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Dr. Federico Di Traglia
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy

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0 Landslide
0 InSAR
0 Ground-based InSAR
0 Volcano
0 Multi-hazard risk assessment

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Journal article
Published: 22 May 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Stromboli is an active insular volcano located in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea and its recent volcanic activity is mostly confined within the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, hereafter), a 2-km wide subaerial–submarine collapse scar, which morphologically dominates the NW flank of the edifice. In August-November 2014, an effusive eruption occurred along the steep SdF slope, with multiple lava flows reaching the sea. The integration of multisensor remote sensing data, including lidar, photogrammetric, bathymetric surveys coupled with SAR amplitude images collected before and after the 2014 eruption enabled to reconstruct the dynamics of the lava flows through the main morphological changes of the whole SdF slope. Well-defined and steep-sided ridges were created by lava flows during the early stages of the eruption, when effusion rates were high, favoring the penetration into the sea of lava flows as coherent bodies. Differently, fan-shaped features were emplaced during the declining stage of the eruption or in relation to lava overflows and associated gravel flows, suggesting the prevalence of volcaniclastic breccias with respect to coherent lava flows. The estimated volume of eruptive products emplaced on the SdF slope during the 2014 eruption, accounts for about 3.7 × 106 m3, 18% of which is in the submarine setting. This figure is different with respect to the previous 2007 eruption at Stromboli, when a large lava submarine delta formed. This discrepancy can be mainly related to the different elevation of the main vents feeding lava flows during the 2007 eruption (around 400 m) and the 2014 eruption (around 650 m). Besides slope accretion, instability processes were detected both in the subaerial and submarine SdF slope. Submarine slope failure mobilized at least 6 × 105 m3 of volcaniclastic material, representing the largest instability event detected since the 2007 lava delta emplacement.

ACS Style

Daniele Casalbore; Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Bosman; Claudia Romagnoli; Nicola Casagli; Francesco Chiocci. Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2043 .

AMA Style

Daniele Casalbore, Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Bosman, Claudia Romagnoli, Nicola Casagli, Francesco Chiocci. Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (11):2043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniele Casalbore; Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Bosman; Claudia Romagnoli; Nicola Casagli; Francesco Chiocci. 2021. "Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11: 2043.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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As demonstrated by the Anak Krakatau eruption-induced flank collapse in 2018 in Indonesia, tsunamis generated by large mass flows like landslides and pyroclastic density currents can have devastating effects in volcanic areas. However, these phenomena are still poorly understood as they are unusual and complex events, largely unpredictable and often poorly constrained. 

Stromboli is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, extensively monitored and studied in the last few decades. Many tsunamigenic landslides (sub-aerial and/or submarine) have taken place; at least seven have occurred in the last 150 years and a devastating one is believed to have reached the coast of Naples, at more than 200 km distance, during the Middle Ages. Because the level of activity of the volcano has remained similar ever since and the likelihood of such disastrous events is not negligible, the hazard related to tsunamigenic mass flows in this area needs to be carefully assessed.

Associated with the 3rd of July 2019 eruption, at least three mass flows were triggered along the Sciara del Fuoco slope; two subaerial Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and a submarine landslide. Simultaneously, three buoys registered the height of the resulting tsunami wave ranging from 0.2 m in front of the Ginostra village to 1.5 m in front of the Sciara del Fuoco. Thanks to the dense monitoring network and the accurate bathymetry survey carried out by the IGAG-CNR, these events have been well constrained. 

The tsunami waves studied here are smaller than those that could constitute a threat for the population living in this area, nevertheless they can be used to characterize the behaviour of the tsunamigenic mass flows. Back analysis of these events were undertaken with the two-fluids version of VolcFlow; this is a continuum mechanics model based on the depth-average approximation that has been developed for the simulation of volcanic flows. VolcFlow can take into account several different rheologies for each of the two fluids. In the present case, one fluid was used for the water body and one for simulating the mass flow. For the latter one, a constant retaining stress type of rheology was used (Dade and Huppert, 1998). Backanalysis suggested that it was the PDC which generated the tsunami wave during the events of July 2019 and best fitting simulations identified a constant retaining stress of 7kPa. With these input parameters it has been possible to run a large number of numerical simulations of possible scenarios. This has allowed to assess threshold values of volume and discharge of mass flows which could generate significant and potentially destructive tsunami waves. This constitutes an important input to improve early warning systems and to reduce the risk related to these unpredictable but extremely dangerous phenomena.

ACS Style

Irene Manzella; Symeon Makris; Federico Di Traglia; Karim Kelfoun; Paul Cole; Daniele Casalbore; Francesco L Chiocci. Numerical modelling of tsunamis generated by mass flows at Stromboli Volcano. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Irene Manzella, Symeon Makris, Federico Di Traglia, Karim Kelfoun, Paul Cole, Daniele Casalbore, Francesco L Chiocci. Numerical modelling of tsunamis generated by mass flows at Stromboli Volcano. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Manzella; Symeon Makris; Federico Di Traglia; Karim Kelfoun; Paul Cole; Daniele Casalbore; Francesco L Chiocci. 2021. "Numerical modelling of tsunamis generated by mass flows at Stromboli Volcano." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Steep-slope volcanoes are geomorphological systems receptive to both exogenous and endogenous phenomena. Volcanic activity produces debris and lava accumulation, whereas magmatic/tectonic and gravitational processes can have a destructive effect, triggering mass-wasting and erosion.

Optical and radar sensors have often been used to identify areas impacted by eruptive and post-eruptive phenomena, quantify of topographic changes, and/or map ground deformation related to magmatic-tectonic-gravitational processes.

In this work, the slope processes on high-gradient volcano flanks in response to shift in volcanic activity have been identified by means of remote sensing techniques. The Sciara del Fuoco unstable flank of Stromboli volcano (Italy) was studied, having a very large set (2010-2020) of different remote sensing data available.

Data includes LiDAR and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 DEMs, high-spatial-resolution (HSR) optical imagery (QUICKBIRD and PLEIADES-1), and space-borne and ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Multi-temporal DEMs and HSR optical imagery permits to map areas affected by major lithological and morphological changes, and the volumes of deposited/eroded material. The results lead to the identification of topographical variations and geomorphological processes that occurred in response to the variation in eruptive intensity. The joint exploitation of space-borne and ground-based Differential and Multi Temporal SAR Interferometry (InSAR and MT-InSAR) measurements revealed deformation phenomena affecting the volcano edifice, and in particular the Sciara del Fuoco flank.

