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Mr. Myeongseong Lee
Iowa State University

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Communication
Published: 28 June 2021 in Atmosphere
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The risk of inhalation exposure to elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) during the agitation of stored swine manure is high. Once or twice a year, farmers agitate manure before pump-out and application to fields. Agitation of the swine manure causes the short-term releases of highly toxic levels of H2S and NH3. In our previous pilot-scale studies, the biochar powder showed significant mitigation of H2S and NH3 emissions when it was surficially applied to manure immediately before agitation. However, fine biochar powder application poses hazards by itself and may not be practical to apply on a farm scale, especially when livestock and workers are present. We hypothesized that applying pelletized biochar to manure surfaces is just as effective as applying powder to protect farmers and animals from excessive exposure to H2S and NH3. This work reports on the lab-scale proof-of-the-concept trials with biochar pellets on the lab scale. The objective was to compare the biochar pellets and biochar powder on their effectiveness of mitigation on H2S and NH3 gases during 3-h-long swine manure agitation. Three scenarios were compared in (n = 3) trials: (i) control, (ii) 12.5 mm thick surficial application to manure surface of biochar powder, and (iii) an equivalent (by mass) dose of pelletized biochar applied to the manure surface. The biochar powder was bound with 35% (wt) water into ~5 × 10 mm (dia × length) pellets. The biochar powder was significantly (p< 0.05) more effective than the biochar pellets. Still, pellets reduced total H2S and NH3 emissions by ~72% and ~68%, respectively (p = 0.001), compared with ~99% by powder (p = 0.001). The maximum H2S and NH3 concentrations were reduced from 48.1 ± 4.8 ppm and 1810 ± 850 ppm to 20.8 ± 2.95 ppm and 775 ± 182 ppm by pellets, and to 22.1 ± 16.9 ppm and 40.3 ± 57 ppm by powder, respectively. These reductions are equivalent to reducing the maximum concentrations of H2S and NH3 during the 3-h manure agitation by 57% and 57% (pellets) and 54% and 98% (powder), respectively. Treated manure properties hinted at improved nitrogen retention, yet they were not significant due to high variability. We recommend scaling up and trials on the farm-scale level using biochar pellets to assess the feasibility of application to large manure surfaces and techno-economic evaluation.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 825 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (7):825.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar." Atmosphere 12, no. 7: 825.

