In this research, for the first time, we present the evaluation of a semi-continuous pit manure recharge system on the mitigation of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from a swine finisher barn. The pit recharge system is practiced on many swine farms in the Republic of Korea, primarily for improving air quality in the barn. It consists of an integrated waste management system where the fraction of stored manure is pumped out (10× of the daily production of manure, 3× a day); solids are separated and composted, while the aerobically treated liquid fraction is then returned to the pit. We compared emissions from two 240-pig rooms, one equipped with a pit recharge system, and the other operating a conventional slurry pit under the slatted floor. Mean reduction of NH₃ and H₂S emissions were 49 ± 6% and 82 ± 7%, respectively, over 14 days of measurements. The removal efficiency of H₂S was higher than NH₃, likely because the pH of aerobically treated liquid manure remained slightly above 8. More work is warranted to assess the N balance in this system and the emissions of odor and greenhouse gasses (GHGs). It is also expected that it will be possible to control the NH₃ and H₂S removal rates by controlling the nitrification level of the liquid manure in the aerobic treatment system.

Inoculation is a widely used method to improve the efficiency of anaerobic digestion (AD) with a high organic load. This study was conducted to prove the potential of dairy manure as an inoculum source for AD of swine manure. Furthermore, an appropriate inoculum-to-substrate (I/S) ratio was determined to improve methane yield and reduce the required time of AD. We carried out 176 days of anaerobic digestion for five different I/S ratios (3, 1, and 0.3 on a volatile solid basis, dairy manure alone, and swine manure alone) of manure, using solid container submerged lab-scale reactors in mesophilic conditions. As a result, solid-state swine manure inoculated with dairy manure could be digested without inhibition caused by ammonia and volatile fatty acid accumulation. The highest methane yield potential was observed in I/S ratios 1 and 0.3, as 133 and 145 mL CH₄·g⁻¹-VS, respectively. The lag phase of swine manure alone was more extended, 41 to 47 days, than other treatments containing dairy manure, directly related to tardy startup. These results revealed that dairy manure can be used as an inoculum source for AD of swine manure. The proper I/S ratios leading to successful AD of swine manure were 1 and 0.3.

Bedded pack manure has long been considered an unsuitable feedstock for conventional anaerobic digestion systems due to its high solids content. However, solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) provides an opportunity to generate methane from such high-solids feedstocks. This study was conducted to determine the influence of moisture content on the digestion of bedded pack dairy manure using SS-AD. Mixtures of sawdust bedding and dairy manure were prepared with moisture contents (MCs) of 70, 76, and 83% and digested at 37 °C for 85 days. The performance of digesters containing manure at 83% MC was 1.3 to 1.4-fold higher than that of digesters containing 70% MC manure in terms of volatile solids (VS) reduction and biogas production. VS reduction rates were 55 to 75% and cumulative methane yield ranged from 64 to 90 NmL (gVS)⁻¹. These values are lower than those from SS-AD of fresh manure and this is likely due to the partial decomposition of biodegradable materials during the two to three-month period before the manure was removed from the barn. However, in terms of efficient management of farm odors and providing a renewable energy source for heating, SS-AD of bedded pack manure offers a potential alternative to the conventional composting systems currently in use.

Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique approach that simultaneously mitigates emissions and improves air quality inside a barn equipped with a manure pit recharge system. Specifically, we tested the effects of summertime feeding rations (used by farmers to cope with animal heat stress) and manure management. To date, the pit recharge system has been proven to be effective in mitigating both ammonia (NH₃; approximately 53%) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S; approximately 84%) emissions during mild climate conditions. However, its performance during the hot season with a high crude protein diet and high nitrogen loading into the pit manure recharge system is unknown. Therefore, we compared the emissions and indoor air quality of the rooms (240 pigs, ~80 kg each) equipped with a conventional slurry and pit recharge system. The main findings highlight the importance and impact of seasonal variation and diet and manure management practices. We observed 31% greater NH₃ emissions from the pit recharge system (33.7 ± 1.4 g·head⁻¹·day⁻¹) compared with a conventional slurry system (25.9 ± 2.4 g·head⁻¹·day⁻¹). Additionally, the NH₃ concentration inside the barn was higher (by 24%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. On the other hand, H₂S emissions were 55% lower in the pit recharge system (628 ± 47 mg·head⁻¹·day⁻¹) compared with a conventional slurry pit (1400 ± 132 mg·head⁻¹·day⁻¹). Additionally, the H₂S concentration inside the barn was lower (by 54%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. The characteristics of the pit recharge liquid (i.e., aerobically treated manure), such as the total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium N (NH₄-N) contents, contributed to the higher NH₃ emissions from the pit recharge system in summer. However, their influence on H₂S emissions had a relatively low impact, i.e., emissions were still reduced, similarly as they were in mild climate conditions. Overall, it is necessary to consider a seasonal diet and manure management practices when evaluating emissions and indoor air quality. Further research on minimizing the seasonal nitrogen loading and optimizing pit recharge manure characteristics is warranted.

This study investigated the effectiveness of floating covers (FCs) in mitigating ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from lab-scale swine slurry pits. Lab experiments were conducted over 125 days, comparing a treatment setup with FCs covering approximately 51.6% of the slurry surface to a control setup without covers. The results showed a significant reduction in NH₃ emissions by 54.4% with FCs (p < 0.05), which was attributed to their ability to limit NH₃ volatilization and promote crust formation. Although H₂S emissions were also reduced by 22.7%, this decrease was not statistically significant, likely due to the complex factors influencing H₂S production. These findings highlight the role of floating covers (FCs) in improving air quality within swine barns and reducing environmental pollution. By minimizing nitrogen loss as ammonia (NH₃), FCs enhance nitrogen recycling into agricultural land, supporting sustainable nutrient management. This aligns with broader sustainability goals by addressing air quality concerns, reducing odors, and improving resource efficiency in livestock systems. This study offers an effective method to mitigate air pollution, providing a foundation for practical and sustainable agricultural practices.

This study evaluated the impact of a ground channel ventilation system on seasonal ammonia emissions in a swine-finishing barn over three distinct seasons: summer, late autumn, and winter. The ground channel system tempered inlet air, cooling it during summer and warming it during colder seasons, maintaining stable room temperatures despite external fluctuations. During summer, the ground channel reduced the incoming air temperature from 26.9 °C to 22.5 °C, contributing to steady barn temperatures (28.0 °C) and mitigating ammonia emissions, which reached 111.0 ± 23.6 g day⁻¹ AU⁻¹. In late autumn and winter, it warmed the inlet air from 4.7 °C and −0.7 °C to 8.1 °C and 6.8 °C, respectively, maintaining stable room temperatures (25.1 °C and 24.3 °C). Ammonia emissions remained consistent across seasons, with 125.0 ± 37.3 g day⁻¹ AU⁻¹ in late autumn and 107.1 ± 20.5 g day⁻¹ AU⁻¹ in winter. Thus, ammonia emissions showed no seasonal differences, highlighting the system’s effectiveness in balancing ventilation rates with emissions. During late autumn and winter, it improved air quality without compromising thermal comfort for the swine. In summer, the reduced ventilation demand lowered ammonia emissions, supporting the effective management of ammonia emissions year-round. Future research should investigate the system’s effects on other gases and slurry pit temperatures.