The presented results demonstrate the effectiveness of the joint exploitation of multi-temporal DEMs, HSR optical imagery, and InSAR measurements obtained through satellite and terrestrial SAR systems, highlighting their strong complementarity to map and interpret the slope phenomena in volcanic areas.

This work was financially supported by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile” (Presidency of the Council of Ministers – Department of Civil Protection); this publication, however, does not reflect the position and official policies of the Department".

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Claudio De Luca; Alessandro Fornaciai; Mariarosaria Manzo; Teresa Nolesini; Massimiliano Favalli; Riccardo Lanari; Nicola Casagli; Francesco Casu. Remote sensing of steep-slope volcanoes: the Stromboli case study. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Claudio De Luca, Alessandro Fornaciai, Mariarosaria Manzo, Teresa Nolesini, Massimiliano Favalli, Riccardo Lanari, Nicola Casagli, Francesco Casu. Remote sensing of steep-slope volcanoes: the Stromboli case study. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Claudio De Luca; Alessandro Fornaciai; Mariarosaria Manzo; Teresa Nolesini; Massimiliano Favalli; Riccardo Lanari; Nicola Casagli; Francesco Casu. 2021. "Remote sensing of steep-slope volcanoes: the Stromboli case study." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Strombolian activity varies in magnitude and intensity and may evolve into a threat for the local populations living on volcanoes with persistent or semi-persistent activity. A key example comes from the activity of Stromboli volcano (Italy). The “ordinary” Strombolian activity, consisting in intermittent ejection of bombs and lapilli around the eruptive vents, is sometimes interrupted by high-energy explosive events (locally called major or paroxysmal explosions), which can affect very large areas. Recently, the 3 July 2019 explosive paroxysm at Stromboli volcano caused serious concerns in the local population and media, having killed one tourist while hiking on the volcano. Major explosions, albeit not endangering inhabited areas, often produce a fallout of bombs and lapilli in zones frequented by tourists. Despite this, the classification of Strombolian explosions on the basis of their intensity derives from measurements that are not always replicable (i.e., field surveys). Hence the need for a fast, objective and quantitative classification of explosive activity. Here, we use images of the monitoring camera network, seismicity and ground deformation data, to characterize and distinguish paroxysms, impacting the whole island, from major explosions, that affect the summit of the volcano above 500 m elevation, and from the persistent, mild explosive activity that normally has no impact on the local population. This analysis comprises 12 explosive events occurring at Stromboli after 25 June 2019 and is updated to 6 December 2020.

ACS Style

Sonia Calvari; Flora Giudicepietro; Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Giovanni Macedonio; Nicola Casagli. Variable Magnitude and Intensity of Strombolian Explosions: Focus on the Eruptive Processes for a First Classification Scheme for Stromboli Volcano (Italy). Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 944 .

AMA Style

Sonia Calvari, Flora Giudicepietro, Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Giovanni Macedonio, Nicola Casagli. Variable Magnitude and Intensity of Strombolian Explosions: Focus on the Eruptive Processes for a First Classification Scheme for Stromboli Volcano (Italy). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (5):944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonia Calvari; Flora Giudicepietro; Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Giovanni Macedonio; Nicola Casagli. 2021. "Variable Magnitude and Intensity of Strombolian Explosions: Focus on the Eruptive Processes for a First Classification Scheme for Stromboli Volcano (Italy)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5: 944.

Conference paper
Published: 22 December 2020 in Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk
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Volcano landslides or explosions-induced mass flows constitute an important trigger of tsunamis. Even if landslide-induced tsunamis can produce more local impacts comparable earthquake-induced tsunamis, large volume failure of volcanic edifice may cause tsunamis with widespread effects. Considering this, successful strategies for volcano slope instability detection must involve the integration of different methodologies for mapping, monitoring, and automated approaches for early warning, integrating field-based studies, geomorphological mapping, remote sensing data, geophysical and geochemical investigations, and/or numerical modelling. In this contribution, the applications of different remote sensing techniques products for the identification, mapping, and forecasting mass movements in the island of Stromboli are presented. The integration of space-borne and ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar displacement data with the analysis of (topographic- and SAR amplitude images based) change detection allowed the identification the evolution of the slope instability phenomena and the geomorphological processes affecting the Stromboli unstable slopes. Ground based SAR devices are the key-instruments for the operational approach to mitigating landslide risks, being used to monitor the slope instability and to detect the inflation/deflation of the crater area.It is crucial to emphasize the importance of smart integration of space borne-derived hazard information with permanent-sited, operational monitoring by GBInSAR devices to detect areas impacted by mass wasting and volcanic activity.

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. Dealing with Mass Flow-Induced Tsunamis at Stromboli Volcano: Monitoring Strategies Through Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk 2020, 397 -404.

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Teresa Nolesini, Nicola Casagli. Dealing with Mass Flow-Induced Tsunamis at Stromboli Volcano: Monitoring Strategies Through Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk. 2020; ():397-404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "Dealing with Mass Flow-Induced Tsunamis at Stromboli Volcano: Monitoring Strategies Through Multi-Platform Remote Sensing." Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk , no. : 397-404.

Editorial
Published: 06 October 2020 in International Journal of Earth Sciences
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Apuani T, Corazzato C, Cancelli A, Tibaldi A (2005) Stability of a collapsing volcano (Stromboli, Italy): limit equilibrium analysis and numerical modelling. J Volcanol Geoth Res 144(1–4):191–210 Article Google Scholar Belousov A, Voight B, Belousova M (2007) Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits. Bull Volcanol 69(7):701 Blahůt J, Balek J, Klimeš J, Rowberry M, Kusák M, Kalina J (2019) A comprehensive global database of giant landslides on volcanic islands. Landslides 16(10):2045–2052 Article Google Scholar Bonaccorso A, Calvari S, Garfì G, Lodato L, Patanè D (2003) Dynamics of the December 2002 flank failure and tsunami at Stromboli volcano inferred by volcanological and geophysical observations. Geophys Res Lett 30(18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017702 Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Gambino S (2010) Thermal expansion–contraction and slope instability of a fumarole field inferred from geodetic measurements at Vulcano. Bull Volcanol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0366-7 Article Google Scholar Borgia A (1994) Dynamic basis of volcanic spreading. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 99(B9):17791–17804 Article Google Scholar Borselli L, Capra L, Sarocchi D, De la Cruz-Reyna S (2011) Flank collapse scenarios at Volcán de Colima, Mexico: a relative instability analysis. J Volcanol Geoth Res 208(1–2):51–65 Article Google Scholar Casalbore D, Passeri F, Tommasi P, Verrucci L, Bosman A, Romagnoli C, Chiocci FL (2020) Small-scale slope instability on the submarine flanks of insular volcanoes: the case-study of the Sciara del Fuoco slope (Stromboli). 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Landslides 11(2):167–194 Article Google Scholar Karstens J, Kelfoun K, Watt SF, Berndt C (2020) Combining 3D seismics, eyewitness accounts and numerical simulations to reconstruct the 1888 Ritter Island sector collapse and tsunami. Int J Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01854-4 Article Google Scholar Major JJ, Pierson TC, Dinehart RL, Costa JE (2000) Sediment yield following severe volcanic disturbance—a two-decade perspective from Mount St. Helens. Geol 28(9):819–822 Makris S, Manzella I, Cole P, Roverato M (2020) Grain size distribution and sedimentology in volcanic mass-wasting flows: implications for propagation and mobility. Int J Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01907-8 Article Google Scholar Merle O, Borgia A (1996) Scaled experiments of volcanic spreading. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 101(B6):13805–13817 Article Google Scholar Okubo CH (2004) Rock mass strength and slope stability of the Hilina slump, Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i. 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In: Roverato M, Dufresne A, Procter J (eds) Volcanic Debris Avalanches: from Collapse to Hazard. Springer Book Series Advances in Volcanology, London Google Scholar Sassa K, Dang K, Yanagisawa H, He B (2016) A new landslide-induced tsunami simulation model and its application to the 1792 Unzen-Mayuyama landslide-and-tsunami...