Preprint
Published: 10 May 2021
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The risk of inhalation exposure to elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) during the agitation of stored swine manure is high. Once or twice a year, farmers agitate manure before pump-out and application to fields. Agitation of the swine manure causes the short-term releases of highly toxic levels of H2S and NH3. In our previous pilot-scale studies, the biochar powder had shown significant mitigation of H2S and NH3 emissions when surficially applied to manure immediately before agitation. However, fine biochar powder application poses hazards by itself and may not be practical to apply on a farm scale, especially when livestock and workers are present. We hypothesized that applying pelletized biochar to manure surface is just as effective as applying powder to protect farmers and animals from excessive exposure to H2S and NH3. This work reports on the lab-scale proof-of-the-concept trials with biochar pellets on the lab-scale. The objective was to compare the biochar pellets and biochar powder on their effectiveness of mitigation on H2S and NH3 gases during 3-hour long swine manure agitation. Three scenarios were compared in (n=3) trials (i) control, (ii) 12.5 mm thick surficial application to manure surface of biochar powder, and (iii) an equivalent (by mass) dose of pelletized biochar applied to manure surface. The biochar powder was bound with 35% (wt) water into ~5 × 10 mm (dia × length) pellets. Biochar powder was significantly (p<0.05) more effective than the biochar pellets. Still, pellets reduced total H2S and NH3 emissions by ~72% and ~68%, respectively (p=0.001), compared with ~99% by powder (p=0.001). The maximum H2S & NH3 concentrations were reduced from 48.1±4.8 ppm & 1,810±850 ppm to 20.8±2.95 ppm & 775±182 ppm by pellets, and to 22.1±16.9 ppm & 40.3±57 ppm by powder, respectively. These reductions are equivalent to reducing the maximum concentrations of H2S and NH3 during the 3-h manure agitation by 57% and 57% (pellets) and 54% and 98% (powder), respectively. Treated manure properties hinted at improved nitrogen retention, yet not significant due to high variability. We recommend scaling-up and trials on the farm-scales using biochar pellets to assess the feasibility of application to large manure surfaces and techno-economic evaluation.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel O'Brien, Peiyang Li, Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Atmosphere
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UV-A (ca. 365 nm wavelength, a.k.a. ‘black light’) photocatalysis has been investigated to comprehensively mitigate odor and selected air pollutants in the livestock environment. This study was conducted to confirm the performance of UV-A photocatalysis on the swine farm. The objectives of this research were to (1) scale-up of the UV-A photocatalysis treatment, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odorous gases from swine slurry pit, (3) test different UV sources, (4) evaluate the effect of particulate matter (PM) and (5) conduct preliminary economic analyses. We tested UV-A photocatalysis at a mobile laboratory-scale capable of treating ~0.2–0.8 m3·s−1 of barn exhaust air. The targeted gaseous emissions of barn exhaust air were significantly mitigated (p < 0.05) up to 40% reduction of measured odor; 63%, 44%, 32%, 40%, 66% and 49% reduction of dimethyl disulfide, isobutyric acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, indole and skatole, respectively; 40% reduction of H2S; 100% reduction of O3; and 13% reduction of N2O. The PM mitigation effect was not significant. Formaldehyde levels did not change, and a 21% generation of CO2 was observed. The percent reduction of targeted gases decreased as the airborne PM increased. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis confirmed that UV-A treatment changed the overall nuisance odor character of swine barn emissions into weaker manure odor with ‘toothpaste and ‘mint’ notes. The smell of benzoic acid generated in UV-A treatment was likely one of the compounds responsible for the less-offensive overall odor character of the UV-treated emissions. Results are needed to inform the design of a farm-scale trial, where the interior barn walls can be treated with the photocatalyst.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 585 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (5):585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis." Atmosphere 12, no. 5: 585.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2021 in Animals
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It is essential to mitigate gaseous emissions that result from poultry and livestock production to increase industry sustainability. Odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have detrimental effects on the quality of life in rural communities, the environment, and climate. This study’s objective was to evaluate the photocatalytic UV treatment of gaseous emissions of odor, odorous VOCs, NH3, and other gases (GHGs, O3—sometimes considered as by-products of UV treatment) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale. The manure emissions were treated in fast-moving air using a mobile lab equipped with UV-A and UV-C lights and TiO2-based photocatalyst. Treated gas airflow (0.25–0.76 m3∙s−1) simulates output from a small ventilation fan in a barn. Through controlling the light intensity and airflow, UV dose was tested for techno-economic analyses. The treatment effectiveness depended on the UV dose and wavelength. Under UV-A (367 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reduction of targeted gases was up to (i) 63% of odor, (ii) 51%, 51%, 53%, 67%, and 32% of acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, and indole, respectively, (iii) 14% of nitrous oxide (N2O), (iv) 100% of O3, and 26% generation of CO2. Under UV-C (185 + 254 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reductions of target gases were up to (i) 54% and 47% for p-cresol and indole, respectively, (ii) 25% of N2O, (iii) 71% of CH4, and 46% and 139% generation of CO2 and O3, respectively. The results proved that the UV technology was sufficiently effective in treating odorous gases, and the mobile lab was ready for farm-scale trials. The UV technology can be considered for the scaled-up treatment of emissions and air quality improvement inside livestock barns. Results from this study are needed to inform the experimental design for future on-farm research with UV-A and UV-C.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C. Animals 2021, 11, 1289 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C." Animals 11, no. 5: 1289.

