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Maria Ratajczak
Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Sustainability
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As climate changes progress we are dealing with violent and excessive environmental actions. However, the impacts of loads acting on a building object caused by unlikely phenomena such as: fire, explosion, flood, vehicle impact, plane impact, excessive snowfall, and excess wind gusts are still being ignored when analyzing the structure of building objects in the combinatorics of loads. The paper presents a multi-criteria approach to accidental actions and analyzes design situations and load combinations in relation to accidental actions. The existing legal acts were used to define the concept of a construction disaster. The authors verified, on the basis of applicable legal acts and design guidelines, individual analysis strategies for ensuring the safety of building objects and divided them into consequence classes of structural damage. They collected and analyzed the number of construction disasters which occurred in Poland between 1995–2019 (25 years) based on the data from the General Office of Building Control. The number of disasters was divided by voivodeships and causes and supplemented with the data on the number of people injured. The article presents the direction of research development that could be undertaken in order to eliminate future catastrophes caused by the omission of the analysis of the impact of accidental actions at the design stage. Statistical analyses were carried out to show whether land use, population density, and weather factors (wind) affect the number of recorded disasters. It has been shown that regions that have preserved the sustainable development of their territories are less vulnerable to disasters resulting from extreme weather events.

ACS Style

Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Ireneusz Laks; Barbara Ksit; Maria Ratajczak. Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland). Sustainability 2021, 13, 618 .

AMA Style

Anna Szymczak-Graczyk, Ireneusz Laks, Barbara Ksit, Maria Ratajczak. Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Ireneusz Laks; Barbara Ksit; Maria Ratajczak. 2021. "Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland)." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 618.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Materials
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The article deals with the issue of determination of the content of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) in polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs). The effect of SBS copolymer on the physical and rheological properties of bitumens has been thoroughly investigated and widely described in the literature. Condition surveys of structures and evaluation of the properties of materials used at construction sites have become a huge challenge for construction engineering. Determination of the content of SBS modifier in various building materials (asphalt mixtures and bituminous waterproofing compounds) is a good example in this respect. Based on the laboratory tests, mid-infrared spectroscopy was found to be the most effective analytical method. It can be used for easy detection of the presence of SBS in a modified bitumen. However, quantitative analysis is an issue that calls for research. Currently, there are no standard guidelines, whether national or European, that would regulate the method of testing. Three test methods were assessed in this study: the AASHTO T302–15 standard method and two Australian methods described in codes of practice (T521 and Q350) developed by the local authorities, which define a standard way of determining the amount of SBS in polymer-modified bitumens. The tests were carried out on standard controls and samples sourced from the industry. The above-mentioned test methods were assessed in terms of accuracy of determination, reliability of results obtained on the industrial samples, level of complexity of the test procedure, sample preparation techniques and the type of the required reagents.

ACS Style

Maria Ratajczak; Artur Wilmański. Evaluation of Laboratory Methods of Determination of SBS Content in Polymer-Modified Bitumens. Materials 2020, 13, 5237 .

AMA Style

Maria Ratajczak, Artur Wilmański. Evaluation of Laboratory Methods of Determination of SBS Content in Polymer-Modified Bitumens. Materials. 2020; 13 (22):5237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ratajczak; Artur Wilmański. 2020. "Evaluation of Laboratory Methods of Determination of SBS Content in Polymer-Modified Bitumens." Materials 13, no. 22: 5237.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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The paper assesses the influence of two types of modifiers obtained from natural resources on the properties of road asphalt and asphalt mix containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). In this research, rapeseed and oleic imidazolines were used as modifiers. Based on the penetration, softening point and dynamic viscosity tests, 2% addition of imidazoline was determined as optimal. It was found that imidazolines can be applied as a rejuvenator for asphalt mix with RAP due to their softening effect of the aged binder. Asphalt mix with imidazoline modifier and polymer-modified bitumen is characterized by improved resistance to low-temperature cracks and permanent deformations.

ACS Style

Michał Wróbel; Agnieszka Woszuk; Maria Ratajczak; Wojciech Franus. Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement mixture with organic rejuvenator. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 271, 121514 .