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Matteo Roverato; Alessandro Bonforte; Felix Gross. Editorial: Flank dynamics, sector collapses, lahars, and rockfalls: analysis, monitoring, and modelling of small to large scale volcanic slope instability. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2020, 109, 2615 -2618.

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Matteo Roverato, Alessandro Bonforte, Felix Gross. Editorial: Flank dynamics, sector collapses, lahars, and rockfalls: analysis, monitoring, and modelling of small to large scale volcanic slope instability. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 2020; 109 (8):2615-2618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Matteo Roverato; Alessandro Bonforte; Felix Gross. 2020. "Editorial: Flank dynamics, sector collapses, lahars, and rockfalls: analysis, monitoring, and modelling of small to large scale volcanic slope instability." International Journal of Earth Sciences 109, no. 8: 2615-2618.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Between 28 March and 1 April 2020, Stromboli volcano erupted, with overflows from the NE crater rim spreading along the barren Sciara del Fuoco slope and reaching the sea along the NW coast of the island. Poor weather conditions did not allow a detailed observation of the crater zone through the cameras monitoring network, but a clear view of the lower slope and the flows expanding in the area allowed us to characterize the flow features. This evidence was integrated with satellite, GBInSAR, and seismic data, thus enabling a reconstruction of the whole volcanic event, which involved several small collapses of the summit cone and the generation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) spreading along the slope and on the sea surface. Satellite monitoring allowed for the mapping of the lava flow field and the quantification of the erupted volume, and GBInSAR continuous measurements detected the crater widening and the deflation of the summit cone caused by the last overflow. The characterization of the seismicity made it possible to identify the signals that are associated with the propagation of PDCs along the volcano flank and, for the first time, to recognize the signal that is produced by the impact of the PDCs on the coast.

ACS Style

Sonia Calvari; Federico Di Traglia; Gaetana Ganci; Flora Giudicepietro; Giovanni Macedonio; Annalisa Cappello; Teresa Nolesini; Emilio Pecora; Giuseppe Bilotta; Veronica Centorrino; Claudia Corradino; Nicola Casagli; Ciro Del Negro. Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3010 .

AMA Style

Sonia Calvari, Federico Di Traglia, Gaetana Ganci, Flora Giudicepietro, Giovanni Macedonio, Annalisa Cappello, Teresa Nolesini, Emilio Pecora, Giuseppe Bilotta, Veronica Centorrino, Claudia Corradino, Nicola Casagli, Ciro Del Negro. Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (18):3010.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonia Calvari; Federico Di Traglia; Gaetana Ganci; Flora Giudicepietro; Giovanni Macedonio; Annalisa Cappello; Teresa Nolesini; Emilio Pecora; Giuseppe Bilotta; Veronica Centorrino; Claudia Corradino; Nicola Casagli; Ciro Del Negro. 2020. "Overflows and Pyroclastic Density Currents in March-April 2020 at Stromboli Volcano Detected by Remote Sensing and Seismic Monitoring Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18: 3010.

Original paper
Published: 03 July 2020 in Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews
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Explosive eruptions can severely alter the boundary conditions of fluvial systems around volcanoes by depositing large volumes of erodible fragmental material, increasing erosion rate and drainage mass flux (water and sediment) in the affected basin. In this paper, the environmental response to the 13 ka Croscat Violent Strombolian eruption in the Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE Spain) has been investigated using a stratigraphic approach. Volcaniclastic material was mainly delivered at headwater tributaries (Les Tries plain in the Ser river basin) of the Fluvià River, one of the main drainage systems of NE Spain. Deposits in the Les Tries valley was initially reworked by hyperconcentrated-flows to braided stream-flows and by debris-flows involving mixed terrains (volcaniclastic materials and sands–gravels of the Eocene sedimentary basement) as registered in the stratigraphic record. The erosive pattern observed at the Les Tries valley reflects the erosion model of well-sorted and coarse-grained deposits (as the tephra deposited during the Violent Strombolian phase of the Croscat eruption), in which deep gullying and downstream aggradation are typically retarded where coarse tephra deposits remained highly permeable. Moreover, the Croscat eruption occurred soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, implying the shift from dry to wet conditions during the remobilization of the Croscat tephra. In this framework, the semiarid conditions retarded soil stabilization, driving the development of hyperconcentrated-flow-dominated alluvial fans, whereas the more humid environmental conditions favoured the partial stabilization of loose pyroclastic material, until it is periodically remobilization by mass-wasting processes as debris-flow-dominated lahars.

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia. Hydrogeomorphic and sedimentary response to the Late Pleistocene violent Strombolian eruption of the Croscat volcano (Garrotxa Volcanic Field, Spain). Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 2020, 2, 217 -231.

