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Tiziana Lazzarotto
Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Antibiotics
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Meropenem/Vaborbactam (MEM-VAB) is a novel carbapenem- β-lactamase inhibitor active against KPC-producing Enterobacteria. Herein, we evaluate the incidence of meropenem/vaborbactam-resistance among KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) bloodstream infection in a large Italian hospital. Meropenem/vaborbactam-resistance was found in 8% (n = 5) KPC-Kp, while 5% (n = 3) strains exhibited cross-resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ-AVI). Genomic analysis revealed that meropenem/vaborbactam-resistance was associated with truncated OmpK35 and insertion of glycine and aspartic acid within OmpK36 at position 134–135 (GD134–135). Notably, no specific mutation was associated to cross-resistance. No specific antimicrobial treatment was related to favorable clinical outcomes, while cross-resistance was not associated to higher clinical and/or microbiological failures. Our study indicated that resistance to meropenem/vaborbactam was due to porins mutations and is associated with reduced susceptibility to both ceftazidime/avibactam and carbapenems.

ACS Style

Paolo Gaibani; Donatella Lombardo; Linda Bussini; Federica Bovo; Beatrice Munari; Maddalena Giannella; Michele Bartoletti; Pierluigi Viale; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Simone Ambretti. Epidemiology of Meropenem/Vaborbactam Resistance in KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Bloodstream Infections in Northern Italy, 2018. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 536 .

AMA Style

Paolo Gaibani, Donatella Lombardo, Linda Bussini, Federica Bovo, Beatrice Munari, Maddalena Giannella, Michele Bartoletti, Pierluigi Viale, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Simone Ambretti. Epidemiology of Meropenem/Vaborbactam Resistance in KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Bloodstream Infections in Northern Italy, 2018. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (5):536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Gaibani; Donatella Lombardo; Linda Bussini; Federica Bovo; Beatrice Munari; Maddalena Giannella; Michele Bartoletti; Pierluigi Viale; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Simone Ambretti. 2021. "Epidemiology of Meropenem/Vaborbactam Resistance in KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Causing Bloodstream Infections in Northern Italy, 2018." Antibiotics 10, no. 5: 536.

Review
Published: 01 May 2021 in Viruses
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Cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMV-CMI) in actively infected healthy immunocompetent hosts has been poorly investigated. Conversely, correlates of maternal protective immunity for the fetus after primary infection in pregnancy continue to be studied. The kinetics and magnitude of CMV-specific CMI in immunocompetent primary CMV-infected adults are described. A literature review on CMV-CMI in primarily infected pregnant women and its correlation to the risk of vertical virus transmission is included. Immunological measurements after infection were performed by enzyme-linked ImmunoSPOT assay enumerating IFN-γ secreting CMV-specific T cells, at a single cell level, upon in vitro stimulation with viral antigens. Simultaneously, serological and virological profiles of infected patients were investigated. Patients displayed mild-to-moderate clinical and laboratory profiles for infection, and all showed positive EliSpot results in the early stage of infection (<20 days after onset). The virus-CMI was strong in the majority of patients (58.8%) in which the lowest CMV-DNAemia levels (<300 copies/mL) were detected. Significantly higher viral loads were observed in patients with weak CMV-CMI at the same time-point post-infection (up to 15,104 copies/mL; p < 0.001). T cell response magnitudes to IE-1 and pp65-UL83 peptides were overlapping and stable over time. In these case series, the early presence of CMV-CMI was probably pivotal in controlling viral replication and led to spontaneous viral clearance.

ACS Style

Angela Chiereghin; Gabriella Verucchi; Tiziana Lazzarotto. CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Immunocompetent Adults with Primary CMV Infection: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Viruses 2021, 13, 816 .

AMA Style

Angela Chiereghin, Gabriella Verucchi, Tiziana Lazzarotto. CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Immunocompetent Adults with Primary CMV Infection: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Chiereghin; Gabriella Verucchi; Tiziana Lazzarotto. 2021. "CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Immunocompetent Adults with Primary CMV Infection: A Case Series and Review of the Literature." Viruses 13, no. 5: 816.