AMA Style

Michał Wróbel, Agnieszka Woszuk, Maria Ratajczak, Wojciech Franus. Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement mixture with organic rejuvenator. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 271 ():121514.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Wróbel; Agnieszka Woszuk; Maria Ratajczak; Wojciech Franus. 2020. "Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement mixture with organic rejuvenator." Construction and Building Materials 271, no. : 121514.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Key Engineering Materials
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During the fire, structures of a building are exposed to the effect of a high temperature. As a result, the strength parameters and physical properties of concretes and cement mortars undergo change. Their range depends on the time and temperature of the fire. Describing the changes of the internal structure of concretes and mortars resulting from a fire is important in the fire diagnostics of the structures. The paper presents the results of an original research project, within which there was an attempt to relate changes in mechanical properties of the cement mortars with changes in the crystal structure of cement paste. For this purpose, the authors prepared cement prisms, which were heated at various temperatures that occur during a fire after 28 days of their curing. Then, the samples were subjected to compressive strength tests and tests of a structure and a phase composition using an electron scanning microscope. Scanning microscopy is a precious research method that allows observing surfaces of various materials with magnifications from x50 to even x1000000 at a very big sharpness depth. The tests conducted by the authors showed that the effect of fire and of the gradient of high temperatures on the executed samples causes the deterioration of the cement paste in the form of changes in physico-mechanical properties and in its internal structure. As the temperature increases, the compressive strength of the paste decreases gradually and proportionally. The SEM analysis also showed that the change in the physical parameters of the cement paste is reflected in its phase composition.

ACS Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Piotr Kulczewski. Changes in the Crystal Structure of Cement Mortars Subjected to a High Temperature. Key Engineering Materials 2019, 808, 165 -171.

AMA Style

Maria Ratajczak, Michał Babiak, Piotr Kulczewski. Changes in the Crystal Structure of Cement Mortars Subjected to a High Temperature. Key Engineering Materials. 2019; 808 ():165-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Piotr Kulczewski. 2019. "Changes in the Crystal Structure of Cement Mortars Subjected to a High Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 808, no. : 165-171.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2019 in Metals
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The present study focused on the behaviour of the AW-6060 aluminium alloy in peak temper condition T6 under a wide range of loads: tensile loading, projectile and explosion. The alloy is used as a structural component of civil engineering structures exposed to static or dynamic loads. Therefore, it was crucial to determine the material’s behaviour at low and intermediate rates of deformation. Despite the fact that the evaluation of the strain rate sensitivity of the AW-6060 aluminium alloy has already been discussed in literature, the authors of this paper wished to further investigate this topic. They conducted tensile tests and confirmed the thesis that the AW-6060 T6 aluminium alloy has low strain rate sensitivity at room temperature. In addition, the fracture surfaces subjected to different loading (tensile loading, projectile and explosion) were investigated and compared using a scanning electron microscope, because the authors of this paper were trying to develop a new methodology for predicting how samples had been loaded before failure occurred based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. Projectile and explosion tests were performed mainly for the SEM observation of the fracture surfaces. These tests were unconventional and they represent the originality of this research. It was found that the type of loading had an impact on the fracture surface.

ACS Style

Marcin Chybiński; Łukasz Polus; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr W. Sielicki. The Evaluation of the Fracture Surface in the AW-6060 T6 Aluminium Alloy under a Wide Range of Loads. Metals 2019, 9, 324 .

AMA Style

Marcin Chybiński, Łukasz Polus, Maria Ratajczak, Piotr W. Sielicki. The Evaluation of the Fracture Surface in the AW-6060 T6 Aluminium Alloy under a Wide Range of Loads. Metals. 2019; 9 (3):324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcin Chybiński; Łukasz Polus; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr W. Sielicki. 2019. "The Evaluation of the Fracture Surface in the AW-6060 T6 Aluminium Alloy under a Wide Range of Loads." Metals 9, no. 3: 324.