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia. Hydrogeomorphic and sedimentary response to the Late Pleistocene violent Strombolian eruption of the Croscat volcano (Garrotxa Volcanic Field, Spain). Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews. 2020; 2 (2):217-231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia. 2020. "Hydrogeomorphic and sedimentary response to the Late Pleistocene violent Strombolian eruption of the Croscat volcano (Garrotxa Volcanic Field, Spain)." Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 2, no. 2: 217-231.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Sustainability
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On 3 July 2019, Stromboli volcanic island experienced a paroxysmal explosion that triggered wildfires on vegetated areas in the south, southwestern, and eastern part of the island. This study analyzes the runoff and the transport of sediment originating from rainfall, to verify whether the vegetation loss due to wildfire changed the hydrogeological structure of the affected area and the flooding hazard. A preliminary hydrological study was conducted to analyze the superficial runoff due to rainfall. According to local planning, the hydrogeological study and flood risk assessment were carried out for the return periods corresponding to 50, 100, and 300 years. The flooding levels were calculated using the hydrodynamic module of the IBER software. The IBER sediment transport module was applied in a non-stationary regime for erosion and sedimentation analysis. The results showed that the fire caused an increase of the water discharge rates between 0.06 and 0.16 m2/s, for the 50 year return period, in the Ginostra inhabited area. The great differences of the flood levels between pre- and post-eruptive scenarios, for the highest return periods, were recognized. The analysis of sediment transport showed that rains could exert an erosion and re-sedimentation effect that would transport from 0.1 m to more than 1 m of re-mobilized material in the Ginostra area, which could cause inconvenience in the inhabited area of the island.

ACS Style

Omar S. Areu-Rangel; Rosanna Bonasia; Federico Di Traglia; Matteo Del Soldato; Nicola Casagli. Flood Susceptibility and Sediment Transport Analysis of Stromboli Island after the 3 July 2019 Paroxysmal Explosion. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3268 .

AMA Style

Omar S. Areu-Rangel, Rosanna Bonasia, Federico Di Traglia, Matteo Del Soldato, Nicola Casagli. Flood Susceptibility and Sediment Transport Analysis of Stromboli Island after the 3 July 2019 Paroxysmal Explosion. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omar S. Areu-Rangel; Rosanna Bonasia; Federico Di Traglia; Matteo Del Soldato; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "Flood Susceptibility and Sediment Transport Analysis of Stromboli Island after the 3 July 2019 Paroxysmal Explosion." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3268.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Stromboli Volcano was very active in the summer of 2019:  Two paroxysms dramatically changed the summit craters of the volcano on July 3 and August 28. The first intense paroxysmal eruptive sequence involved both the North and the Central-South (C-S) crater areas and has generated an eruptive plume rising 4 km above the summit (924 m a.s.l.) while the incandescent material set fire to vegetation on the flanks of the volcano. Volcanic products from the laterally directed explosions and from the collapse of the external crater terrace generated two pyroclastic flows that travelled down the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) and for several hundred of meters out to sea. Between July 3 and August 28, the activity was characterised by lava flows in the Southern sector of the SdF and by very intense Strombolian activity at a set of small scoria cones that grew around the vents, particularly in the N crater area. The second paroxysmal eruption occurred on August 28 again involving the two crater areas and producing an eruptive column that rose 4 km above the summit. Material from the eruption and from the collapse of the rim of the C-S area contributed to the generation of a pyroclastic flow that travelled down the SdF and out to sea. Important morphological variations to the crater terrace were evident after the two paroxysms.

We used UAVs to monitor morpho-structural changes of the Stromboli volcano following the paroxysmal eruptions; in particular, five high-resolution UAV survey campaigns have been performed since May 2019. The aerial images were acquired using two different UAVs, a DJI Mavic 2 Pro and a Wingcopter. Using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) techniques we generated DEMs (Digital Elevation Model) and orthoimages with a resolution ranging between 0.2 and 0.5 m. An additional 1 m-resolution DEM was extracted from available tri-stereo Pleiades satellite imagery and chosen as pre-paroxysm surface. Using the orthoimages it was possible to map the distribution of eruption products and determine the morpho-structural changes. Furthermore, the topographic approach (subtraction between two different surfaces DEMs) with a cut-and-fill procedure was chosen to calculate the volume gain (in the southern sector of the SdF) and loss (in the crater areas).

This work demonstrates the usefulness of the combined use of UAVs and SfM techniques to map volcanic products, to highlight morphological changes and perform volume estimations. The data collected during these field efforts and the temporal comparisons of the DEMs represent a fundamental contribution to both volcanic hazard assessment and risk mitigation, and can be used to support civil protection operations.

ACS Style

Emanuela De Beni; Daniele Andronico; Massimo Cantarero; Riccardo Civico; Elisabetta Del Bello; Federico Di Traglia; Malte Eggersglüß; Thor Hansteen; Kaj Hoernle; Jeffrey Johnson; Tom Kwasnitschka; Luca Pizzimenti; Tullio Ricci; Piergiorgio Scarlato; Karen Strehlow; Jacopo Taddeucci. UAV surveys illuminate the morpho-structural and volume changes from the 2019 paroxysmal eruptions of Stromboli volcano (Italy). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuela De Beni, Daniele Andronico, Massimo Cantarero, Riccardo Civico, Elisabetta Del Bello, Federico Di Traglia, Malte Eggersglüß, Thor Hansteen, Kaj Hoernle, Jeffrey Johnson, Tom Kwasnitschka, Luca Pizzimenti, Tullio Ricci, Piergiorgio Scarlato, Karen Strehlow, Jacopo Taddeucci. UAV surveys illuminate the morpho-structural and volume changes from the 2019 paroxysmal eruptions of Stromboli volcano (Italy). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuela De Beni; Daniele Andronico; Massimo Cantarero; Riccardo Civico; Elisabetta Del Bello; Federico Di Traglia; Malte Eggersglüß; Thor Hansteen; Kaj Hoernle; Jeffrey Johnson; Tom Kwasnitschka; Luca Pizzimenti; Tullio Ricci; Piergiorgio Scarlato; Karen Strehlow; Jacopo Taddeucci. 2020. "UAV surveys illuminate the morpho-structural and volume changes from the 2019 paroxysmal eruptions of Stromboli volcano (Italy)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Stromboli island (Italy) provides an outstanding record of volcanic island geomorphological evolution, and of ongoing volcanic phenomena with the example of the “Strombolian” types of eruption. The vegetation of Stromboli includes endemic species, some of which are exclusive to the Aeolian Islands. The western side of the island is characterized by olive trees that were cultivated by exploiting terraces up to high altitudes. All this makes an unique landscape, results of interaction between volcanic activity, geomorphological evolution, and traditional land management. Wildfires at the island of Stromboli are common phenomena related to the fallout of incandescent material on vegetation. Wildfires with small extensions are usually generated by explosions more intense “major” explosions, while large-scale wildfire have been triggered by larger scale activity, called “paroxysms”.

On 3rd July 2019 a paroxysm without long-term precursors has occurred, followed by lava flows from a vent localized in the SW crater area and sporadically from the NE one. Afterwards, on 28th August 2019, a new paroxysmal explosion has occurred followed by strong volcanic activity, culminating with a lava flow from the SW-Central crater area.

