Dry reforming of methane (DRM) over an Ni-based catalyst is an innovative research area due to the growing environmental awareness about mitigating global warming gases (CH₄ and CO₂) and creating a greener route of synthesis. Herein, 5% Ni supported on ZrO₂ obtained from various sources was prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were calcined at 600, 700, and 800 °C. Furthermore, Ni-RC stabilized with MgO, SiO₂, TiO₂, and Y₂O₃ were tested. Characterization techniques employed comprise the N₂ physisorption, infrared spectroscopy, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis, XRD, and TEM. The results of the present study indicated that the ZrO₂ support source had a profound effect on the overall performance of the process. The best catalyst Ni-RC gave an average conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ of 61.5% and 63.6% and the least deactivation of 10.3%. The calcination pretreatment differently influenced the catalyst performance. When the average methane conversion was higher than 40%, increasing the calcination temperature decreased the activity. While for the low activity catalysts with an average methane conversion of less than 40% the impact of the calcination temperature did not constantly decrease with the temperature rise. The stabilization of Ni-RC denoted the preference Y₂O₃ stabilized catalyst with average values of CH₄ and CO₂ conversion of about 67% and 72%, respectively. The thorough study and fine correlation will be advantageous for technologically suitable Ni-15Y-RC catalysts for DRM.

Nickel catalysts supported on zirconium oxide and modified by various amounts of lanthanum with 10, 15, and 20 wt.% were synthesized for CO₂ reforming of methane. The effect of La₂O₃ as a promoter on the stability of the catalyst, the amount of carbon formed, and the ratio of H₂ to CO were investigated. In this study, we observed that promoting the catalyst with La₂O₃ enhanced catalyst activities. The conversions of the feed, i.e., methane and carbon dioxide, were in the order 10La₂O₃ > 15La₂O₃ > 20La₂O₃ > 0La₂O₃, with the highest conversions being about 60% and 70% for both CH₄ and CO₂ respectively. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed that the surface area of the catalysts decreased slightly with increasing La₂O₃ doping. We observed that 10% La₂O₃ doping had the highest specific surface area (21.6 m²/g) and the least for the un-promoted sample. The higher surface areas of the promoted samples relative to the reference catalyst is an indication of the concentration of the metals at the mouths of the pores of the support. XRD analysis identified the different phases available, which ranged from NiO species to the monoclinic and tetragonal phases of ZrO₂. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) analysis showed that the addition of La₂O₃ lowered the activation temperature needed for the promoted catalysts. The structural changes in the morphology of the fresh catalyst were revealed by microscopic analysis. The elemental compositions of the catalyst, synthesized through energy dispersive X-ray analysis, were virtually the same as the calculated amount used for the synthesis. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of spent catalysts showed that the La₂O₃ loading of 10 wt.% contributed to the gasification of carbon deposits and hence gave about 1% weight-loss after a reaction time of 7.5 h at 700 °C.

Chromium oxide supported on mesoporous organo-silica (MOS) was synthesized with different Cr loading by an incipient method. The catalytic performance of a Cr(x)/MOS catalyst for CO₂-based ethane dehydrogenation was investigated. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, SEM, XPS, FTIR, and UV–Vis DR measurements. The textural properties of the prepared samples showed that the mesoporous nature of MOS sample was not disturbed by chromium impregnation. Among the prepared samples, Cr(8)/MOS catalyst exhibited good distribution of chromium species along with superior concentration of Cr⁶⁺ and the highest recorded Cr⁶⁺/Cr³⁺ ratio. The results revealed that the superior catalytic performance was reached at Cr(8)/MOS, with 50.4% and 90.1% of ethane conversion and ethylene selectivity, respectively. The catalytic activity decreased slowly over reaction time; it declined approximately 22% after 10 h of stream operation. The roles of CO₂-based ethane dehydrogenation were also studied, where carbon dioxide can be a source of lattice oxygen and as a hydrogen consumer in reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The effect of various catalytic factors, such as catalytic temperature, reaction time, space gas velocity, and CO₂ partial pressure on the conversion of ethane, yield, and selectivity to ethylene, were investigated as well.

Catalysts of 10% Ni, supported on promoted alumina, were used to accomplish the partial oxidation of methane. The alumina support was doped with oxides of Mo, Mg, Ti and Y. An incipient wetness impregnation technique was used to synthesize the catalysts. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were described by XRD, H₂-TPR (temperature programmed reduction), BET, TGA, CO₂-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) and Raman. The characterization results denoted that Ni has a strong interaction with the support. The TGA investigation of spent catalysts displayed the anticoking enhancement of the promoters. The impact of the support promoters on the catalyst stability, methane conversion and H₂ yield was inspected. Stability tests were done for 460 min. The H₂ yields were 76 and 60% and the CH₄ conversions were 67 and 92%, respectively, over Ni/Al₂O₃+Mg, when the reaction temperatures were 550 and 650 °C, respectively. The performance of the present work was compared to relevant findings in the literature.

The dry reforming of methane is a highly popular procedure since it can transform two of the most abundant greenhouse gases, methane and carbon dioxide, into useful syngases that can be further processed into valuable chemicals. To successfully achieve this conversion for the effective production of syngas, an optimal catalyst with advantageous physicochemical features must be developed. In this study, a variety of Ni-based catalysts supported by zirconia alumina (5Ni-10Zr + Al) were prepared by using the impregnation approach. Different loadings of Fe promoter were used, and the performances of the resulting catalysts in terms of activity and stability were investigated. The catalyst used in this study had an active metal component made of 5% Ni and x% Fe supported on 10ZrO₂ + Al₂O₃, where x = (1, 2, 3, and 4). The physicochemical characteristics of both freshly calcined and used catalysts were studied using a range of characterization techniques, such as: N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, XRD, H₂-TPR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, and TEM. An investigation of the effects of the Fe promoter on the catalytic activity of the catalyst (5Ni + xFe-10Zr + Al) was conducted. Amongst the studied catalysts, the 5Ni + 3Fe-10Zr + Al catalyst showed the best catalytic activity with CH₄ and CO₂ conversions of 87% and 90%, respectively, and had an H₂/CO ratio of 0.98.

This study demonstrates the high efficiency and selectivity of p-toluenesulfonic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for simultaneous extractive denitrogenation (EDN) and desulfurization (EDS) of model fuel. Three DESs—TBPB:PTSA, TBAB:PTSA, and ChCl:PTSA (1:1 molar ratio)—were synthesized and evaluated for their effectiveness against representative heteroaromatic pollutants: thiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyridine, and carbazole. The phosphonium-based TBPB:PTSA exhibited the highest extraction performance, achieving over 96% removal of nitrogen species and up to 85% removal of sulfur species at 40 °C. Increasing the temperature enhanced desulfurization by reducing viscosity, thereby improving mass transfer kinetics. Additionally, a 3:1 ratio of DES to fuel provided an optimal balance between solvent economy and operational efficiency. Denitrogenation was driven by strong acid–base protonation facilitated by PTSA, while desulfurization was governed by π–π and dispersion interactions, modulated by the hydrophobicity of the cations. The DES achieved nearly quantitative nitrogen removal and satisfactory sulfur extraction after three reuse cycles, while multistage operation enabled complete purification within four extraction steps. ¹H NMR analysis confirmed that no DES components were found in the raffinate phase, verifying the immiscibility and stability of the solvent. These results indicate that TBPB:PTSA is a robust, regenerable, and environmentally benign solvent, effectively enabling simultaneous EDN–EDS of hydrocarbon fuels and positioning it as a promising green alternative to traditional hydrogen-based refining methods.