Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is a major concern in terms of human health, environmental sustainability, and global food security. Salmonella, the world's most prevalent foodborne pathogen, has gradually gained resistance to important drugs, complicating treatment efforts and leading to rising morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture, inadequate regulatory compliance, and environmental pollution from agricultural runoff and treated sewage all contribute to the growth and spread of AMR in Salmonella. Health as well as viewpoints on environmental, animal, and human health will be required to address this complicated problem. This includes promoting reasonable antibiotic use, improving global surveillance systems, and researching novel treatments including phage therapy, probiotics, and new antibiotics. Proposals for vaccination and precise food safety standards are critical for limiting Salmonella transmission across the food chain. Despite significant progress, critical research gaps continue, specifically in understanding the molecular basis of resistance and the role of environmental practices. However, contemporary research endeavors are concentrated on identifying and comprehending the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains, elucidating the bacterium's defense mechanisms against antibiotics, and investigating outbreaks associated with vegetables. Global surveillance, the development of alternative therapies, and the implementation of stricter antibiotic policies are essential strategies in addressing AMR in Salmonella. Additionally, policy design and implementation, capacity building in low- and middle-income countries, and raising public awareness all necessitate urgent global collaboration among governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the corporate sector. Stricter regulations on overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is also called for. This review highlights the importance of multi-disciplinary struggles in engaging Salmonella, as integrated resolutions through a One Health approach are crucial for ensuring food safety, preserving public health, and minimizing the worldwide threat of AMR.

The agrifood industry produces copious amounts of waste, which represent an execrable wastage of natural resources and result in economic losses over the entire value chain. This review compares conventional and biological methods for the recovery of functional compounds from plant wastes to rescues part of the intrinsic valuable elements contained therein. Biological methods involve bioprocesses based on hydrolytic enzymes and engineered bacterial strains, to facilitate the release of valuable compounds. Then, this review explores the innovative and transformative role of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques for real-time monitoring, optimizing, and digitizing the extraction procedures. By combining the potential of biological extraction and AI integration, this review provides insights on how these approaches can revolutionize the agrifood sector, increasing the efficiency and environmental sustainability of the plant waste valorization process.

Optimization of xylanase and cellulase production by a newly isolated Aspergillus fumigatus strain grown on Stipa tenacissima (alfa grass) biomass without pretreatment was carried out using a Box-Behnken design. First, the polysaccharides of dried and ground alfa grass were characterized using chemical methods (strong and diluted acid). The effect of substrate particle size on xylanase and carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) production by the selected and identified strain was then investigated. Thereafter, experiments were statistically planned with a Box-Behnken design to optimize initial pH, cultivation temperature, moisture content, and incubation period using alfa as sole carbon source. The effect of these parameters on the two enzyme production was evaluated using the response surface method. Analysis of variance was also carried out, and production of the enzymes was expressed using a mathematical equation depending on the influencing factors. The effects of individual, interaction, and square terms on production of both enzymes were represented using the nonlinear regression equations with significant R² and P-values. Xylanase and CMCase production levels were enhanced by 25% and 27%, respectively. Thus, this study demonstrated for the first time the potential of alfa as a raw material to produce enzymes without any pretreatment. A set of parameter combinations was found to be effective for the production of xylanase and CMCase by A. fumigatus in an alfa-based solid-state fermentation.

The major microorganisms used in the industry are fungi. The production of fungal metabolites on a large scale needs the use of an industrial-scale efficient strain. Indeed, the microorganisms used in an industrial process must be capable of doing more than simply producing the desired product in high yield. In fact, one of the main bottlenecks in the fermentation procedure is the scaling-up process. Indeed, reproducing the best conditions for microorganism growth and metabolism achieved in small cultures when transferring them to a much larger fermentation scale is nearly impossible. Aspergillus fumigatus (ON226990) performance was firstly evaluated in large-scale cultures; batch fermentation using simple sugar (xylose) as substrate in various volumes; 250 mL flasks, 2 L and 20 L bioreactors. The effect of agitation speed on the morphological aspects of this strain was also investigated. Subsequent fermentations were carried out with optimal agitation, using xylan from corncob as substrate in 250 mL flasks and a 2 L bioreactor. Finally, the strain's ability to use low-cost substrate such as Alfa biomass for xylanase production was evaluated as a biotechnological application.