This study is focusing on environmental aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli eruptions. The analysis of Land Cover (LC) and Land Use (LU) changes is used to describe the impact on the environment of the island. The detection of impacted areas is mainly based on the integration of very high-spatial-resolution PLEIADES-1, moderate-spatial-resolution SENTINEL-2 satellite imagery, and field surveys. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR) were used to map the areas covered by fires. NBR easily allows to easily identify the areas impacted by wildfire and the degree of severity of the damage. This index is calculated on two SENTINEL-2 images acquired on different dates before and after the fire (after a not excessively high number of days, especially if the area affected by the fire consists mainly of pasture or low bush). RBR is obtained as the difference between the NBR index of the images acquired before and after the event. LC and LU classifications has involved the detection of new classes whose details have been calibrated on different reduction scales from 1:2.000 to 1:10.000, following the environmental units that made up the Strombolian landscape. New LC and LU classifications are the result of the intersection between classes of CORINE Land Cover project (CLC) and local landscape patterns. Field survey has been useful to conduce semi-structured interviews to the local population; the purpose of the social investigation was to collect detailed and direct information about damages.

The most impacted areas by tephra fallout are located in the south-western and southern part of the island, nearby the village of Ginostra. The results of multi-temporal comparison show that fire-damaged areas amount to 39% of the total area of the island. Artificial areas have not been particularly impacted (max 14% of decrease), whereas agricultural and semi-natural vegetated areas show a much more consistent decrease of 34% and 81%, respectively.

ACS Style

Agnese Turchi; Federico Di Traglia; Tania Luti; Iacopo Zetti; Riccardo Fanti. The effect of the 2019 eruption on the Island of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands UNESCO site, Italy). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Agnese Turchi, Federico Di Traglia, Tania Luti, Iacopo Zetti, Riccardo Fanti. The effect of the 2019 eruption on the Island of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands UNESCO site, Italy). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnese Turchi; Federico Di Traglia; Tania Luti; Iacopo Zetti; Riccardo Fanti. 2020. "The effect of the 2019 eruption on the Island of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands UNESCO site, Italy)." , no. : 1.

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Published: 23 March 2020
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In this paper, we present the activities relevant to the microwave monitoring of the Stromboli volcano ground deformation, performed by IREA-CNR (Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment) and UNIFI (University of Florence) as Centres of Competence for the Italian Civil Protection Department.

The availability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system provides, among several techniques, accurate information on the volcano morphology and deformation, thus allowing us to understand the on-going volcanic changes. In this work, we present the results of a back-analysis (from 2015) of the volcano behaviour in terms of ground deformation and an insight on the volcano crisis occurred from July 3 2019, by using Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR) measurements.

The generated DInSAR results are both satellite and ground based. In particular, we show the displacement time series obtained with Sentinel-1 data acquired from March 2015 to October 2019 over the whole island and from ascending and descending orbits, and the displacement estimated with a Ground-Based SAR placed for the Sciara del Fuoco and summit craters sensing.

Moreover, the combination of the deformation measurements retrieved with both monitoring systems, which are characterized by independent acquisition geometries, allowed us to partially reconstruct a 3D deformation field of Sciara del Fuoco area.

Finally, we show the preliminary result of a test about an operational monitoring service based on new methodologies for the processing of airborne SAR data, aimed at evaluating its relevance for Civil Protection purposes in volcanic risk context.

 

This work is supported by the 2019-2021 IREA-CNR and Italian Civil Protection Department agreement, and by the 2019-2021 UNIFI and Italian Civil Protection Department agreement.

ACS Style

Claudio De Luca; Federico Di Traglia; Vincenzo De Novellis; Carmen Esposito; Teresa Nolesini; Mariarosaria Manzo; Pietro Tizzani; Antonio Natale; Paolo Berardino; Stefano Perna; Nicola Casagli; Riccardo Lanari; Francesco Casu. A microwave monitoring service for the study of the Stromboli volcano deformation. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudio De Luca, Federico Di Traglia, Vincenzo De Novellis, Carmen Esposito, Teresa Nolesini, Mariarosaria Manzo, Pietro Tizzani, Antonio Natale, Paolo Berardino, Stefano Perna, Nicola Casagli, Riccardo Lanari, Francesco Casu. A microwave monitoring service for the study of the Stromboli volcano deformation. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio De Luca; Federico Di Traglia; Vincenzo De Novellis; Carmen Esposito; Teresa Nolesini; Mariarosaria Manzo; Pietro Tizzani; Antonio Natale; Paolo Berardino; Stefano Perna; Nicola Casagli; Riccardo Lanari; Francesco Casu. 2020. "A microwave monitoring service for the study of the Stromboli volcano deformation." , no. : 1.

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Published: 23 March 2020
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On 3 July 2019, Stromboli experienced a paroxysmal explosion without long-term precursors, as instead occurred before the last two effusive eruptions. In the following months, lava outpoured from a vent localized in the SW crater area, and sporadically from the NE one. On 28 August 2019, a new paroxysmal explosion occurred, followed by strong volcanic activity, culminating with a lava flow emitted from the SW-Central crater area. Subsequently, the eruptive activity decreased, although frequent instability phenomena linked to the growth of new cones on the edge of the crater terrace occurred. This contribution summarizes the measurements obtained through space-borne and ground-based InSAR sensors. The ground-based data allowed to detect pressurization of the summit area, as the instability of the newly emplaced material. The satellite data instead helped to identify the slope dynamics. The integration of the complementary systems strengthens the monitoring of both the eruptive activity and the instability phenomena.

This work is supported by the 2019-2021 Università di Firenze and Italian Civil Protection Department agreement, and by the 2019-2021 IREA-CNR and Italian Civil Protection Department agreement.

ACS Style

Teresa Nolesini; Federico Di Traglia; Francesco Casu; Claudio De Luca; Mariarosaria Manzo; Riccardo Lanari; Nicola Casagli. The 2019 Stromboli eruption: the space-borne and ground-based InSAR contribution. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Teresa Nolesini, Federico Di Traglia, Francesco Casu, Claudio De Luca, Mariarosaria Manzo, Riccardo Lanari, Nicola Casagli. The 2019 Stromboli eruption: the space-borne and ground-based InSAR contribution. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa Nolesini; Federico Di Traglia; Francesco Casu; Claudio De Luca; Mariarosaria Manzo; Riccardo Lanari; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "The 2019 Stromboli eruption: the space-borne and ground-based InSAR contribution." , no. : 1.