Conference paper
Published: 23 February 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Concrete freeze-thaw resistance, along with compressive strength, is one of its basic features, which have a significant impact on the durability of structures of buildings and engineering structures. Numerous studies presented in domestic and foreign literature showed that there is a relationship between the concrete mix's composition and the extent of frost damage. The frost durability of concrete depends on many factors. Therefore, cyclic changes of air temperature in winter conditions (over 100 freeze-thaw event cycles per year are estimated in Poland) must be taken into consideration as soon as in the phase of designing a concrete mix and structural elements. Proper designing of the concrete mix, optimal selecting of proportions and kinds of components, applying of appropriate kinds of additives and admixtures as well as proper maintenance of concrete can protect the investor against serious financial consequences. The paper discussed the influence of sub-zero temperatures effect on cement concretes properties. The requirements that are imposed on designers in terms of concretes resistance to frosts cyclic effect by the currently applicable standards were presented. The paper also presents the results of an original research programme showing the effectiveness of diamidoamine salt as an admixture for concretes that increases their resistance to the freeze-thaw cycle. Within the preliminary tests, the influence of the diamidoamine salt on early and 28-day compressive strength was marked. The air content in fresh concrete, absorbability and water permeability were also specified. The freeze-thaw resistance of concretes with the addition of the diamidoamine salt after 50 freeze-thaw cycles was determined. The conducted preliminary laboratory tests showed that applying the diamidoamine salt causes the decrease in compressive strength. This decrease is proportional to the admixture content. The applied admixture significantly decreases the absorbability, improves waterproofness and freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete.

ACS Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. Diamidoamine Salt as the Admixture for Concrete Increasing the Resistance to the Freeze-Thaw Cycle. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 471, 032077 .

AMA Style

Maria Ratajczak, Michał Babiak, Piotr Kulczewski, Jacek Kosno. Diamidoamine Salt as the Admixture for Concrete Increasing the Resistance to the Freeze-Thaw Cycle. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 471 (3):032077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. 2019. "Diamidoamine Salt as the Admixture for Concrete Increasing the Resistance to the Freeze-Thaw Cycle." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471, no. 3: 032077.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in International Journal of Engineering and Technology
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ACS Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Marcin Bilski; Krzysztof Zieliński; Jacek Kosno. Innovative Methods of Bitumen Modification Used in Waterproofing. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2018, 10, 308 -314.

AMA Style

Maria Ratajczak, Michał Babiak, Marcin Bilski, Krzysztof Zieliński, Jacek Kosno. Innovative Methods of Bitumen Modification Used in Waterproofing. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2018; 10 (4):308-314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ratajczak; Michał Babiak; Marcin Bilski; Krzysztof Zieliński; Jacek Kosno. 2018. "Innovative Methods of Bitumen Modification Used in Waterproofing." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 10, no. 4: 308-314.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Materials Science Forum
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The basic feature characterising the concrete’s quality and its usefulness for a structure is compressive strength. However, other features, such as frost resistance, absorbability, tightness, abrasiveness, decide on the durability of concrete in the structure as well. The paper presents the results of tests conducted on an ecological air entraining agent applied as a concrete mix admixture. The air entrainment of a concrete mix is aimed at entraining additional air pores with appropriate shape, size, and distribution into the concrete structure. The air entrainment is one of the main technological processes aimed at improving the concrete’s resistance to destructive effect of frost [1,2,3,4].

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. Effect of Modern Air Entraining Admixtures on Physical Properties of Construction Mortars. Materials Science Forum 2018, 923, 115 -119.

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Maria Ratajczak, Piotr Kulczewski, Jacek Kosno. Effect of Modern Air Entraining Admixtures on Physical Properties of Construction Mortars. Materials Science Forum. 2018; 923 ():115-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. 2018. "Effect of Modern Air Entraining Admixtures on Physical Properties of Construction Mortars." Materials Science Forum 923, no. : 115-119.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Materials Science Forum
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Nowadays, on the construction market, there are offered agents for concrete hydrophobization. In most cases, these are preparations that are applied on surfaces of already existing elements. The main disadvantage of such agents are strictly specified conditions, under which they can be applied. It is not recommended to apply the preparations for the elements under water level, exposed to contact with water under pressure, and with visible cracks and scratches [1, 2]. The article presents the results of tests of an innovative agent for concrete hydrophobization that has not disadvantages of the currently applied materials – application of the developed solution takes place at the stage of creating concrete mix. The preparation may be classified as an admixture for concretes.

