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Karl Friedrich
Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 23 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Sensor-based and robot sorting are key technologies in the extended value chain of many products such as packaging waste (glass, plastics) or building materials since these processes are significant contributors in reaching the EU recycling goals. Hence, technological developments and possibilities to improve these processes concerning data analytics are evaluated with an interview-based survey. The requirements to apply data analytics in sensor-based sorting are separated into different sections, i.e., data scope or consistency. The interviewed companies are divided into four categories: sorting machine manufacturers, sorting robot manufacturers, recycling plant operators, and sensor technology companies. This paper aims to give novel insights into the degree of implementation of data analytics in the Austrian waste management sector. As a result, maturity models are set up for these sections and evaluated for each of the interview partner categories. Interviewees expressed concerns regarding the implementation such as a perceived loss of control and, subsequently, a supposed inability to intervene. Nevertheless, further comments by the interviewees on the state of the waste management sector conveyed that data analytics in their processes would also be a significant step forward to achieve the European recycling goals.

ACS Style

Karl Friedrich; Theresa Fritz; Gerald Koinig; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht. Assessment of Technological Developments in Data Analytics for Sensor-Based and Robot Sorting Plants Based on Maturity Levels to Improve Austrian Waste Sorting Plants. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9472 .

AMA Style

Karl Friedrich, Theresa Fritz, Gerald Koinig, Roland Pomberger, Daniel Vollprecht. Assessment of Technological Developments in Data Analytics for Sensor-Based and Robot Sorting Plants Based on Maturity Levels to Improve Austrian Waste Sorting Plants. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karl Friedrich; Theresa Fritz; Gerald Koinig; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht. 2021. "Assessment of Technological Developments in Data Analytics for Sensor-Based and Robot Sorting Plants Based on Maturity Levels to Improve Austrian Waste Sorting Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9472.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Detritus
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The amendment of the Waste Framework Directive of the European Commission has set a new target for the use of recyclates. It is one of the most significant findings of this strategy that recyclates are currently too infrequently integrated into new products. Glass recycling, however, is widely accepted by the society. The chemical and physical properties of glass enable an almost 100% rate of recycling. Furthermore, the society is experienced in separating glass by colour, resulting in high-quality recycling glass for the production of new glass. Cullets are significant here. Evidently, the price of recyclates is linked to the price of primary material. Practical experience has shown, however, that pricing also correlates with different quality parameters such as degree of mixing, degree of degradation and presence of impurities. This paper examines the correlation between different quality features and how they affect the price of cullets. Experts from the Austrian processing and recycling business were interviewed about the important parameters of their quality inspection and how they affect the pricing policy. Additionally, quality parameters for input and output material are included. Besides the interviews, specific questions on correlations between the price and quality of cullets were e-mailed to several stakeholders in the glass industry. Experts from the glass processing industry did not confirm a correlation between price and quality, however: higher quality does not necessarily mean higher prices. Glassworks are ready to pay higher prices for higher qualities in order to meet their sustainability objectives or to expand their production capacities.

ACS Style

Karl Friedrich; Stephan Holzschuster; Theresa Fritz; Roland Pomberger; Alexia Aldrian. Benchmark analysis for recycled glass in Austrian Waste Management. Detritus 2020, 87 -98.