Original research article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal agriculture can cause eutrophication of water ecosystems and are precursors to secondary particulate matter (PM2 .5). NH3 emissions from stored swine manure represent nutrient loss affecting the fertilizing value of manure. The short-term emission bursts occur when farmers agitate manure before emptying storage and fertilizing fields. There is no proven technology to mitigate gaseous emissions during agitation, while the hazards of acute releases (e.g., H2S) are well-known. Biochar mitigates NH3 emissions from manure over the long-term. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mitigation of acute NH3 emissions during/after agitation. Two biochars, highly alkaline and porous (HAP from corn stover) and red oak (RO), were tested. The 6 and 12 mm-thick layers of biochar powder were surficial applied followed by 3 min agitation. NH3 concentrations were measured before/during/after agitation. Mitigation was assessed by comparing: (i) the maximum (peak) flux, (ii) total emission (from agitation start till NH3 concentration returned to the before-agitation), and (iii) the total emissions during agitation. The 12 mm HAP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced (i–iii) by 63, 70, and 85%, respectively. The 6 mm HAP significantly reduced (i–iii) by 76, 75, and 78%, respectively. The 12 mm RO significantly reduced (i–iii) by 9, 53, and 57%, respectively. The 6 mm RO significantly reduced (i–iii) by 61, 86, and 63%, respectively. The NH3 emission kinetics model confirmed that a 6 mm dose was just as effective as the larger dose. More research is needed to optimize and scale-up mitigating emissions and retention of nutrients in manure with biochar.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Hantian Ma, Samuel O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert C. Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9, no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 25 March 2021
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UV-A (ca. 365 nm wavelength, a.k.a. 'black light') photocatalysis has been investigated to comprehensively mitigate odor and selected air pollutants in the livestock environment. This study was conducted to confirm the performance of UV-A photocatalysis on the swine farm. The objectives of this research were to (1) scale-up of the UV-A photocatalysis treatment, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odorous gases from swine slurry pit, and (3) test different UV sources, (4) evaluate the effect of suspended particulate matter (PM), and (5) conduct preliminary economic analyses. We tested UV-A photocatalysis at a mobile laboratory-scale capable of treating ~0.2 - 0.8 m3·s-1 of barn exhaust air. The targeted gaseous emissions of barn exhaust air were significantly mitigated (p < 0.05) up to 40% reduction of measured odor; 63%, 44%, 32%, 40%, 66%, and 49% reduction of dimethyl disulfide, isobutyric acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, indole, and skatole, respectively; 40% reduction of H2S; 100% reduction of O3; and 13% reduction of N2O. The PM mitigation effect was not significant. Formaldehyde levels did not change, and a 21% generation of CO2 was observed. The percent reduction of targeted gases decreased as the airborne PM increased. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis confirmed that UV-A treatment changed the overall nuisance odor character of swine barn emissions into weaker manure odor with 'toothpaste and 'mint' notes. The smell of benzoic acid generated in UV-A treatment was likely one of the compounds responsible for the less-offensive overall odor character of the UV-treated emissions. Results are needed to inform the design of a farm-scale trial, where the interior barn walls can be treated with the photocatalyst, and foul air will be passively treated as it moves through the barn.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William S. Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Agriculture
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Proper treatment of infectious air could potentially mitigate the spread of airborne viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The objective of this research is to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) in inactivating aerosolized PRRSV, specifically, four UV lamps, UV-A (365 nm, both fluorescent and LED-based), “excimer” UV-C (222 nm), and germicidal UV-C (254 nm), were tested. The two UV-C lamps effectively irradiated fast-moving PRRSV aerosols with short treatment times (2, respectively, based on one-stage and two-stage models. An order of magnitude lower UV-C (222 nm) doses were needed for a 3-log reduction, i.e., 0.0882 and 0.048 mJ/cm2, based on one-stage and two-stage models, respectively. However, the cost of 222 nm excimer lamps is still economically prohibitive for scaling-up trials. The UV-A (365 nm) lamps could not reduce PRRSV titers for tested doses up to 4.11 mJ/cm2. Pilot-scale or farm-scale testing of UV-C on PRRSV aerosols simulating barn ventilation rates are recommended based on its effectiveness and reasonable costs comparable to HEPA filtration.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept. Agriculture 2021, 11, 259 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek Koziel, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, William Jenks, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, Steven Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (3):259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven Hoff. 2021. "Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept." Agriculture 11, no. 3: 259.