Review
Published: 14 April 2021 in Antibiotics
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Background and aims: Only a few antimicrobials are effective against H. pylori, and antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem for eradication therapies. In 2017, the World Health Organization categorized clarithromycin resistant H. pylori as a “high-priority” bacterium. Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing can be used to prescribe appropriate therapies but is currently recommended only after the second therapeutic failure. H. pylori is, in fact, a “fastidious” microorganism; culture methods are time-consuming and technically challenging. The advent of molecular biology techniques has enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the results of original articles published in the last ten years, regarding the use of Next Generation Sequencing, in particular of the whole genome, to predict the antibiotic resistance in H. pylori. Methods: a literature research was made on PubMed. The research was focused on II and III generation sequencing of the whole H. pylori genome. Results: Next Generation Sequencing enabled the detection of novel, rare and complex resistance mechanisms. The prediction of resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin and amoxicillin is accurate; for other antimicrobials, such as metronidazole, rifabutin and tetracycline, potential genetic determinants of the resistant status need further investigation.

ACS Style

Ilaria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Angelo Zullo; Giulia Fiorini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Claudio Borghi; Dino Vaira. Next Generation Sequencing for the Prediction of the Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A Literature Review. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 437 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Saracino, Matteo Pavoni, Angelo Zullo, Giulia Fiorini, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Claudio Borghi, Dino Vaira. Next Generation Sequencing for the Prediction of the Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (4):437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Angelo Zullo; Giulia Fiorini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Claudio Borghi; Dino Vaira. 2021. "Next Generation Sequencing for the Prediction of the Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A Literature Review." Antibiotics 10, no. 4: 437.

Case report
Published: 26 March 2021 in Transplant Infectious Disease
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Human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8) infection is associated with neoplastic and non‐neoplastic diseases in immunocompromised patients. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a common malignancy reported in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR). Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), initially described in HIV patients, is characterized by high viral loads, elevated levels of cytokines, cytopenia, high fever, organ failure and poor outcome. We report the case of a 54‐year‐old patient who developed simultaneous occurrence of KS of lymph nodes and KICS as a complication of primary donor‐transmitted HHV‐8 infection, after heart transplantation (HT). The diagnosis, management and prognosis of this condition is unclear and needs a multidisciplinary approach.

ACS Style

Russo Antonio; Giovannini Laura; Conti Nicolina; Sabattini Elena; Vizioli Luca; Lazzarotto Tiziana; Potena Luciano; Pacini Davide; Galie’ Nazzareno. Donor‐derived human herpesvirus 8 infection with Kaposi sarcoma and Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome in a heart transplant recipient: A case report. Transplant Infectious Disease 2021, e13609 .

AMA Style

Russo Antonio, Giovannini Laura, Conti Nicolina, Sabattini Elena, Vizioli Luca, Lazzarotto Tiziana, Potena Luciano, Pacini Davide, Galie’ Nazzareno. Donor‐derived human herpesvirus 8 infection with Kaposi sarcoma and Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome in a heart transplant recipient: A case report. Transplant Infectious Disease. 2021; ():e13609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russo Antonio; Giovannini Laura; Conti Nicolina; Sabattini Elena; Vizioli Luca; Lazzarotto Tiziana; Potena Luciano; Pacini Davide; Galie’ Nazzareno. 2021. "Donor‐derived human herpesvirus 8 infection with Kaposi sarcoma and Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome in a heart transplant recipient: A case report." Transplant Infectious Disease , no. : e13609.

Case report
Published: 01 March 2021 in Infection and Drug Resistance
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Despite the effectiveness of the currently available antiviral drugs in treating cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, high rates of adverse effects are associated with their use. Moreover, a problem of increasing importance is the emergence of drug-resistant CMV infection. Here, we describe the first case of off-label use of letermovir (LMV) as preemptive antiviral therapy, in a pediatric allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipient with ganciclovir-resistant CMV infection who was intolerant to foscarnet and unable to achieve viral clearance after seven doses of cidofovir. After the administration of LMV, a gradual reduction in viral load was observed and within 6 weeks of LMV treatment, after more than 6 months of positive CMV-DNAemia, the patient cleared the infection. No adverse effects associated with LMV were observed during treatment. In this pediatric study case, the off-label use of LMV for the treatment of CMV infection has been well tolerated and proved to be effective in leading to the suppression of viral replication.

