences on Swim-With-Dolphins Tours: An Importance–Performance Analysis of Dolphin Tour Participants in Kaikoura, New Zealand. Journal of Ecotourism 2017, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1353609

ACS Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter. Tour guide training for hospitable nature-based tour experiences. Hospitality Insights 2018, 2, 11 -12.

AMA Style

Michael Lück, Brooke A. Porter. Tour guide training for hospitable nature-based tour experiences. Hospitality Insights. 2018; 2 (2):11-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter. 2018. "Tour guide training for hospitable nature-based tour experiences." Hospitality Insights 2, no. 2: 11-12.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2018 in Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures
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ACS Style

Brooke Porter; Michael Lück. Mermaiding As A Form Of Marine Devotion: A case study of a mermaid school in Boracay, Philippines. Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures 2018, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Brooke Porter, Michael Lück. Mermaiding As A Form Of Marine Devotion: A case study of a mermaid school in Boracay, Philippines. Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures. 2018; 12 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brooke Porter; Michael Lück. 2018. "Mermaiding As A Form Of Marine Devotion: A case study of a mermaid school in Boracay, Philippines." Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures 12, no. 2: 1.

Notes
Published: 14 September 2018 in Journal of Ecotourism
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The rapid expansion of wildlife tourism over recent decades has led to a growing concern about the potential negative impacts these viewing activities can have on targeted species. Marine wildlife tourism has been no exception, and many researchers have investigated the issues surrounding wildlife watching activities for various marine species. The majority of such studies have focussed on the potential negative effects on either the species in question, on visitor education, or on tourist satisfaction. Only recently have ethical dimensions been addressed, particularly the practice of provisioning wildlife during touristic encounters. This study explored the tourist experience of pelagic birdwatching tours in Kaikoura and on Stewart Island, New Zealand. Unprompted, qualitative comments from birdwatchers discussed the close encounters with pelagic birds and the practice of provisioning the birds. Results reveal the ethical dissonance of not agreeing with feeding wildlife while simultaneously enjoying viewing pelagic birds at close range. The results suggest that tourists are concerned about the potential negative effects of feeding pelagic birds, but accept these for the benefit of their own wildlife experience.

ACS Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter. The ethical dilemma of provisioning pelagic birds in exchange for a close encounter. Journal of Ecotourism 2018, 17, 401 -408.

AMA Style

Michael Lück, Brooke A. Porter. The ethical dilemma of provisioning pelagic birds in exchange for a close encounter. Journal of Ecotourism. 2018; 17 (4):401-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter. 2018. "The ethical dilemma of provisioning pelagic birds in exchange for a close encounter." Journal of Ecotourism 17, no. 4: 401-408.

Articles
Published: 10 September 2018 in Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs
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Millions of passengers choose to cruise every year, and weather conditions may be a factor that could influence service delivery and consumer satisfaction. This paper empirically examines the impact of (un)favourable weather conditions on perceptions of service quality and overall satisfaction amongst cruise passengers. This quantitative study was conducted with 257 respondents who cruised during favourable and unfavourable weather conditions in the Caribbean. Partial least square path modelling analysis was used to examine the direct impact of (un)favourable weather conditions on service quality and overall satisfaction. The results obtained show that weather perception have a positive impact on perceived service quality.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück. (Don’t) blame it on the weather: the impact of weather on cruise tourism service quality perception and satisfaction. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 2018, 10, 205 -221.

AMA Style

Aleksandar Radic, Michael Lück. (Don’t) blame it on the weather: the impact of weather on cruise tourism service quality perception and satisfaction. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs. 2018; 10 (4):205-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Radic; Michael Lück. 2018. "(Don’t) blame it on the weather: the impact of weather on cruise tourism service quality perception and satisfaction." Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 10, no. 4: 205-221.

Research article
Published: 15 December 2017 in Tourism in Marine Environments
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Humans are transforming the coastal and marine tourism environment at an ever-increasing rate. Concurrently, the multiple amenities and natural resources of coastal zones and the reality of population growth contribute to omnipresent tourism user conflicts. This results in social, wicked, and super wicked problems that are value infused, difficult to frame, and seemingly intractable. In response, scientists and other experts are encouraged to engage in use-inspired research. Further, they are advised to reconsider the basic applied science dichotomy and to make policy contributions in the role of the honest broker. Articles from the 8th International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism are introduced that deal with tsunami vulnerability (Thailand), wreck diving (Australia/Micronesia), national forest planning (Gulf of Alaska), cruise industry research, aquatic safety (Australia), surfing expansion (South Africa), stakeholder relations (Zanzibar, Tanzania), and kiteboarding (the Netherlands).

ACS Style

Marc L. Miller; Jan AuYong; Brian W. Szuster; Mark D. Needham; Mark B. Orams; Jeff Wilks; Michael Lück. A Field Takes Stock: Papers From The 8th International Congress On Coastal And Marine Tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments 2017, 12, 139 -153.