Preprint
Published: 02 March 2021
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It is essential to mitigate gaseous emissions that result from poultry and livestock production to increase industry sustainability. Odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have detrimental effects on the quality of life in rural communities, the environment, and climate. This study's objective was to evaluate the photocatalytic UV treatment of gaseous emissions of odor, odorous VOCs, NH3, and other gases (GHGs, O3 – sometimes considered as by-products of UV treatment) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale. The manure emissions were treated in fast-moving air using a mobile lab equipped with UV-A and UV-C lights and TiO2-based photocatalyst. Treated gas airflow (0.25 to 0.76 m3/s) simulates output from a small ventilation fan in a barn. Through controlling the light intensity and airflow, UV dose was tested for techno-economic analyses. The treatment effectiveness depended on the UV dose and wavelength. Under UV-A (367 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reduction of targeted gases was up to i) 63% of odor, ii) 51%, 51%, 53%, 67%, and 32% of acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, and indole, respectively, iii) 14% of nitrous oxide (N2O), iv) 100% of O3, and 26% generation of CO2. Under UV-C (185+254 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reductions of target gases were up to i) 54% and 47% for p-cresol and indole, respectively, ii) 25% of N2O, iii) 71% of CH4, and 46% & 139% generation of CO2 & O3, respectively. The results proved that the UV technology was sufficiently effective in treating odorous gases, and the mobile lab was ready for farm-scale trials. The UV technology can be considered for the scaled-up treatment of emissions and air quality improvement inside livestock barns.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William S. Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 02 March 2021
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Proper treatment of infectious air could potentially mitigate the spread of airborne viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The objective of this research is to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) in inactivating aerosolized PRRSV, specifically, four UV lamps, UV-A (365 nm, both fluorescent and LED-based), "excimer" UV-C (222 nm), and germicidal UV-C (254 nm), were tested. The two UV-C lamps effectively irradiated fast-moving PRRSV aerosols with short treatment times (<2 s). One-stage and two-stage UV inactivation models estimated the UV doses needed for target percentage (%) reductions on PRRSV titer. UV-C (254 nm) dose needed for 3-log (99.9%) reduction was 0.521 and 0.0943 mJ/cm2, respectively, based on one-stage and two-stage models. An order of magnitude lower UV-C (222 nm) doses were needed for a 3-log reduction, i.e., 0.0882 and 0.048 mJ/cm2, based on one-stage and two-stage models, respectively. However, the cost of 222-nm excimer lamps is still economically prohibitive for scaling-up trials. The UV-A (365 nm) lamps could not reduce PRRSV titers for tested doses up to 4.11 mJ/cm2. Pilot-scale or farm-scale testing of UV-C on PRRSV aerosols simulating barn ventilation rates are recommended based on its effectiveness and reasonable costs comparable to HEPA filtration.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William S. Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven J. Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek A. Koziel, Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, William S. Jenks, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, Steven J. Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William S. Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven J. Hoff. 2021. "Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 10 February 2021
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections cause significant economic losses to swine producers every year. Aerosols containing infectious PRRSV are an important route of transmission, and proper treatment of air could mitigate the airborne spread of the virus within and between barns. Previous bioaerosol studies focused on the microbiology of PRRSV aerosols; thus, the current study addressed the engineering aspects of virus aerosolization and collection. Specific objectives were to (1) build and test a virus aerosolization system, (2) achieve a uniform and repeatable aerosol generation and collection throughout all replicates, (3) identify and minimize sources of variation, (4) verify that the collection system (impingers) performed similarly. The system for virus aerosolization was built and tested (Obj. 1). The uniform airflow distribution was confirmed using a physical tracer (<12% relative standard deviation) for all treatments and sound engineering control of flow rates (Obj. 2). Theoretical uncertainty analyses and mass balance calculations showed <3% loss of air mass flow rate between the inlet and outlet (Obj. 3). A comparison of TCID50 values among impinger fluids showed no statistical difference between any two of the three trials (p-value = 0.148, 0.357, 0.846) (Obj. 4). These results showed that the readiness of the system for research on virus aerosolization and treatment (e.g., by ultraviolet light), as well as its potential use for research on other types of airborne pathogens and their mitigation on a laboratory scale.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Steven Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek Koziel, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Steven Hoff, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, William Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Steven Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William Jenks. 2021. "Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Livestock production systems generate nuisance odor and gaseous emissions affecting local communities and regional air quality. There are also concerns about the occupational health and safety of farmworkers. Proven mitigation technologies that are consistent with the socio-economic challenges of animal farming are needed. We have been scaling up the photocatalytic treatment of emissions from lab-scale, aiming at farm-scale readiness. In this paper, we present the design, testing, and commissioning of a mobile laboratory for on-farm research and demonstration of performance in simulated farm conditions before testing to the farm. The mobile lab is capable of treating up to 1.2 m3/s of air with titanium dioxide, TiO2-based photocatalysis, and adjustable UV-A dose based on LED lamps. We summarize the main technical requirements, constraints, approach, and performance metrics for a mobile laboratory, such as the effectiveness (measured as the percent reduction) and cost of photocatalytic treatment of air. The commissioning of all systems with standard gases resulted in ~9% and 34% reduction of ammonia (NH3) and butan-1-ol, respectively. We demonstrated the percent reduction of standard gases increased with increased light intensity and treatment time. These results show that the mobile laboratory was ready for on-farm deployment and evaluating the effectiveness of UV treatment.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1523 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Blake Fonken, Ryan Storjohann, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik, Landon Wahe, Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. 2021. "Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1523.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Atmosphere
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Rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced emissions of NH3 and phenol. We observed that the mitigation effect decreased with time during the 30-day trials. In this research, we hypothesized that bi-weekly reapplication of biochar could improve the mitigation effect on a wider range of odorous compounds using a larger scale and longer trials. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of biochar dose and reapplication on mitigation of targeted gases (NH3, odorous, volatile organic compounds VOCs, odor, greenhouse gases (GHG)) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale setup over 8-weeks. The bi-weekly reapplication of the lower biochar dose (2 kg/m2) showed much higher significant percentage reductions in emissions for NH3 (33% without and 53% with reapplication) and skatole (42% without and 80% with reapplication), respectively. In addition, the reapplication resulted in the emergence of a statistical significance to the mitigation effect for all other targeted VOCs. Specifically, for indole, the percentage reduction improved from 38% (p = 0.47, without reapplication) to 78% (p = 0.018, with reapplication). For phenol, the percentage reduction improved from 28% (p = 0.71, without reapplication) to 89% (p = 0.005, with reapplication). For p-cresol, the percentage reduction improved from 31% (p = 0.86, without reapplication) to 74% (p = 0.028, with reapplication). For 4-ethyl phenol, the percentage emissions reduction improved from 66% (p = 0.44, without reapplication) to 87% (p = 0.007, with reapplication). The one-time 2 kg/m2 and 4 kg/m2 treatments showed similar effectiveness in mitigating all targeted gases, and no statistical difference was found between the dosages. The one-time treatments showed significant percentage reductions of 33% and 42% and 25% and 48% for NH3 and skatole, respectively. The practical significance is that the higher (one-time) biochar dose may not necessarily result in improved performance over the 8-week manure storage, but the bi-weekly reapplication showed significant improvement in mitigating NH3 and odorous VOCs. The lower dosages and the frequency of reapplication on the larger-scale should be explored to optimize biochar treatment and bring it closer to on-farm trials.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; Robert Brown. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on a Pilot-Scale. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 96 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Chumki Banik, Hantian Ma, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Daniel Andersen, Andrzej Białowiec, Robert Brown. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on a Pilot-Scale. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (1):96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; Robert Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on a Pilot-Scale." Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 96.