ACS Style

Angela Chiereghin; Tamara Belotti; Eva Caterina Borgatti; Nicola Fraccascia; Giulia Piccirilli; Maura Fois; Michele Borghi; Gabriele Turello; Liliana Gabrielli; Riccardo Masetti; Arcangelo Prete; Stefano Fanti; Tiziana Lazzarotto. Off-Label Use of Letermovir as Preemptive Anti-Cytomegalovirus Therapy in a Pediatric Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant. Infection and Drug Resistance 2021, ume 14, 1185 -1190.

AMA Style

Angela Chiereghin, Tamara Belotti, Eva Caterina Borgatti, Nicola Fraccascia, Giulia Piccirilli, Maura Fois, Michele Borghi, Gabriele Turello, Liliana Gabrielli, Riccardo Masetti, Arcangelo Prete, Stefano Fanti, Tiziana Lazzarotto. Off-Label Use of Letermovir as Preemptive Anti-Cytomegalovirus Therapy in a Pediatric Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2021; ume 14 ():1185-1190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Chiereghin; Tamara Belotti; Eva Caterina Borgatti; Nicola Fraccascia; Giulia Piccirilli; Maura Fois; Michele Borghi; Gabriele Turello; Liliana Gabrielli; Riccardo Masetti; Arcangelo Prete; Stefano Fanti; Tiziana Lazzarotto. 2021. "Off-Label Use of Letermovir as Preemptive Anti-Cytomegalovirus Therapy in a Pediatric Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant." Infection and Drug Resistance ume 14, no. : 1185-1190.

Original research article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Frontiers in Public Health
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Introduction: Few data on the diagnostic performance of serological tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are currently available. We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of five different widely used commercial serological assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies using reverse transcriptase-PCR assay in nasopharyngeal swab as reference standard test. Methods: A total of 337 plasma samples collected in the period April–June 2020 from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive (n = 207) and negative (n = 130) subjects were investigated by one point-of-care lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA IgG and IgM, Technogenetics) and four fully automated assays: two chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA-iFlash IgG and IgM, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech and CLIA-LIAISON® XL IgG, DiaSorin), one electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA-Elecsys® total predominant IgG, Roche), and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA IgA, Euroimmune). Results: The overall sensitivity of all IgG serological assays was >80% and the specificity was >97%. The sensitivity of IgG assays was lower within 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms ranging from 70.8 to 80%. The LFIA and CLIA-iFlash IgM showed an overall low sensitivity of 47.6 and 54.6%, while the specificity was 98.5 and 96.2%, respectively. The ELISA IgA yielded a sensitivity of 84.3% and specificity of 81.7%. However, the ELISA IgA result was indeterminate in 11.7% of cases. Conclusions: IgG serological assays seem to be a reliable tool for the retrospective diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. IgM assays seem to have a low sensitivity and IgA assay is limited by a substantial rate of indeterminate results.

ACS Style

Angela Chiereghin; Rocco Maurizio Zagari; Silvia Galli; Alessandra Moroni; Liliana Gabrielli; Simona Venturoli; Isabella Bon; Giada Rossini; Ilaria Maria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Silvia Lafratta; Alessandro Deni; Silvia Felici; Michele Borghi; Luca Guerra; Luigi Raumer; Vittorio Lodi; Pierluigi Viale; Luciano Attard; Tiziana Lazzarotto; IRCCS St. Orsola Polyclinic of Bologna COVID-19 Research Team. Recent Advances in the Evaluation of Serological Assays for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health 2021, 8, 620222 .