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Published: 23 March 2020
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Steep volcano flanks are geomorphological systems highly responsive to both exogenous dynamics and endogenous forcing. While the external (gravitational) processes lead to a shift of material from steeper slopes to areas with lower gradients (erosion of loose deposits, rockfall of lavas/welded material), magmatic and tectonic activity can have either a constructional (accumulation) or a destructive effect (triggering moderate- to large-scale mass-wasting). Remotely sensed data have often been used to map areas affected by lithological and morphological changes, i.e. to identify areas impacted by eruptive and post-eruptive (landslides or floods) phenomena, as well as to quantify topographic changes.

In this work, the geomorphological evolution of the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) depression on the Island of Stromboli (Italy) between July 2010 and October 2019 has been reconstructed by using multi-temporal, multi-platform remote sensing data. Digital elevation models (DEMs) from PLEIADES-1 tri-stereo images and from LiDAR acquisitions allowed the topographic changes estimation. Data comprised also high-spatial-resolution (QUICKBIRD) and moderate spatial resolution (SENTINEL-2) satellite images allowing to map areas affected by major lithological and morphological changes. SdF was selected being the optimal test-site for monitoring the effect of volcanic eruption on steep-slope volcano flank, since: i) it is affected by persistent volcanic activity, ii) it is prone to mass-wasting phenomena, and iii) it is one of the best studied and, among all, monitored volcano on Earth, providing exceptional validation data and ground-truth constrains.

During the analysed period, the volcano experienced two eruptions (summer 2014 and summer 2019), with the emplacement of two lava flow fields on the SdF. Before the 2014 effusion and in between the two eruptions, geomorphological changes consisted of volcanoclastic sedimentation and some overflows outside the crater. The effusive (and partially explosive) activity produced larger topographic changes, related to the emplacement of the two lava flow fields and to the accumulation of a volcaniclastic wedge on the SdF. This work shows that, at Stromboli, the emplacements of lava flow fields were preceded and accompanied by the accumulation of volcanoclastic wedges on the SdF. The quantification of these volcanoclastic wedges is relevant because they are composed of the same material that was involved in the 30 December 2002 tsunamigenic landslide, besides being located in the same area.

PLEIADES tri-stereo and LiDAR DEMs have been quantitatively and qualitatively compared, providing a first indication on the differences between two largely used methods for modelling topography. Although there are small artefacts in smaller ridges and valleys, there is still a clear consistency between the two DEMs for the main valleys and ridges. This analysis can be used by the volcanological community and the civil protection authorities in case of a cost-benefit analysis for planning the best method for updating topography and quantify morphological changes of an active volcano.

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. Geomorphological response to volcanic activity at Stromboli volcano using multi-platform remote sensing. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, Massimiliano Favalli, Teresa Nolesini, Nicola Casagli. Geomorphological response to volcanic activity at Stromboli volcano using multi-platform remote sensing. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "Geomorphological response to volcanic activity at Stromboli volcano using multi-platform remote sensing." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in Remote Sensing
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This study focuses on the July-August 2019 eruption-induced wildfires at the Stromboli island (Italy). The analysis of land cover (LC) and land use (LU) changes has been crucial to describe the environmental impacts concerning endemic vegetation loss, damages to agricultural heritage, and transformations to landscape patterns. Moreover, a survey was useful to collect eyewitness accounts aimed to define the LU and to obtain detailed information about eruption-induced damages. Detection of burnt areas was based on PLÉIADES-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, and field surveys. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR) allowed mapping areas impacted by fires. LC and LU classification involved the detection of new classes, following the environmental units of landscape, being the result of the intersection between CORINE Land Cover project (CLC) and local landscape patterns. The results of multi-temporal comparison show that fire-damaged areas amount to 39% of the total area of the island, mainly affecting agricultural and semi-natural vegetated areas, being composed by endemic Aeolian species and abandoned olive trees that were cultivated by exploiting terraces up to high altitudes. LC and LU analysis has shown the strong correlation between land use management, wildfire severity, and eruption-induced damages on the island.

ACS Style

Agnese Turchi; Federico Di Traglia; Tania Luti; Davide Olori; Iacopo Zetti; Riccardo Fanti. Environmental Aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli Eruption. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 994 .

AMA Style

Agnese Turchi, Federico Di Traglia, Tania Luti, Davide Olori, Iacopo Zetti, Riccardo Fanti. Environmental Aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli Eruption. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (6):994.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnese Turchi; Federico Di Traglia; Tania Luti; Davide Olori; Iacopo Zetti; Riccardo Fanti. 2020. "Environmental Aftermath of the 2019 Stromboli Eruption." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6: 994.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The geomorphological evolution of the volcanic Island of Stromboli (Italy) between July 2010 and June 2019 has been reconstructed by using multi-temporal, multi-platform remote sensing data. Digital elevation models (DEMs) from PLÉIADES-1 tri-stereo images and from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) acquisitions allowed for topographic changes estimation. Data were comprised of high-spatial-resolution (QUICKBIRD) and moderate spatial resolution (SENTINEL-2) satellite images that allowed for the mapping of areas that were affected by major lithological and morphological changes. PLÉIADES tri-stereo and LiDAR DEMs have been quantitatively and qualitatively compared and, although there are artefacts in the smaller structures (e.g., ridges and valleys), there is still a clear consistency between the two DEMs for the larger structures (as the main valleys and ridges). The period between July 2010 and May 2012 showed only minor changes consisting of volcanoclastic sedimentation and some overflows outside the crater. Otherwise, between May 2012 and May 2017, large topographic changes occurred that were related to the emplacement of the 2014 lava flow in the NE part of the Sciara del Fuoco and to the accumulation of a volcaniclastic wedge in the central part of the Sciara del Fuoco. Between 2017 and 2019, minor changes were again detected due to small accumulation next to the crater terrace and the erosion in lower Sciara del Fuoco.

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 438 .

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Alessandro Fornaciai, Massimiliano Favalli, Teresa Nolesini, Nicola Casagli. Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (3):438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Alessandro Fornaciai; Massimiliano Favalli; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. 2020. "Catching Geomorphological Response to Volcanic Activity on Steep Slope Volcanoes Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 438.

