The present paper reports pollutant removal efficiencies and reliability for a four-stage hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) consisting of the following sequence of subsurface (SS), vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) beds: SSVF-SSHF-SSHF-SSVF. The experiments were carried out over a period of three years, with sampling done in each season: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Grab samples of wastewater collected from different stages of treatment were tested for total suspended solids (TSS), BOD₅, COD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The wetland was found to have a very high efficiency of removal of suspended solids and organics, with relatively little seasonal variability. The three-year average TSS removal efficiency was approximately 92.7%. The effectiveness of elimination of organic compounds was very high throughout the study period at 96.6% BOD₅ and 95% COD. The effluent from the four-stage system had significantly lower contents of TN and TP compared to the wastewater discharged from the first two beds of this facility.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of filters filled with Rockfos for removal of phosphorus (Total-P) from domestic wastewater using, Rockfos is a material obtained by calcination of carbonate-silica rock (opoka) at a temperature of 900 °C. A field study was conducted...

The work presented the assessment of household wastewater treatment plants with drainage systems on the quality of groundwater in dug wells and deep water wells in the area of 3 selected communes (Drelów, Dębowa Kłoda and Urszulin), located in the Lublin province in south-eastern Poland. The...

The paper discusses the status of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in Opole County (poviat) on the basis of results of a survey conducted in 2016 and official statistical data. Opole County is located in the northwestern part of the Lubelskie Voivodeship, Poland, and covers an...

The paper describes the status of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the Krasnik County. The description is based on the official statistical data and the data obtained in a survey carried out in 2016. The Krasnik County is located in the Lublin Province and comprises 10 communes: one urban commune (the Municipality of Krasnik), two urban-rural communes (Annopol and Urzedow), and seven rural communes (Dzierzkowice, Goscieradow, Krasnik, Szastarka, Trzydnik Duzy, Wilkolaz, and Zakrzowek). In 2016, an average of 90.9% of the County's inhabitants had the access to the mains water, but only 13.5% were connected to the mains sewerage. The County has six centralized wastewater treatment plants with a total capacity of approximately 14.164 m(3)/d. The survey data showed that the records of cesspools were kept in only four of the County's communes: the Municipality of Krasnik, Urzedow, Wilkolaz, and Zakrzowek. The total number of cesspools in those communes was 4776. The Krasnik County is in great demand for the construction of on-site domestic wastewater treatment plants, which are an excellent alternative to cesspools. The network of domestic wastewater treatment plants in the Krasnik County is made up almost entirely of systems with a drainfield, which may pose a serious threat to the soil and water environment. The results of the present study suggest that Commune Offices must take decisive steps to eliminate the existing disproportion between the coverages of the sewerage and water supply systems in the County's communes.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic pollution on the water quality of the Ciemięga River, which flows through the Jastków commune, located in the Lublin Province in the South-Eastern Poland. The analyses of the river water were conducted in the years 2019-2020....