The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is increasingly imperative in addressing global food security and environmental concerns, with microbial based bio-inoculums emerging as a promising approach for nurturing soil health and fostering sustainable crop production.This review article explores the potential of microbial based bio-inoculumsor biofertilizers as a transformative approach toenhance plant disease resistance and growth. It explores the commercial prospects of biofertilizers, highlighting their role in addressing environmental concerns associated with conventional fertilizers while meeting the growing demand for eco-friendly agricultural practices. Additionally, this review discusses the future prospects of biofertilizers, emphasizing the ongoing advancements in biotechnology and formulation techniques that are expected to enhance their efficacy and applicability. Furthermore, this article provides insights into strategies for the successful acceptance of biofertilizers among farmers, including the importance of quality control, assurance, and education initiatives to raise awareness about their benefits and overcome barriers to adoption. By synthesizing the current research findings and industrial developments, this review offers valuable guidance for stakeholders seeking to exploit the potential of biofertilizers or beneficial microbes to promote soil health, ensure sustainable crop production, and addressing the challenges of modern agriculture.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is a major concern in terms of human health, environmental sustainability, and global food security. Salmonella, the world's most prevalent foodborne pathogen, has gradually gained resistance to important drugs, complicating treatment efforts and leading to rising morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and agriculture, inadequate regulatory compliance, and environmental pollution from agricultural runoff and treated sewage all contribute to the growth and spread of AMR in Salmonella. Health as well as viewpoints on environmental, animal, and human health will be required to address this complicated problem. This includes promoting reasonable antibiotic use, improving global surveillance systems, and researching novel treatments including phage therapy, probiotics, and new antibiotics. Proposals for vaccination and precise food safety standards are critical for limiting Salmonella transmission across the food chain. Despite significant progress, critical research gaps continue, specifically in understanding the molecular basis of resistance and the role of environmental practices. However, contemporary research endeavors are concentrated on identifying and comprehending the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains, elucidating the bacterium's defense mechanisms against antibiotics, and investigating outbreaks associated with vegetables. Global surveillance, the development of alternative therapies, and the implementation of stricter antibiotic policies are essential strategies in addressing AMR in Salmonella. Additionally, policy design and implementation, capacity building in low- and middle-income countries, and raising public awareness all necessitate urgent global collaboration among governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the corporate sector. Stricter regulations on overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is also called for. This review highlights the importance of multi-disciplinary struggles in engaging Salmonella, as integrated resolutions through a One Health approach are crucial for ensuring food safety, preserving public health, and minimizing the worldwide threat of AMR.

Soil microbes are important for maintaining agricultural ecosystems by promoting nutrient cycling, plant growth, and soil resilience. Microbial-based inoculants, such as bio-inoculants and bioremediation agents, have been identified as suitable means to promote soil health, reduce environmental deterioration, and achieve sustainable agriculture. Bio-inoculants, such as biofertilizers and biopesticides, promote nutrient availability, plant growth, and chemical input dependency reduction. Diverse microbial populations, especially plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), enhance resistance by promoting a symbiotic association with plants and inducing natural resistance against insects. Bioremediation, the second significant microbial intervention, is the use of microorganisms for detoxifying and rehabilitating polluted soils. Methods effectively degrade organic pollutants, immobilize heavy metals, and mitigate the toxic effects of industrial and agricultural pollutants. Recent advances in microbial ecology and biotechnology, such as metagenomics, have transformed the knowledge of microbial soil communities, and tailor-made microbial formulations and monitoring equipment may be developed to maximize their activity. Though promising, environmental heterogeneity, scalability, and lack of field-based evidence constrain their widespread application. Multidimensional applications of microbial solutions in agroecology are explored in this review, with a focus on their potential in maintaining soil health, crop production, and environmental sustainability. It also addresses the application of bioremediation and microbial inoculants in agroecosystems and technological innovations with future research objectives. Microbial innovation to shape the soil microbiome offers a valid tool for addressing global challenges in agriculture, food security, and ecological resilience in the context of climate change.