Editorial article
Published: 17 July 2019 in Frontiers in Earth Science
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Editorial on the Research Topic Synthetic Aperture Radar and Natural Hazards: Applications and Outlooks The ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to image the Earth's surface, even through dense cloud cover and in night-and-day conditions, can facilitate the evaluation and monitoring of natural hazards and the management of natural disasters. The family of SAR satellite sensors orbits the Earth at an altitude ranging from 500 to 800 km, following sun-synchronous, near-polar orbits, slightly inclined with respect to Earth meridians. The most commonly used bands in SAR applications are the C-band (5–6 GHz, ~5, 6 cm wavelength), the X-band (8–12 GHz, ~3, 1 cm wavelength), and the L-band (1–2 GHz ~23 cm wavelength) with a temporal resolution depending on the satellite revisiting time. The availability of SAR has made a new spectrum of measurements possible on a global and spatial scale not attainable by ground-based studies, revealing critical insights into remote or poorly understood areas (e.g., Biggs et al., 2014). This Research Topics presents a review of articles on the state-of-art in the application of SAR sensors to study surface deformation in different geologic environments and triggered by a variety of processes. The topics discussed range from the analysis of co-seismic deformation (Merryman Boncori) to studies of volcanic unrest (Dzurisin et al.; Garthwaite et al.), monitoring of landslides (Bianchini et al.) and ground subsidence in urban areas (Solari et al.). Merryman Boncori presents a review of the state-of-the-art concerning the co-seismic deformation measurement with space-borne SAR. SAR applications to over 100 case-studies since the launch of the SENTINEL-1A satellite are discussed, considering the performance of the different SAR sensors and data processing approaches. Although there has been a rapid spread of “free” software that allows DInSAR processing, there are only few systems able to carry out DInSAR processing of SENTINEL-1 data in an automated fashion. So, only few of the co-seismic deformation studies in the recent literature are based on automated processing chains. During the processing of a SAR data set, analysts must typically make several ad-hoc decisions, including what techniques to apply, which additional processing steps to include, and which approach to use for atmospheric corrections and phase unwrapping algorithms. All these issues are addressed in detail in this review. Dzurisin et al. review the current results of the U.S. Geological Survey SAR studies of volcanoes in the Aleutian (Alaska) and Cascades arcs (Oregon and Washington), in Hawai'i, and in the western U.S., including Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley caldera (California). This contribution summarizes findings in (1) the monitoring of volcanic deformation in remote areas of the Aleutian and Cascade arcs; (2) the use of SAR in hazard assessment during eruptions at Aleutian and Hawaiian volcanoes; (3) the identification of multiple magma storage zones beneath the summit area and along the East Rift Zone at Kilauea Volcano (Hawai'i); and (4) the tracking of the ascent of magmatic volatiles from a mid-crustal intrusion to shallow depth, and of increased hydrothermal activity at the surface of large calderas. Garthwaite et al. propose a processing chain to integrate InSAR and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data to interpret deformation in a timely fashion and use this information as part of the decision-making process at volcano observatories. The case study presented to illustrate this approach is a joint modeling procedure that infers volume changes of a spherical source beneath the Rabaul Caldera (Papua New Guinea) using ALOS-PALSAR InSAR data and continuous GNSS data collected between 2007 and 2011. Dumont et al. report how space-borne SAR observations have been integrated in the monitoring of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in the Bárðarbunga volcanic system (Iceland). SAR data were acquired during the unrest at Bárðarbunga caldera, the Holuhraun eruption and the year after the eruption by Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) satellites. The remote sensing data were complemented by aerial SAR images as well. Monitoring of surface changes using both SAR amplitude and phase information was conducted to quantify and track the evolution of volcanic processes at Holuhraun and the geothermal activity at Bárðarbunga volcano. This contribution also discusses the operational importance of SAR information, that was regularly provided to the Icelandic Civil Protection and used in decision-making procedures. Bianchini et al. and Solari et al. present two contributions that illustrate the transition from ERS/1 data to SENTINEL-1 data and the application of SAR to the monitoring of landslides and urban subsidence. Bianchini et al. present a case study on the use of Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) for identifying and managing geo-hazards by a public administration. The article discusses the application of Persistent Scatterers InSAR over Tuscany (central Italy) in the past years, and the evolution of hazard maps from static pictures of the regional slope instabilities to dynamic images, with a regular and systematic 6-day acquisition plan. Tuscany has a leading role in Italy in the field of interferometric applications being the first region where InSAR analyses were performed at local basin scale by exploiting various PSI-based approaches for risk mapping and management. The local administrations supported the application of InSAR at a regional scale, first by using the archives of ERS and ENVISAT images to update subsidence and landslide inventory maps, and then by exploiting the regular repeat pass of SENTINEL-1 to identify the sites affected by the largest ground movements. Finally, Solari et al. present a review on the applications of both DInSAR and MT-InSAR techniques to monitor ground subsidence...

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Andrea Ciampalini; Giuseppe Pezzo; Maurizio Battaglia. Editorial: Synthetic Aperture Radar and Natural Hazards: Applications and Outlooks. Frontiers in Earth Science 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Andrea Ciampalini, Giuseppe Pezzo, Maurizio Battaglia. Editorial: Synthetic Aperture Radar and Natural Hazards: Applications and Outlooks. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2019; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Andrea Ciampalini; Giuseppe Pezzo; Maurizio Battaglia. 2019. "Editorial: Synthetic Aperture Radar and Natural Hazards: Applications and Outlooks." Frontiers in Earth Science 7, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 15 March 2019 in Earth-Science Reviews
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Volcano slope instability manifests in many forms, ranging from steady state to punctuated movement, or shallow erosion to deep-seated spreading. The interplay of gravity, magmatic or hydrothermal fluids, and often active tectonics on a volcanic edifice results in complex spatial and temporal variations in deformation kinematics. While this makes the recognition, assessment, and monitoring of volcano slope instability challenging, advancements in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology have significantly accelerated our knowledge of instability phenomena and our ability to assess their hazards. This review discusses the applications and challenges of SAR imagery to various slope instabilities at volcanoes around the world. SAR amplitude images are powerful tools for mapping areas of geomorphological changes. These snapshots can be combined using Interferometric SAR (InSAR) to create multi-temporal deformation maps that provide unique information on the evolution of slope failures. Space-borne InSAR has become an economic way to detect changes at volcanoes at very high resolution. Ground-Based InSAR (GBInSAR) can produce frequent SAR images (on the order of seconds to minutes), propelling InSAR from monitoring to surveillance and early-warning applications. However, interpreting InSAR-derived ground deformation signals related to volcano slope instability is still challenging. Deformation from magma rise or variations in hydrothermal systems may be inseparable from persistent, deep-seated flank motion. Similarly, shallow or localized ground motion may occur in overlap with thermal contraction or subsidence of newly emplaced lava or tephra deposits. If triggered to failure, landslides can vary over several magnitudes, from small-volume rock falls that pose only a localized hazard, to large-volume debris avalanches capable of travelling tens of kilometers away from the source. These collapses can have cascading hazards if accompanied by directed blasts or tsunamis, emphasizing the need for continued advancement of our understanding of these events and their consequences. To highlight the utility of SAR for measuring and monitoring mass movement, two case studies of Stromboli (Italy) and Pacaya (Guatemala) volcanoes are discussed in detail, where recent instability events, persistent volcanic activity, and ground truth constraints have resulted in excellent case-histories in applying SAR imagery to understand these potentially hazardous slope instabilities.