AMA Style

Angela Chiereghin, Rocco Maurizio Zagari, Silvia Galli, Alessandra Moroni, Liliana Gabrielli, Simona Venturoli, Isabella Bon, Giada Rossini, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Matteo Pavoni, Silvia Lafratta, Alessandro Deni, Silvia Felici, Michele Borghi, Luca Guerra, Luigi Raumer, Vittorio Lodi, Pierluigi Viale, Luciano Attard, Tiziana Lazzarotto, IRCCS St. Orsola Polyclinic of Bologna COVID-19 Research Team. Recent Advances in the Evaluation of Serological Assays for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 8 ():620222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Chiereghin; Rocco Maurizio Zagari; Silvia Galli; Alessandra Moroni; Liliana Gabrielli; Simona Venturoli; Isabella Bon; Giada Rossini; Ilaria Maria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Silvia Lafratta; Alessandro Deni; Silvia Felici; Michele Borghi; Luca Guerra; Luigi Raumer; Vittorio Lodi; Pierluigi Viale; Luciano Attard; Tiziana Lazzarotto; IRCCS St. Orsola Polyclinic of Bologna COVID-19 Research Team. 2021. "Recent Advances in the Evaluation of Serological Assays for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19." Frontiers in Public Health 8, no. : 620222.

Brief communication
Published: 15 December 2020 in American Journal of Transplantation
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Letermovir (LMV) inhibits HCMV replication by binding to components of the HCMV terminase complex showing a potential role in prevention of HCMV‐related complications in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (allo‐HSCTRs). However, little is known about breakthrough HCMV infection and the relevance of HCMV DNAemia during prophylaxis. We reported the results of a multicenter prospective study involving five Italian centers in the management of HCMV DNAemia in 75 adult HCMV‐seropositive allo‐HSCTRs undergoing LMV prophylaxis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the presence of real HCMV reactivation during LMV prophylaxis. Then, the presence of circulating infectious HCMV particles was determined by virus isolation and degradation of free‐floating viral DNA. This report provide the first evidence that during LMV prophylaxis the clinical relevance of HCMV DNAemia should be critically considered.

ACS Style

Irene Cassaniti; Anna Amelia Colombo; Paolo Bernasconi; Michele Malagola; Domenico Russo; Anna Paola Iori; Corrado Girmenia; Raffaella Greco; Jacopo Peccatori; Fabio Ciceri; Francesca Bonifazi; Elena Percivalle; Giulia Campanini; Giulia Piccirilli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Fausto Baldanti. Positive HCMV DNAemia in stem cell recipients undergoing letermovir prophylaxis is expression of abortive infection. American Journal of Transplantation 2020, 21, 1622 -1628.

AMA Style

Irene Cassaniti, Anna Amelia Colombo, Paolo Bernasconi, Michele Malagola, Domenico Russo, Anna Paola Iori, Corrado Girmenia, Raffaella Greco, Jacopo Peccatori, Fabio Ciceri, Francesca Bonifazi, Elena Percivalle, Giulia Campanini, Giulia Piccirilli, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Fausto Baldanti. Positive HCMV DNAemia in stem cell recipients undergoing letermovir prophylaxis is expression of abortive infection. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020; 21 (4):1622-1628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Cassaniti; Anna Amelia Colombo; Paolo Bernasconi; Michele Malagola; Domenico Russo; Anna Paola Iori; Corrado Girmenia; Raffaella Greco; Jacopo Peccatori; Fabio Ciceri; Francesca Bonifazi; Elena Percivalle; Giulia Campanini; Giulia Piccirilli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Fausto Baldanti. 2020. "Positive HCMV DNAemia in stem cell recipients undergoing letermovir prophylaxis is expression of abortive infection." American Journal of Transplantation 21, no. 4: 1622-1628.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020
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Testing represents one of the main pillars of public health response to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. This paper shows how accuracy and utility of testing programs depend not just on the type of tests, but on the context as well. We describe the testing methods that have been developed and the possible testing strategies; then, we focus on two possible methods of population-wide testing, i.e., pooled testing and testing with rapid antigen tests. We show the accuracy of split-pooling method and how, in different pre-test probability scenarios, the positive and negative predictive values vary using rapid antigen tests. Split-pooling, followed by retesting of negative results, shows a higher sensitivity than individual testing and requires fewer tests. In case of low pre-test probability, a negative result with antigen test could allow to rule out the infection, while, in case of a positive result, a confirmatory molecular test would be necessary. Test performance alone is not enough to properly choose which test to use; goals and context of the testing program are essential. We advocate the use of pooled strategies when planning population-wide screening, and the weekly use of rapid tests for close periodic monitoring in low-prevalence populations. (www.actabiomedica.it)