Preprint
Published: 24 December 2020
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The rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced emissions of NH3 and phenol. We observed that the mitigation effect decreased with time during the 30-day trials. In this research, we hypothe-sized that bi-weekly reapplication of biochar could improve the mitigation effect on a wider range of odorous compounds using larger scale and longer trials. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of biochar dose and reapplication on mitigation of targeted gases (NH3, odor-ous VOCs, odor, GHGs) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale setup over 8-weeks. The bi-weekly reapplication of the lower biochar dose (2 kg/m2) showed much higher significant percent reductions of emissions for NH3 (33% without & 53% with reapplication) and skatole (42% without & 80% with reapplication), respectively. In addition, the reapplication resulted in the emergence of statistical significance to the mitigation effect for all other targeted VOCs. Spe-cifically, for indole, the % reduction improved from 38% (p=0.47, without reapplication) to 78% (p=0.018, with reapplication). For phenol, the % reduction improved from 28% (p=0.71, without reapplication) to 89% (p=0.005, with reapplication). For p-cresol, the % reduction improved from 31% (p=0.86, without reapplication) to 74% (p=0.028, with reapplication). For 4-ethyl phenol, the percent emissions reduction improved from 66% (p=0.44, without reapplication) to 87% (p=0.007, with reapplication). The one-time 2 kg/m2 and 4 kg/m2 treatments showed similar effectiveness in mitigating all targeted gases, and no statistical difference was found between the dosages. The one-time treatments showed significant % reductions of 33% & 42% and 25% & 48% for NH3 and skatole, respectively. The practical significance is that the higher (one-time) biochar dose may not necessarily result in improved performance over the 8-week manure storage, but the bi-weekly reapplication showed significant improvement in mitigating NH3 and odorous VOCs. The lower dosages and the frequency of reapplication on the larger-scale should be explored to optimize biochar treatment and bring it closer to on-farm trials.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel C. O'brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel S. Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on A Pilot-Scale. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Chumki Banik, Hantian Ma, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel C. O'brien, Peiyang Li, Daniel S. Andersen, Andrzej Białowiec, Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on A Pilot-Scale. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel C. O'brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel S. Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; Robert C. Brown. 2020. "Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on A Pilot-Scale." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 24 December 2020
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Livestock production systems generate nuisance odor and gaseous emissions affecting local communities and regional air quality. Also, there are concerns about the occupational health and safety of farm workers. Proven mitigation technologies that are consistent with the socio-economic challenges of animal farming are needed. We have been scaling up the photocatalytic treatment of emissions from lab-scale, aiming at farm-scale readiness. In this paper, we present the design, testing, and commissioning of a mobile laboratory for on-farm research and demonstration of performance in real farm conditions. The mobile lab is capable of treating up to 1.2 m3·s-1 of air with TiO2-based photocatalysis and adjustable UV-A dose based on LED lamps. We summarize the main technical requirements, constraints, approach, and performance metrics for the mobile laboratory, such as the effectiveness (measured as the percent reduction) and cost of photocatalytic treatment of air. The commissioning of all systems with standard gases resulted in ~9% and 34% reduction of NH3 and butan-1-ol, respectively. We demonstrated that as the percent reduction of standard gases increased with increased light intensity and treatment time. These results show that the mobile laboratory was ready for on-farm deployment and evaluating the effectiveness of UV treatment.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Blake Fonken, Ryan Storjohann, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik, Landon Wahe, Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. 2020. "Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis." , no. : 1.