AMA Style

Karl Friedrich, Stephan Holzschuster, Theresa Fritz, Roland Pomberger, Alexia Aldrian. Benchmark analysis for recycled glass in Austrian Waste Management. Detritus. 2020; (13):87-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karl Friedrich; Stephan Holzschuster; Theresa Fritz; Roland Pomberger; Alexia Aldrian. 2020. "Benchmark analysis for recycled glass in Austrian Waste Management." Detritus , no. 13: 87-98.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2019 in Detritus
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Plastic recyclates are granulates which are produced by the processing of plastic wastes. The circular economy package of the EU, especially the amendment of the Waste Framework Directive, sets a new goal for the use of different types of these recyclates. Corresponding primary raw materials can assure reliable qualities with respect to stable physical and chemical properties. Besides, the production of recyclates is often even more expensive than the production of primary raw material granulates. Several quality assurance measures are carried out along the value chain from plastic waste to final plastic products. Recyclates are evidently priced based on the price of primary raw material granulate. Pricing also correlates with different quality parameters, however, such as degree of mixing, degree of degradation and presence of impurities. This paper examines the correlation between different quality features and how they affect the pricing policy for recyclates. Experts and Stakeholders along the value chain of plastic recycling in Austria and Germany have been interviewed about the most important quality assurance parameters and how they (would) affect prices of recyclates. Therefore, quality parameters for the sorted plastic waste as an input for plastic waste recycling companies and manufactured recyclates are included in this paper. Experts from the plastic waste recycling industry confirmed that there is a profound correlation between price and quality that is presented and discussed in the paper: The higher the quality of the recyclates, the lower the level of impurities and the purer the recyclates, the higher the price.

ACS Style

Karl Friedrich; Selina Möllnitz; Stephan Holzschuster; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht; Renato Sarc. BENCHMARK ANALYSIS FOR PLASTIC RECYCLATES IN AUSTRIAN WASTE MANAGEMENT. Detritus 2019, 105 -112.

AMA Style

Karl Friedrich, Selina Möllnitz, Stephan Holzschuster, Roland Pomberger, Daniel Vollprecht, Renato Sarc. BENCHMARK ANALYSIS FOR PLASTIC RECYCLATES IN AUSTRIAN WASTE MANAGEMENT. Detritus. 2019; (9):105-112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karl Friedrich; Selina Möllnitz; Stephan Holzschuster; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht; Renato Sarc. 2019. "BENCHMARK ANALYSIS FOR PLASTIC RECYCLATES IN AUSTRIAN WASTE MANAGEMENT." Detritus , no. 9: 105-112.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Detritus
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The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an important issue of today’s society. Mechanical recycling makes more sense from an ecological point of view than chemical PET recycling. However, mechanical recycling still is highly susceptible to defilements. Therefore, intensive pre-treatment is necessary to ensure the mechanical production of high-quality recycled PET. An important step in this process is to separate the PET bottles from their labels/sleeves. For this purpose, a newly developed label remover was studied. In this study, it was found that the machine had a delabelling efficiency of 90 w%. The PET bottles that were not sufficiently delabelled (10 wt.%) on average had a significantly smaller bottle size. This means that a sharp screening step, prior to delabelling, could improve the delabelling efficiency furthermore. Additionally, the applicability of near-infrared sorting technology was tested to find out, whether it can be used for quality control. Tests showed that state-of-the-art technology could differentiate between labelled and delabelled PET bottles, enabling separation of labelled PET bottles from delabelled bottles via sensor-based sorting. Hence, the proportion of contaminated PET bottles could be reduced furthermore with additional processing steps.

ACS Style

Bastian Küppers; Xiaozheng Chen; Irina Seidler; Karl Friedrich; Karoline Raulf; Thomas Pretz; Alexander Feil; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht. INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MECHANICAL DELABELLING ON PET RECYCLING. Detritus 2019, ume 06 - J, 1 .

AMA Style

Bastian Küppers, Xiaozheng Chen, Irina Seidler, Karl Friedrich, Karoline Raulf, Thomas Pretz, Alexander Feil, Roland Pomberger, Daniel Vollprecht. INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MECHANICAL DELABELLING ON PET RECYCLING. Detritus. 2019; ume 06 - J ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bastian Küppers; Xiaozheng Chen; Irina Seidler; Karl Friedrich; Karoline Raulf; Thomas Pretz; Alexander Feil; Roland Pomberger; Daniel Vollprecht. 2019. "INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MECHANICAL DELABELLING ON PET RECYCLING." Detritus ume 06 - J, no. : 1.