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. Ecological Hydrophobizing Admixture in Special Purpose Concretes. Materials Science Forum 2018, 923, 110 -114.

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Maria Ratajczak, Piotr Kulczewski, Jacek Kosno. Ecological Hydrophobizing Admixture in Special Purpose Concretes. Materials Science Forum. 2018; 923 ():110-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Piotr Kulczewski; Jacek Kosno. 2018. "Ecological Hydrophobizing Admixture in Special Purpose Concretes." Materials Science Forum 923, no. : 110-114.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Materials Science Forum
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A lot of research centres in the world deal with developing the reuse of waste technology. The processed waste is applied in many industries, especially in the infrastructure construction. The European standards allow to apply recycled materials in implementation of buildings and the road engineering. In most cases, the detailed classifications for recycled aggregates are the subject of domestic standards, in which this topic is studied and developed deeply (Germany, Austria). In Poland, at the stage of applying the recycled aggregate, contractors are forced to rely on German or Austrian guidelines. In many cases, the application of the recycled materials is based on the contractors’ experience or intuition. That is why each additional development expansion of the knowledge on the recycled aggregates is added value and is very helpful for designers and contractors. The paper presents the comparison of mechanical resistance to fragmentation in a Los Angeles abrasion machine of selected crushed-stone and recycled aggregates (crushed concrete rubble) from demolished road structures.

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Adrianna Ratajczak; Maria Ratajczak; Szymon Węgliński. Assessment of Resistance to Fragmentation of Crushed-Stone Aggregate for the Application in Road Engineering. Materials Science Forum 2018, 923, 120 -124.

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Adrianna Ratajczak, Maria Ratajczak, Szymon Węgliński. Assessment of Resistance to Fragmentation of Crushed-Stone Aggregate for the Application in Road Engineering. Materials Science Forum. 2018; 923 ():120-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Adrianna Ratajczak; Maria Ratajczak; Szymon Węgliński. 2018. "Assessment of Resistance to Fragmentation of Crushed-Stone Aggregate for the Application in Road Engineering." Materials Science Forum 923, no. : 120-124.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Materials Science Forum
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Commonly used waterproofing membranes consist, in over 80%, of bituminous blend. That is why thorough knowledge of factors having impact on the destruction of waterproofing products is of utmost importance. In many cases it is caused by rheological changes, especially ageing processes occurring in bitumen. The purpose of the research is to develop modern solutions that will slow down the processes which occur and thus will extend the life of waterproofing materials. The paper discusses factors affecting the intensity of bitumen ageing and describes physicochemical changes caused by ageing. It also presents test results of bitumen modified with imidazoline which can be used as inhibitors of ageing processes.

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. Analysis of Selected Rheological Properties and Ageing Processes of Bitumens Used in Waterproofing Products. Materials Science Forum 2018, 923, 135 -140.