Original research article
Published: 23 December 2020 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Odorous gas emissions from swine production have been a concern for neighbors and communities near livestock farms. Manure storage is one of the main sources of gaseous emissions. Manure additive products are marketed as a simple solution to this environmental challenge. Manure additives are user-friendly for producers and can be applied (e.g., periodically poured into manure) without changing the current manure storage structure. Little scientific data exist on how these products perform in mitigating gaseous emissions from swine manure. The research objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of 12 marketed manure additives on mitigating odor, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from stored swine manure. A controlled pilot-scale setup was used to conduct 8-week long trials using manufacturer-prescribed dosages of additives into swine manures. Manure was outsourced from three swine farms to represent a variety of manure storage types and other factors affecting the properties. Measured gaseous emissions were compared between the treated and untreated manure. None of the tested products showed a significant reduction in gaseous emissions when all (n = 3) manures were treated as replicates. Selected products showed a wide range of statistically-significant reduction and generation of gaseous emissions when emissions were compared in pairs of manure types from one farm. The latter observation highlighted the lack of consistent mitigation of gaseous emissions by manure additives. The results of this study do not warrant full-scale trials with the tested products.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Samuel C. O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel S. Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; David B. Parker. Mitigation of Odor, NH3, H2S, GHG, and VOC Emissions With Current Products for Use in Deep-Pit Swine Manure Storage Structures. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Chumki Banik, Hantian Ma, Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Samuel C. O'Brien, Peiyang Li, Daniel S. Andersen, Andrzej Białowiec, David B. Parker. Mitigation of Odor, NH3, H2S, GHG, and VOC Emissions With Current Products for Use in Deep-Pit Swine Manure Storage Structures. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Chumki Banik; Hantian Ma; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Samuel C. O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Daniel S. Andersen; Andrzej Białowiec; David B. Parker. 2020. "Mitigation of Odor, NH3, H2S, GHG, and VOC Emissions With Current Products for Use in Deep-Pit Swine Manure Storage Structures." Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Atmosphere
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Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess objectively. Thus, comprehensive, practical, and low-cost treatments are still in demand. We have been advancing such treatments based on physicochemical principles. The objective of this research was to test the effect of the surficial application of a thin layer (¼ inches; 6.3 mm) of biochar on the mitigation of gaseous emissions (as the percent reduction, % R) from swine manure. Two types of biochar were tested: highly alkaline and porous (HAP) biochar made from corn stover and red oak (RO), both with different pH and morphology. Three 30-day trials were conducted with a layer of HAP and RO (2.0 & 1.65 kg∙m−2, respectively) applied on manure surface, and emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. The manure and biochar type and properties had an impact on the mitigation effect and its duration. RO significantly reduced NH3 (19–39%) and p-cresol (66–78%). H2S was mitigated (16~23%), but not significantly for all trials. The phenolic VOCs had relatively high % R in most trials but not significantly for all trials. HAP reduced NH3 (4~21%) and H2S (2~22%), but not significantly for all trials. Significant % R for p-cresol (91~97%) and skatole (74~95%) were observed for all trials. The % R for phenol and indole ranged from (60~99%) and (29~94%) but was not significant for all trials. The impact on GHGs, isobutyric acid, and the odor was mixed with some mitigation and generation effects. However, larger-scale experiments are needed to understand how biochar properties and the dose and frequency of application can be optimized to mitigate odor and gaseous emissions from swine manure. The lessons learned can also be applicable to surficial biochar treatment of gaseous emissions from other waste and area sources.

ACS Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Jacek Koziel; Baitong Chen; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Chumki Banik; Robert Brown; Santanu Bakshi. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1179 .

AMA Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Jacek Koziel, Baitong Chen, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Chumki Banik, Robert Brown, Santanu Bakshi. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (11):1179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Jacek Koziel; Baitong Chen; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Chumki Banik; Robert Brown; Santanu Bakshi. 2020. "Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars." Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1179.