ACS Style

Lauren Schaefer; Federico Di Traglia; Estelle Chaussard; Zhong Lu; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. Monitoring volcano slope instability with Synthetic Aperture Radar: A review and new data from Pacaya (Guatemala) and Stromboli (Italy) volcanoes. Earth-Science Reviews 2019, 192, 236 -257.

AMA Style

Lauren Schaefer, Federico Di Traglia, Estelle Chaussard, Zhong Lu, Teresa Nolesini, Nicola Casagli. Monitoring volcano slope instability with Synthetic Aperture Radar: A review and new data from Pacaya (Guatemala) and Stromboli (Italy) volcanoes. Earth-Science Reviews. 2019; 192 ():236-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lauren Schaefer; Federico Di Traglia; Estelle Chaussard; Zhong Lu; Teresa Nolesini; Nicola Casagli. 2019. "Monitoring volcano slope instability with Synthetic Aperture Radar: A review and new data from Pacaya (Guatemala) and Stromboli (Italy) volcanoes." Earth-Science Reviews 192, no. : 236-257.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2018 in Remote Sensing
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In situ and remote-sensing measurements have been used to characterize the run-up phase and the phenomena that occurred during the August–November 2014 flank eruption at Stromboli. Data comprise videos recorded by the visible and infrared camera network, ground displacement recorded by the permanent-sited Ku-band, Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) device, seismic signals (band 0.02–10 Hz), and high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) reconstructed based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 imagery. This work highlights the importance of considering data from in situ sensors and remote-sensing platforms in monitoring active volcanoes. Comparison of data from live-cams, tremor amplitude, localization of Very-Long-Period (VLP) source and amplitude of explosion quakes, and ground displacements recorded by GBInSAR in the crater terrace provide information about the eruptive activity, nowcasting the shift in eruptive style of explosive to effusive. At the same time, the landslide activity during the run-up and onset phases could be forecasted and tracked using the integration of data from the GBInSAR and the seismic landslide index. Finally, the use of airborne and space-borne DEMs permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowing for the estimation of a total volume of 3.07 ± 0.37 × 106 m3 of the 2014 lava flow field emplaced on the steep Sciara del Fuoco slope.

ACS Style

Federico Di Traglia; Sonia Calvari; Luca D'Auria; Teresa Nolesini; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Alessandro Fornaciai; Antonietta Esposito; Antonio Cristaldi; Massimiliano Favalli; Nicola Casagli. The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 2035 .

AMA Style

Federico Di Traglia, Sonia Calvari, Luca D'Auria, Teresa Nolesini, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Alessandro Fornaciai, Antonietta Esposito, Antonio Cristaldi, Massimiliano Favalli, Nicola Casagli. The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (12):2035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federico Di Traglia; Sonia Calvari; Luca D'Auria; Teresa Nolesini; Alessandro Bonaccorso; Alessandro Fornaciai; Antonietta Esposito; Antonio Cristaldi; Massimiliano Favalli; Nicola Casagli. 2018. "The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12: 2035.

Research article
Published: 08 November 2018 in Bulletin of Volcanology
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Understanding the dynamics and effects of hydrothermal eruptions is crucial to the hazard assessment in both volcanic and geothermal areas. Eruptions from hydrothermal centres may occur associated with magmatic phases, but also as isolated events without magmatic input, with the most recent examples being those of Te Maari (Tongariro, New Zealand) in 2012 and Ontake (Japan) in 2014. The most recent caldera of the Island of Vulcano (southern Italy) hosts in its centre the La Fossa cone, active since 5.5 ka and now characterised by continuous fumarolic degassing. In historical times, La Fossa cone has experienced several hydrothermal eruptions, with the most violent event being the Breccia di Commenda eruption that occurred during the thirteenth century ad. Based on analysis of 170 stratigraphic logs, we show that the Breccia di Commenda eruption occurred in three main phases. After an opening, low-intensity ash emission phase (phase 1), the eruption energy climaxed during phase 2, when a series of violent explosions produced an asymmetric shower of ballistic blocks and the contemporaneous emplacement of highly dispersed, lithic-rich, blast-like pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The tephra units emplaced during phase 2, ranging in volume from 0.2 to 2.7 × 105 m3, were covered in turn by thin ash fall deposits (phase 3). The dynamics of the most violent and intense stage of the eruption (phase 2) was investigated by numerical simulations. A three-dimensional numerical model was applied, describing the eruptive mixture as a Eulerian–Eulerian, two-phase, non-equilibrium gas-particle fluid (plus a one-way coupled Lagrangian ballistic block fraction). At the initial simulation time, a mass of about 109 kg, with initial overpressure above 10 MPa, and a temperature of 250 °C, was suddenly ejected from a 200-m-long, eastward inclined, NNE–SSW trending fissure. The mass release formed blast-like PDCs on both sides of the fissure and launched ballistic blocks eastwards. Field investigations and numerical simulations confirm that hydrothermal explosions at La Fossa cone include intense ballistic fallout of blocks, emission of PDCs potentially travelling beyond the La Fossa caldera and significant ash fallout. The hazard associated with both ballistic impact and PDC ingress, as associated with hydrothermal eruption, is significantly larger with respect to that associated with Vulcanian-type events of La Fossa.

ACS Style

Mauro Rosi; Federico Di Traglia; Marco Pistolesi; Tomaso Esposti Ongaro; Mattia De’ Michieli Vitturi; Costanza Bonadonna. Dynamics of shallow hydrothermal eruptions: new insights from Vulcano’s Breccia di Commenda eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology 2018, 80, 83 .

AMA Style

Mauro Rosi, Federico Di Traglia, Marco Pistolesi, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, Mattia De’ Michieli Vitturi, Costanza Bonadonna. Dynamics of shallow hydrothermal eruptions: new insights from Vulcano’s Breccia di Commenda eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology. 2018; 80 (12):83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauro Rosi; Federico Di Traglia; Marco Pistolesi; Tomaso Esposti Ongaro; Mattia De’ Michieli Vitturi; Costanza Bonadonna. 2018. "Dynamics of shallow hydrothermal eruptions: new insights from Vulcano’s Breccia di Commenda eruption." Bulletin of Volcanology 80, no. 12: 83.