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Maria Ratajczak, Jacek Kosno. Analysis of Selected Rheological Properties and Ageing Processes of Bitumens Used in Waterproofing Products. Materials Science Forum. 2018; 923 ():135-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. 2018. "Analysis of Selected Rheological Properties and Ageing Processes of Bitumens Used in Waterproofing Products." Materials Science Forum 923, no. : 135-140.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2017 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Various additives, admixtures and modifiers are used to improve technical properties and strength characteristics of building materials. Manufacturers of waterproofing materials, concrete, ceramics and bitumen have to use innovative, increasingly complex and costly additives, admixtures or modifiers. As a result, simple and inexpensive substances have been replaced by complex, long chain polymers, multi component resins or plastics. For economic and ecological reasons waste materials are more frequently used as additives, admixtures and modifiers. Nowadays the most commonly used physical modifiers of bitumen belong to the group of polymers - large molecular organic compounds of natural origin or being the result of planned chemical synthesis. Polymers are substances that do not chemically react with bitumen, they act as fillers or create a spatial network within bitumen (the so called physical cross-linking). The development of organic chemistry has allowed the synthesis of a number of substances chemically modifying bitumen. The most promising are heterocyclic organic compounds belonging to the group of imidazolines. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to demonstrate the suitability of processed natural and post-refining fat waste (diamidoamine dehydrate) as bitumen modifier. This paper discusses the impact of adding technical imidazoline on selected bitumen characteristics. Samples of bitumen 160/220, which is most commonly used for the production of waterproofing products, were analysed. For base bitumen and bitumen modified with technical imidazoline the following measurements were taken: measurement of the softening point by Ball and Ring method, determination of the breaking point by Fraass method and needle penetration measurement at 25°C. Later the samples were aged using TFOT laboratory method and the basic characteristics were determined again. The results showed that a small amount of imidazoline improved bitumen thermoplastic parameters at low temperatures and had a significant impact on weakening bitumen oxidation and ageing. The addition of technical imidazoline prevents bitumen from hardening, thus increasing its flexibility and its resistance to mechanical damage. Due to many difficulties in the production of polymer bitumens and in order to find cheaper, more environment friendly solutions, the authors proposed an ecological bituminous modifier which, due to chemical reaction with binders, creates a stable and firm in time product. Imidazolines have a negative impact on bitumen softening point, which makes them impossible to use as an independent modifier. Therefore, at a later stage of the research, the authors will attempt to create a hybrid bitumen modifier which will combine the beneficial effect of polymers and imidazoline on the characteristics of bituminous binders.

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Jacek Kosno; Maria Ratajczak; Krzysztof Zieliński. Innovative Additive for Bitumen Based on Processed Fats. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2017, 245, 22060 .

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Jacek Kosno, Maria Ratajczak, Krzysztof Zieliński. Innovative Additive for Bitumen Based on Processed Fats. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017; 245 (2):22060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Jacek Kosno; Maria Ratajczak; Krzysztof Zieliński. 2017. "Innovative Additive for Bitumen Based on Processed Fats." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245, no. 2: 22060.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Procedia Engineering
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ACS Style

Krzysztof Zieliński; Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. Impact of Chemical and Physical Modification on Thermoplastic Characteristics of Bitumen. Procedia Engineering 2017, 172, 1297 -1304.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Zieliński, Michał Babiak, Maria Ratajczak, Jacek Kosno. Impact of Chemical and Physical Modification on Thermoplastic Characteristics of Bitumen. Procedia Engineering. 2017; 172 ():1297-1304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Zieliński; Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. 2017. "Impact of Chemical and Physical Modification on Thermoplastic Characteristics of Bitumen." Procedia Engineering 172, no. : 1297-1304.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture
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ACS Style

Maria Ratajczak. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN USED IN WATERPROOFING. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Ratajczak. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN USED IN WATERPROOFING. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ratajczak. 2017. "SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN USED IN WATERPROOFING." Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Budownictwo i Architektura
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Wykorzystanie granulatu asfaltowego do produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych jest technologią powszechnie znaną i stosowaną na szeroką skalę w wielu krajach Unii Europejskiej. Prym w tej dziedzinie wiodą Holendrzy, Niemcy i Duńczycy. W Polsce regulacje prawne umożliwiają stosowanie w mieszankach mineralno-asfaltowych dodatek granulatu asfaltowego w ilości do 30%. Wprowadzenie uniwersalnego dodatku do destruktu asfaltowego, który poprzez zmianę parametrów reologicznych lepiszczy, zwiększy jego adhezje, umożliwi zastosowanie zwiększonej ilości granulatu asfaltowego w mieszance mineralno-asfaltowej.

ACS Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. Regeneracja bitumicznych nawierzchni drogowych modyfikatorami otrzymywanymi z surowców ekologicznych. Budownictwo i Architektura 2016, 15, 117 -126.

AMA Style

Michał Babiak, Maria Ratajczak, Jacek Kosno. Regeneracja bitumicznych nawierzchni drogowych modyfikatorami otrzymywanymi z surowców ekologicznych. Budownictwo i Architektura. 2016; 15 (4):117-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Babiak; Maria Ratajczak; Jacek Kosno. 2016. "Regeneracja bitumicznych nawierzchni drogowych modyfikatorami otrzymywanymi z surowców ekologicznych." Budownictwo i Architektura 15, no. 4: 117-126.