The pressing need to address environmental challenges offers a significant opportunity to adopt zero-waste technologies, which can facilitate sustainable management across different levels of governance. This review focuses on recent innovative zero-waste technologies and their implementation frameworks for effective application at international, national, and state levels. The overarching concept of zero-waste involves the development of strategies aimed at eradicating waste throughout the lifecycle of products, including design, production, consumption, and disposal. The aim of this approach is not only to decrease environmental consequences but also to establish a circular economy in which resources are perpetually reused, recycled, or composted. At the global level, organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) have promoted initiatives for zero waste through worldwide frameworks and guidelines that encourage member states to adopt environmentally friendly waste management practices. These international efforts include setting ambitious targets for waste reduction, sharing best practices, and supporting the development of innovative technologies. It is crucial for national governments to translate the international guidelines into concrete policies and regulations. For instance, countries such as Japan and Germany have successfully implemented zero-waste programs through comprehensive legislative frameworks, public awareness campaigns, and the integration of advanced waste-management technologies. These national policies provide a foundation for state and local governments to develop tailored strategies to address specific regional challenges. At the state level, innovative zero-waste technologies such as advanced recycling systems, waste-to-energy solutions, and biodegradable materials are being tested and refined. States serve as laboratories for experimentation, showcasing successful models that can be scaled or adapted for broader applications. Collaborative efforts among state agencies, businesses, and communities are essential for the effective deployment of these technologies. This review emphasizes the interconnected roles of international, national, and state frameworks in advancing zero-waste technologies. It emphasizes the importance of cohesive strategies and multilevel collaboration in achieving a sustainable future, where waste is minimized, and resources are conserved for future generations.

Heavy metal pollution represents a pervasive environmental challenge that significantly exacerbates the ever-increasing crisis of antimicrobial resistance and the capacity of microorganisms to endure and proliferate despite antibiotic interventions. This review examines the intricate relationship between heavy metals and AMR, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms and ecological ramifications. Common environmental metals, including arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead, exert substantial selective pressures on microbial communities. These induce oxidative stress and DNA damage, potentially leading to mutations that enhance antibiotic resistance. Key microbial responses include the overexpression of efflux pumps that expel both metals and antibiotics, production of detoxifying enzymes, and formation of protective biofilms, all of which contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. In the soil environment, particularly the rhizosphere, heavy metals disrupt plant–microbe interactions by inhibiting beneficial organisms, such as rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes, thereby impairing nutrient cycling and plant health. Nonetheless, certain microbial consortia can tolerate and detoxify heavy metals through sequestration and biotransformation, rendering them valuable for bioremediation. Advances in biotechnology, including gene editing and the development of engineered metal-resistant microbes, offer promising solutions for mitigating the spread of metal-driven AMR and restoring ecological balance. By understanding the interplay between metal pollution and microbial resistance, we can more effectively devise strategies for environmental protection and public health.

Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are among the most significant health concerns worldwide, characterized by neuronal dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. Epigallocatechin gallate, a green tea polyphenol, has been reported to possess multifaceted neuroprotective properties. It reduces oxidative stress through free radical scavenging, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and stabilization of mitochondrial function. It also inhibits neuroinflammation through modulation of key signaling pathways. It suppresses amyloid-beta aggregation in Alzheimer’s and alpha-synuclein fibrillation in Parkinson’s, thus attenuating toxic protein accumulation. Its activity in the induction of autophagy and promotion of synaptic plasticity supports neuronal survival and function. However, low bioavailability and metabolic instability hinder its translation into the clinic. Strategies including nanoparticle encapsulation, structural modifications, and combination therapies are being explored to overcome these challenges. Future research could establish epigallocatechin gallate as a viable candidate for managing neurodegenerative disorders.