ACS Style

Chiara Reno; Jacopo Lenzi; Davide Golinelli; Davide Gori; Carlo Signorelli; John Kraemer; Michael A. Stoto; Elisa Avitabile; Maria Paola Landini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Maria Carla Re; Paola Rucci; Gloria Taliani; Davide Trerè; Caterina Vocale; Maria Pia Fantini. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Testing: The Tower of Babel. 2020, 91, e2020144 .

AMA Style

Chiara Reno, Jacopo Lenzi, Davide Golinelli, Davide Gori, Carlo Signorelli, John Kraemer, Michael A. Stoto, Elisa Avitabile, Maria Paola Landini, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Maria Carla Re, Paola Rucci, Gloria Taliani, Davide Trerè, Caterina Vocale, Maria Pia Fantini. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Testing: The Tower of Babel. . 2020; 91 (4):e2020144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Reno; Jacopo Lenzi; Davide Golinelli; Davide Gori; Carlo Signorelli; John Kraemer; Michael A. Stoto; Elisa Avitabile; Maria Paola Landini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Maria Carla Re; Paola Rucci; Gloria Taliani; Davide Trerè; Caterina Vocale; Maria Pia Fantini. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Testing: The Tower of Babel." 91, no. 4: e2020144.

Letter to the editor
Published: 01 October 2020 in Brain Pathology
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). COVID‐19 symptoms are not limited to the respiratory tract, but complications have been described involving other organs including brain. At present, data on SARS‐CoV‐2 neuropathological features are limited [4, 5, 8, 10] and most frequently focused on cases presenting neurological symptoms.

ACS Style

Viscardo P. Fabbri; Maria P. Foschini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Liliana Gabrielli; Giovanna Cenacchi; Carmine Gallo; Raffaele Aspide; Guido Frascaroli; Pietro Cortelli; Mattia Riefolo; Caterina Giannini; Antonietta D'errico. Brain ischemic injury in COVID‐19‐infected patients: a series of 10 post‐mortem cases. Brain Pathology 2020, 31, 205 -210.

AMA Style

Viscardo P. Fabbri, Maria P. Foschini, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Liliana Gabrielli, Giovanna Cenacchi, Carmine Gallo, Raffaele Aspide, Guido Frascaroli, Pietro Cortelli, Mattia Riefolo, Caterina Giannini, Antonietta D'errico. Brain ischemic injury in COVID‐19‐infected patients: a series of 10 post‐mortem cases. Brain Pathology. 2020; 31 (1):205-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viscardo P. Fabbri; Maria P. Foschini; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Liliana Gabrielli; Giovanna Cenacchi; Carmine Gallo; Raffaele Aspide; Guido Frascaroli; Pietro Cortelli; Mattia Riefolo; Caterina Giannini; Antonietta D'errico. 2020. "Brain ischemic injury in COVID‐19‐infected patients: a series of 10 post‐mortem cases." Brain Pathology 31, no. 1: 205-210.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Clinical Microbiology and Infection
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ACS Style