Preprint
Published: 26 October 2020
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Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess objectively. Thus, comprehensive, practical, and low-cost treatments are still in demand. We have been advancing such treatments based on physicochemical principles. The objective of this research was to test the effect of the surficial application of a thin layer (¼"; 6.3 mm) of biochar on the mitigation of gaseous emissions (as the percent reduction, % R) from swine manure. Two types of biochar were tested: highly alkaline and porous (HAP) biochar made from corn stover and red oak (RO), both with different pH and morphology. Three 30-day trials were conducted with a layer of HAP and RO (2.0 & 1.65 kg∙m-2, respectively) applied on manure surface, and emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. The manure and biochar type and properties had an impact on the mitigation effect and its duration. RO significantly reduced NH3 (19-39%) and p-cresol (66-78%). H2S was mitigated (16~23%), but not significantly for all trials. Significant (66~78%) reductions for p-cresol were observed for all trials. The phenolic VOCs had relatively high % R in most trials but not significantly for all trials. HAP reduced NH3 (4~21%) and H2S (2~22%), but not significantly for all trials. Significant % R for p-cresol (91~97%) and skatole (74~95%) were observed for all trials. The % R for phenol and indole ranged from (60~99%) & (29~94%) but was not significant for all trials. The impact on GHGs, isobutyric acid, and the odor was mixed with some mitigation and generation effects. However, larger-scale experiments are needed to understand how biochar properties and the dose and frequency of application can be optimized to mitigate odor and gaseous emissions from swine manure. The lessons learned can also be applicable to surficial biochar treatment of gaseous emissions from other waste and area sources.

ACS Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Jacek A. Koziel; Baitong Chen; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Chumki Banik; Robert C. Brown; Santanu Bakshi. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Jacek A. Koziel, Baitong Chen, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Chumki Banik, Robert C. Brown, Santanu Bakshi. Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Jacek A. Koziel; Baitong Chen; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Jisoo Wi; Chumki Banik; Robert C. Brown; Santanu Bakshi. 2020. "Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars." , no. : 1.

Communication
Published: 16 August 2020 in Catalysts
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Acute releases of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are of serious concern in agriculture, especially when farmers agitate manure to empty storage pits before land application. Agitation can cause the release of dangerously high H2S concentrations, resulting in human and animal fatalities. To date, there is no proven technology to mitigate these short-term releases of toxic gas from manure. In our previous research, we have shown that biochar, a highly porous carbonaceous material, can float on manure and mitigate gaseous emissions over extended periods (days–weeks). In this research, we aim to test the hypothesis that biochar can mitigate H2S emissions over short periods (minutes–hours) during and shortly after manure agitation. The objective was to conduct proof-of-the-concept experiments simulating the treatment of agitated manure. Two biochars, highly alkaline and porous (HAP, pH 9.2) made from corn stover and red oak (RO, pH 7.5), were tested. Three scenarios (setups): Control (no biochar), 6 mm, and 12 mm thick layers of biochar were surficially-applied to the manure. Each setup experienced 3 min of manure agitation. Real-time concentrations of H2S were measured immediately before, during, and after agitation until the concentration returned to the initial state. The results were compared with those of the Control using the following three metrics: (1) the maximum (peak) flux, (2) total emission from the start of agitation until the concentration stabilized, and (3) the total emission during the 3 min of agitation. The Gompertz’s model for determination of the cumulative H2S emission kinetics was developed. Here, 12 mm HAP biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 42.5% (p = 0.125), reduced overall total emission (2) by 17.9% (p = 0.290), and significantly reduced the total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 70.4%. Further, 6 mm HAP treatment reduced the peak (1) by 60.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min agitation’s (3) total emission by 64.4% and 66.6%, respectively. Moreover, 12 mm RO biochar treatment reduced the peak (1) by 23.6%, and significantly reduced overall (2) and 3 min total (3) emission by 39.3% and 62.4%, respectively. Finally, 6 mm RO treatment significantly reduced the peak (1) by 63%, overall total emission (2) by 84.7%, and total emission during 3 min agitation (3) by 67.4%. Biochar treatments have the potential to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure to H2S. Both 6 and 12 mm biochar treatments reduced the peak H2S concentrations below the General Industrial Peak Limit (OSHA PEL, 50 ppm). The 6 mm biochar treatments reduced the H2S concentrations below the General Industry Ceiling Limit (OSHA PEL, 20 ppm). Research scaling up to larger manure volumes and longer agitation is warranted.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert Brown. The Impact of Surficial Biochar Treatment on Acute H2S Emissions during Swine Manure Agitation before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Catalysts 2020, 10, 940 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Hantian Ma, Peiyang Li, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Robert Brown. The Impact of Surficial Biochar Treatment on Acute H2S Emissions during Swine Manure Agitation before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Catalysts. 2020; 10 (8):940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert Brown. 2020. "The Impact of Surficial Biochar Treatment on Acute H2S Emissions during Swine Manure Agitation before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept." Catalysts 10, no. 8: 940.