AMA Style

Marc L. Miller, Jan AuYong, Brian W. Szuster, Mark D. Needham, Mark B. Orams, Jeff Wilks, Michael Lück. A Field Takes Stock: Papers From The 8th International Congress On Coastal And Marine Tourism. Tourism in Marine Environments. 2017; 12 (3):139-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marc L. Miller; Jan AuYong; Brian W. Szuster; Mark D. Needham; Mark B. Orams; Jeff Wilks; Michael Lück. 2017. "A Field Takes Stock: Papers From The 8th International Congress On Coastal And Marine Tourism." Tourism in Marine Environments 12, no. 3: 139-153.

Original articles
Published: 19 July 2017 in Journal of Ecotourism
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With increasing understanding of the complex concept of tourism satisfaction, a tool investigating the importance of, and satisfaction with, a number of tour components was developed in the 1970s: the importance–performance analysis. This study surveyed participants on swim-with-wild-dolphins tours in Kaikoura, New Zealand to investigate how they viewed the importance of and their satisfaction with a variety of content features on these tours. Questionnaires distributed after the tour experience included both closed-ended questions in Likert-scale format, as well as open-ended questions. Results show that tourists on swim-with-dolphins tours in New Zealand displayed high satisfaction rates, but also revealed some areas that can be improved. Themes identified as desired interpretive components, such as education about the threats to dolphins and the wider marine environment, and how tour participants can help to protect the marine environment, were also previously found in the literature as desired content, and represent the main areas recommended for improvement.

ACS Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter; Michael Lueck. Experiences on swim-with-dolphins tours: an importance–performance analysis of dolphin tour participants in Kaikoura, New Zealand. Journal of Ecotourism 2017, 18, 25 -41.

AMA Style

Michael Lück, Brooke A. Porter, Michael Lueck. Experiences on swim-with-dolphins tours: an importance–performance analysis of dolphin tour participants in Kaikoura, New Zealand. Journal of Ecotourism. 2017; 18 (1):25-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Lück; Brooke A. Porter; Michael Lueck. 2017. "Experiences on swim-with-dolphins tours: an importance–performance analysis of dolphin tour participants in Kaikoura, New Zealand." Journal of Ecotourism 18, no. 1: 25-41.

Articles
Published: 12 April 2017 in Tourism Planning & Development
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Remote coastal communities often lack direct exposure to tourism activities, resulting in low levels of awareness of tourism. Low levels of awareness and limited understanding of tourism may nullify meaningful participation in widely advocated tourism planning and development strategies, such as community-based tourism (CBT). This paper presents data from a research project that sought to explore the viability of tourism as a development strategy for remote fishing communities in the Philippines. Interviews revealed that awareness of tourism within two remote coastal communities in the Philippines was minimal. These results indicate the limited potential for effective and meaningful participation by locals in tourism development planning as called for by the CBT strategy. Thus, the discussion focuses on theoretical and alternative approaches to tourism development when tourism awareness levels are lacking. As a consequence, a new approach, the Social Entrepreneurship Tourism Model, is proposed, to address the shortcomings of CBT for remote fishing communities with low tourism awareness levels as defined by this study.

ACS Style

Brooke A. Porter; Mark B. Orams; Michael Lück. Sustainable Entrepreneurship Tourism: An Alternative Development Approach for Remote Coastal Communities Where Awareness of Tourism is Low. Tourism Planning & Development 2017, 15, 149 -165.

AMA Style

Brooke A. Porter, Mark B. Orams, Michael Lück. Sustainable Entrepreneurship Tourism: An Alternative Development Approach for Remote Coastal Communities Where Awareness of Tourism is Low. Tourism Planning & Development. 2017; 15 (2):149-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brooke A. Porter; Mark B. Orams; Michael Lück. 2017. "Sustainable Entrepreneurship Tourism: An Alternative Development Approach for Remote Coastal Communities Where Awareness of Tourism is Low." Tourism Planning & Development 15, no. 2: 149-165.

Research notes
Published: 22 March 2017 in Journal of Ecotourism
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ACS Style

Chantal D. Pagel; Michael Scheer; Michael Lück. A rejoinder to comments on ‘Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings’. Journal of Ecotourism 2017, 17, 192 -201.

AMA Style

Chantal D. Pagel, Michael Scheer, Michael Lück. A rejoinder to comments on ‘Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings’. Journal of Ecotourism. 2017; 17 (2):192-201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chantal D. Pagel; Michael Scheer; Michael Lück. 2017. "A rejoinder to comments on ‘Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings’." Journal of Ecotourism 17, no. 2: 192-201.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2017 in Journal of Heritage Tourism
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The aim of this paper is to analyse online travel blogs in order to gain an understanding of the reflections held by battlefield tourists in Vietnam. A qualitative approach utilising thematic analysis was conducted on 20 travel blogs. The findings suggest that tourists can have a deeply reflective experience at sites of past warfare, which includes cognitive dissonance to the war narrative. Tourist experiences in Vietnam presented a connection to the dead (mortality mediation) and a connection to the living (local people). These outcomes led to the overall understanding of battlefield experiences in Vietnam: The meaning of life and humanity through connecting with people, and the passing of time through the writing of history.

