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Lodging is one of the most chronic restraints of the maize-soybean intercropping system, which causes a serious threat to agriculture development and sustainability. In the maize-soybean intercropping system, shade is a major causative agent that is triggered by the higher stem length of a maize plant. Many morphological and anatomical characteristics are involved in the lodging phenomenon, along with the chemical configuration of the stem. Due to maize shading, soybean stem evolves the shade avoidance response and resulting in the stem elongation that leads to severe lodging stress. However, the major agro-techniques that are required to explore the lodging stress in the maize-soybean intercropping system for sustainable agriculture have not been precisely elucidated yet. Therefore, the present review is tempted to compare the conceptual insights with preceding published researches and proposed the important techniques which could be applied to overcome the devastating effects of lodging. We further explored that, lodging stress management is dependent on multiple approaches such as agronomical, chemical and genetics which could be helpful to reduce the lodging threats in the maize-soybean intercropping system. Nonetheless, many queries needed to explicate the complex phenomenon of lodging. Henceforth, the agronomists, physiologists, molecular actors and breeders require further exploration to fix this challenging problem.
Ali Raza; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Bushra Ahmad; Cheng Bin; M. Iftikhar Hussain; Wang Li; Tauseef Iqbal; Muhammad Yaseen; Iram Shafiq; Zhang Yi; Irshan Ahmad; Wenyu Yang; Liu Weiguo. Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review. Plants 2020, 9, 1592 .
AMA StyleAli Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Bushra Ahmad, Cheng Bin, M. Iftikhar Hussain, Wang Li, Tauseef Iqbal, Muhammad Yaseen, Iram Shafiq, Zhang Yi, Irshan Ahmad, Wenyu Yang, Liu Weiguo. Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Raza; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Bushra Ahmad; Cheng Bin; M. Iftikhar Hussain; Wang Li; Tauseef Iqbal; Muhammad Yaseen; Iram Shafiq; Zhang Yi; Irshan Ahmad; Wenyu Yang; Liu Weiguo. 2020. "Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review." Plants 9, no. 11: 1592.
In this study, soybean root distribution in an inter-cropping system was influenced by various environmental and biotic cues. However, it is still unknown how root development and distribution in inter-cropping responds to aboveground light conditions. Herein, soybeans were inter- and monocropped with P (phosphorus) treatments of 0 and 20 kg P ha yr−1 (P0 and P20, respectively) in field experiment over 4 years. In 2019, a pot experiment was conducted as the supplement to the field experiment. Shade from sowing to V5 (Five trifoliolates unroll) and light (SL) was used to imitate the light condition of soybeans in a relay trip inter-cropping system, while light then shade from V5 to maturity (LS) was used to imitate the light condition of soybeans when monocropped. Compared to monocropping, P uptake and root distribution in the upper 0–15 cm soil layer increased when inter-cropped. Inter-cropped soybeans suffered serious shade by maize during a common-growth period, which resulted in the inhibition of primary root growth and a modified auxin synthesis center and response. During the solo-existing period, plant photosynthetic capacity and sucrose accumulation increased under ameliorated light in SL (shade-light). Increased light during the reproductive stage significantly decreased leaf P concentration in SL under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Transcripts of a P starvation response gene (GmPHR25) in leaves and genes (GmEXPB2) involved in root growth were upregulated by ameliorated light during the reproductive stage. Furthermore, during the reproductive stage, more light interception increased the auxin concentration and expression of GmYUCCA14 (encoding the auxin synthesis) and GmTIR1C (auxin receptor) in roots. Across the field and pot experiments, increased lateral root growth and shallower root distribution were associated with inhibited primary root growth during the seedling stage and ameliorated light conditions in the reproductive stage. Consequently, this improved topsoil foraging and P uptake of inter-cropped soybeans. It is suggested that the various light conditions (shade-light) mediating leaf P status and sucrose transport can regulate auxin synthesis and respond to root formation and distribution.
Li Wang; Tao Zhou; Bin Cheng; Yongli Du; Sisi Qin; Yang Gao; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Ting Liu; Shuxian Li; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Variable Light Condition Improves Root Distribution Shallowness and P Uptake of Soybean in Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System. Plants 2020, 9, 1204 .
AMA StyleLi Wang, Tao Zhou, Bin Cheng, Yongli Du, Sisi Qin, Yang Gao, Mei Xu, Junji Lu, Ting Liu, Shuxian Li, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Variable Light Condition Improves Root Distribution Shallowness and P Uptake of Soybean in Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Wang; Tao Zhou; Bin Cheng; Yongli Du; Sisi Qin; Yang Gao; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Ting Liu; Shuxian Li; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2020. "Variable Light Condition Improves Root Distribution Shallowness and P Uptake of Soybean in Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System." Plants 9, no. 9: 1204.
The shading of maize and self-shading are the key factors affecting the stem lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of soybean at middle and later growth stages in the strip intercropping system. A study was designed to explore the regulation mechanism of lignin metabolism and different planting densities; PD1, PD2, and PD3 were used having a total number of 17 plants m−2, 20 plants m−2, and 25 plants m−2, respectively, on the lodging resistance of strip intercropped soybean stem. Our results depicted that the lower planting density (PD1) appropriately promoted the leaf photosynthesis activities (Pn), increase the activity of lignin-related enzymes and the accumulation of carbohydrates in stems, and eventually enhanced the lodging resistance of the strip intercropped soybean stem. Correlation analysis also showed that the lodging resistance index of soybean stem was significantly correlated with the available light for soybean canopy and Pn strip intercropped soybean stem characteristics and activities of enzymes related to lignin synthesis among the different planting densities. The findings of our research will be useful in future studies to understand the relationship between different light environment, planting densities, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybean and also guide the optimum planting density in maize–soybean intercropping system.
Bin Cheng; Ali Raza; Li Wang; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Yang Gao; Sisi Qin; Yi Zhang; Irshan Ahmad; Tao Zhou; Bingxiao Wen; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1177 .
AMA StyleBin Cheng, Ali Raza, Li Wang, Mei Xu, Junji Lu, Yang Gao, Sisi Qin, Yi Zhang, Irshan Ahmad, Tao Zhou, Bingxiao Wen, Wenyu Yang, Weiguo Liu. Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Cheng; Ali Raza; Li Wang; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Yang Gao; Sisi Qin; Yi Zhang; Irshan Ahmad; Tao Zhou; Bingxiao Wen; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. 2020. "Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1177.