Original research article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Frontiers in Chemistry
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Poultry farmers are producing eggs, meat, and feathers with increased efficiency and lower carbon footprint. Technologies to address concerns about the indoor air quality inside barns and the gaseous emissions from farms to the atmosphere continue to be among industry priorities. We have been developing and scaling up a UV air treatment that has the potential to reduce odor and other gases on the farm scale. In our recent laboratory-scale study, the use of UV-A (a less toxic ultraviolet light, a.k.a. “black light”) and a special TiO2-based photocatalyst reduced concentrations of several important air pollutants (NH3, CO2, N2O, O3) without impact on H2S and CH4. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to (1) scale up the UV treatment to pilot scale, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odor and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and (3) complete preliminary economic analyses. A pilot-scale experiment was conducted under commercial poultry barn conditions to evaluate photocatalyst coatings on surfaces subjected to UV light under field conditions. In this study, the reactor was constructed to support interchangeable wall panels and installed on a poultry farm. The effects of a photocatalyst's presence (photocatalysis and photolysis), UV intensity (LED and fluorescent), and treatment time were studied in the pilot-scale experiments inside a poultry barn. The results of the pilot-scale experiments were consistent with the laboratory-scale one: the percent reduction under photocatalysis was generally higher than photolysis. In addition, the percent reduction of target gases at a high light intensity and long treatment time was higher. The percent reduction of NH3 was 5–9%. There was no impact on H2S, CH4, and CO2 under any experimental conditions. N2O and O3 concentrations were reduced at 6–12% and 87–100% by both photolysis and photocatalysis. In addition, concentrations of several VOCs responsible for livestock odor were reduced from 26 to 62% and increased with treatment time and light intensity. The odor was reduced by 18%. Photolysis treatment reduced concentrations of N2O, VOCs, and O3, only. The initial economic analysis has shown that LEDs are more efficient than fluorescent lights. Further scale-up and research at farm scale are warranted.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Heekwon Ahn; Jisoo Wi; Baitong Chen; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Chumki Banik; William S. Jenks. Pilot-Scale Testing of UV-A Light Treatment for Mitigation of NH3, H2S, GHGs, VOCs, Odor, and O3 Inside the Poultry Barn. Frontiers in Chemistry 2020, 8, 613 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Peiyang Li, Jacek A. Koziel, Heekwon Ahn, Jisoo Wi, Baitong Chen, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Chumki Banik, William S. Jenks. Pilot-Scale Testing of UV-A Light Treatment for Mitigation of NH3, H2S, GHGs, VOCs, Odor, and O3 Inside the Poultry Barn. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2020; 8 ():613.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Heekwon Ahn; Jisoo Wi; Baitong Chen; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Chumki Banik; William S. Jenks. 2020. "Pilot-Scale Testing of UV-A Light Treatment for Mitigation of NH3, H2S, GHGs, VOCs, Odor, and O3 Inside the Poultry Barn." Frontiers in Chemistry 8, no. : 613.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Atmosphere
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Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique approach that simultaneously mitigates emissions and improves air quality inside a barn equipped with a manure pit recharge system. Specifically, we tested the effects of summertime feeding rations (used by farmers to cope with animal heat stress) and manure management. To date, the pit recharge system has been proven to be effective in mitigating both ammonia (NH3; approximately 53%) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S; approximately 84%) emissions during mild climate conditions. However, its performance during the hot season with a high crude protein diet and high nitrogen loading into the pit manure recharge system is unknown. Therefore, we compared the emissions and indoor air quality of the rooms (240 pigs, ~80 kg each) equipped with a conventional slurry and pit recharge system. The main findings highlight the importance and impact of seasonal variation and diet and manure management practices. We observed 31% greater NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system (33.7 ± 1.4 g∙head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry system (25.9 ± 2.4 g·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the NH3 concentration inside the barn was higher (by 24%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. On the other hand, H2S emissions were 55% lower in the pit recharge system (628 ± 47 mg·head−1·day−1) compared with a conventional slurry pit (1400 ± 132 mg·head−1·day−1). Additionally, the H2S concentration inside the barn was lower (by 54%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. The characteristics of the pit recharge liquid (i.e., aerobically treated manure), such as the total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium N (NH4-N) contents, contributed to the higher NH3 emissions from the pit recharge system in summer. However, their influence on H2S emissions had a relatively low impact, i.e., emissions were still reduced, similarly as they were in mild climate conditions. Overall, it is necessary to consider a seasonal diet and manure management practices when evaluating emissions and indoor air quality. Further research on minimizing the seasonal nitrogen loading and optimizing pit recharge manure characteristics is warranted.

ACS Style

Jisoo Wi; Seunghun Lee; Eunjong Kim; Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Heekwon Ahn. Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 713 .

AMA Style

Jisoo Wi, Seunghun Lee, Eunjong Kim, Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Heekwon Ahn. Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (7):713.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jisoo Wi; Seunghun Lee; Eunjong Kim; Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Heekwon Ahn. 2020. "Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer." Atmosphere 11, no. 7: 713.