Background: Excessive alcohol consumption has negative effects not only on the drinkers’ health but also on others around them. Previous studies suggest that excessive alcohol consumption can be related to a combination of factors such as age, family background, religiosity, etc. Investigating and clarifying these roots of alcohol consumption is crucial so that the right type of interventions can be designed in a specific and targeted manner. Objectives: This work was conducted as a systematic review to reveal the factors associated with alcohol consumption and to heighten the understanding of the differences among various communities and segments of the population regarding their usage of alcohol. Data sources: A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar was performed. Results: Forty-five studies were included in the review after excluding irrelevant records and duplicates. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption patterns can be associated with several factors related to communities and individuals, and our review revealed demographic factors, including age and proximity to alcohol outlets, as well as social factors, including family background, socioeconomic background, and religious influence. These findings can be used to establish a guideline for further studies in understanding alcohol consumption patterns among individuals according to their personal characteristics and sociocultural backgrounds.

This article investigates the tribological behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide anatase TiO₂ (A), graphene, and TiO₂ (A) + graphene added to the pure base oil group ΙΙ (PBO-GΙΙ). The morphology of these two nanostructures of TiO₂ (A) and graphene was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oleic acid (OA) was blended as a surfactant into the formulation to help stabilize the NPs in the lubricant oil. A four-ball test rig was used to determine the tribological performance of six different samples, and an image acquisition system was used to examine and measure the wear scar diameter of the stationary balls. Field emission–scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to examine the wear morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), element mapping, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to confirm the presence of (TiO₂ (A) + graphene) and the formation of a tribolayer/film on the mating surfaces. Moreover, a 3D optical surface texture analyzer was utilized to investigate the scar topography and tribological performance. The experiments proved that adding (0.4 wt% TiO₂ (A) + 0.2 wt% graphene) to the PBO-GΙΙ optimized its tribological behavior. These excellent results can be attributed to the dual additive effect and the formation of a tribofilm of NPs during sliding motion. Furthermore, the average reductions in the coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and specific wear rate (SWR) were 38.83, 36.78, and 15.78%, respectively, for (0.4 wt% TiO₂ (A) + 0.2 wt% graphene) nanolubricant compared to plain PBO-GΙΙ lubricant.