ACS Style

Ann Upton; Heike Schänzel; Michael Lück. Reflections of battlefield tourist experiences associated with Vietnam War sites: an analysis of travel blogs. Journal of Heritage Tourism 2017, 13, 197 -210.

AMA Style

Ann Upton, Heike Schänzel, Michael Lück. Reflections of battlefield tourist experiences associated with Vietnam War sites: an analysis of travel blogs. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 2017; 13 (3):197-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ann Upton; Heike Schänzel; Michael Lück. 2017. "Reflections of battlefield tourist experiences associated with Vietnam War sites: an analysis of travel blogs." Journal of Heritage Tourism 13, no. 3: 197-210.

Book chapter
Published: 25 January 2017 in Tourismus in Australien und Neuseeland
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ACS Style

Michael Lück; Mark Orams; Christof Pforr; Dirk Reiser. 4. Wal- und Delfintourimus in Neuseeland. Tourismus in Australien und Neuseeland 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Michael Lück, Mark Orams, Christof Pforr, Dirk Reiser. 4. Wal- und Delfintourimus in Neuseeland. Tourismus in Australien und Neuseeland. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Lück; Mark Orams; Christof Pforr; Dirk Reiser. 2017. "4. Wal- und Delfintourimus in Neuseeland." Tourismus in Australien und Neuseeland , no. : 1.

Research note
Published: 08 July 2016 in Journal of Ecotourism
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Encounters of humans with wild animals should be investigated before commercial operations will be established. This study describes interactive behaviours of wild and unhabituated Norwegian killer whales (Orcinus orca) during close encounters with video-filming human divers and snorkellers. Swimmers followed a code-of-conduct to minimise disturbance. Interactive behaviours initiated by cetaceans and shown in close proximity to human swimmers can be described using an ethogram. Such a behavioural catalogue provides baseline data for managing in-water encounters. This study uses opportunistic underwater video recordings. Videos were scanned for interactive behaviours and their relative occurrence was measured. In total, eight interactive behaviours were found that are considered to be exclusively affiliative in nature. The most frequent behaviours were ‘calling’ [M = 0.74] and ‘eye contact’ [M = 0.67]. No aggressive behaviours were found. The present results facilitate the first description of interspecific killer whale behaviours occurring during in-water encounters with snorkellers and divers which is essential to manage interactions properly in the future.

ACS Style

Chantal Denise Pagel; Michael Scheer; Michael Lück. Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings. Journal of Ecotourism 2016, 16, 190 -200.

AMA Style

Chantal Denise Pagel, Michael Scheer, Michael Lück. Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings. Journal of Ecotourism. 2016; 16 (2):190-200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chantal Denise Pagel; Michael Scheer; Michael Lück. 2016. "Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Northern Norway: interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings." Journal of Ecotourism 16, no. 2: 190-200.

Book chapter
Published: 25 June 2016 in Encyclopedia of Tourism
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ACS Style

Michael Lueck; Mark Orams. Coastal tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2016, 157 -157.

AMA Style

Michael Lueck, Mark Orams. Coastal tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2016; ():157-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Lueck; Mark Orams. 2016. "Coastal tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 157-157.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2015 in Ocean & Coastal Management
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ACS Style

Brooke A. Porter; Mark B. Orams; Michael Lück. Surf-riding tourism in coastal fishing communities: A comparative case study of two projects from the Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management 2015, 116, 169 -176.

AMA Style

Brooke A. Porter, Mark B. Orams, Michael Lück. Surf-riding tourism in coastal fishing communities: A comparative case study of two projects from the Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2015; 116 ():169-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brooke A. Porter; Mark B. Orams; Michael Lück. 2015. "Surf-riding tourism in coastal fishing communities: A comparative case study of two projects from the Philippines." Ocean & Coastal Management 116, no. : 169-176.

Book chapter
Published: 24 September 2015 in Encyclopedia of Tourism
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The sea has always been an important venue for recreation. However, its use for tourism has mirrored the global growth of mass tourism during the latter half of the twentieth century and on into the twenty-first century. According to Orams (1999: 9), marine tourism includes those recreational activities which involve travel away from one’s place of residence and which have as their host or focus the marine environment (waters that are saline and tide affected). Thus, marine tourism includes the many activities that occur on, in, and under the sea, as well as those which are coast based but where the primary attraction is sea based. Clear trends in marine tourism are the growth in diversity of activities, increasing geographical spread, and growing popularity. These trends are strongly influenced by technological advances. Inventions and the availability of mechanisms for accessing the sea for recreation have grown massively in the past half century. Important examples include the self-c ...

ACS Style

Mark Orams; Michael Lueck. Marine tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2015, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Mark Orams, Michael Lueck. Marine tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2015; ():1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Orams; Michael Lueck. 2015. "Marine tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 1-2.

Book chapter
Published: 17 February 2015 in The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment
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ACS Style

Mark Orams; Michael Lück. Marine systems and tourism. The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Mark Orams, Michael Lück. Marine systems and tourism. The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Orams; Michael Lück. 2015. "Marine systems and tourism." The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment , no. : 1.