Lorenzo Zammarchi; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Massimo Andreoni; Susanna Giaché; Irene Campolmi; Lucia Pasquini; Mariarosaria Di Tommaso; Giuliana Simonazzi; Lina Rachele Tomasoni; Francesco Castelli; Luisa Galli; Beatrice Borchi; Pierangelo Clerici; Alessandro Bartoloni; Marcello Tavio; Michele Trotta. Valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: additional evidences, additional questions. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Zammarchi, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Massimo Andreoni, Susanna Giaché, Irene Campolmi, Lucia Pasquini, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Giuliana Simonazzi, Lina Rachele Tomasoni, Francesco Castelli, Luisa Galli, Beatrice Borchi, Pierangelo Clerici, Alessandro Bartoloni, Marcello Tavio, Michele Trotta. Valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: additional evidences, additional questions. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Zammarchi; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Massimo Andreoni; Susanna Giaché; Irene Campolmi; Lucia Pasquini; Mariarosaria Di Tommaso; Giuliana Simonazzi; Lina Rachele Tomasoni; Francesco Castelli; Luisa Galli; Beatrice Borchi; Pierangelo Clerici; Alessandro Bartoloni; Marcello Tavio; Michele Trotta. 2020. "Valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: additional evidences, additional questions." Clinical Microbiology and Infection , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 25 August 2020 in PLOS ONE
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This retrospective multicenter cohort study investigated the kinetics (ascending and descending phases) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA in whole blood (WB) and plasma samples collected from adult kidney transplant (KT) recipients. CMV-DNA kinetics according to antiviral therapy were investigated. Three hundred twenty-eight paired samples from 42 episodes of CMV infection and 157 paired samples from 26 episodes of EBV infection were analyzed by a single commercial molecular method approved by regulatory agencies for both matrices. CMV-DNAemia followed different kinetics in WB and plasma. In the descending phase of infection, a slower decay of viral load and a higher percentage of CMV-DNA positive samples were observed in plasma versus WB. In the 72.4% of patients receiving antiviral therapy, monitoring with plasma CMV-DNAemia versus WB CMV-DNAemia could delay treatment interruption by 7–14 days. Discontinuation of therapy based on WB monitoring did not result in relapsed infection in any patients. Highly different EBV-DNA kinetics in WB and plasma were observed due to lower positivity in plasma; EBV positive samples with a quantitative result in both blood compartments were observed in only 11.5% of cases. Our results emphasize the potential role of WB as specimen type for post-KT surveillance of both infections for disease prevention and management.

ACS Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto; Angela Chiereghin; Antonio Piralla; Dino Gibertoni; Giulia Piccirilli; Gabriele Turello; Giulia Campanini; Liliana Gabrielli; Cristina Costa; Giorgia Comai; Gaetano La Manna; Luigi Biancone; Teresa Rampino; Marilena Gregorini; Francesca Sidoti; Gabriele Bianco; Maria Vittoria Mauro; Francesca Greco; Rossana Cavallo; Fausto Baldanti; On Behalf Of The AMCLI-GLaIT. Kinetics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in whole blood and plasma of kidney transplant recipients: Implications on management strategies. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0238062 .

AMA Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto, Angela Chiereghin, Antonio Piralla, Dino Gibertoni, Giulia Piccirilli, Gabriele Turello, Giulia Campanini, Liliana Gabrielli, Cristina Costa, Giorgia Comai, Gaetano La Manna, Luigi Biancone, Teresa Rampino, Marilena Gregorini, Francesca Sidoti, Gabriele Bianco, Maria Vittoria Mauro, Francesca Greco, Rossana Cavallo, Fausto Baldanti, On Behalf Of The AMCLI-GLaIT. Kinetics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in whole blood and plasma of kidney transplant recipients: Implications on management strategies. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (8):e0238062.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto; Angela Chiereghin; Antonio Piralla; Dino Gibertoni; Giulia Piccirilli; Gabriele Turello; Giulia Campanini; Liliana Gabrielli; Cristina Costa; Giorgia Comai; Gaetano La Manna; Luigi Biancone; Teresa Rampino; Marilena Gregorini; Francesca Sidoti; Gabriele Bianco; Maria Vittoria Mauro; Francesca Greco; Rossana Cavallo; Fausto Baldanti; On Behalf Of The AMCLI-GLaIT. 2020. "Kinetics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in whole blood and plasma of kidney transplant recipients: Implications on management strategies." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8: e0238062.

Other
Published: 02 June 2020
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In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the absence of effective treatment or biomedical prevention, understanding potential post infection immunity has important implications for epidemiologic assessments. For this reason, increasing number of in vitro diagnostic companies are developing serological assays to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, but most of them lack the validation by third parties in relation to their quality, limiting their usefulness. We submitted to serological screening by two different immunochromatographic (IC) rapid testing for detection of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2, 151 asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic healthcare workers previously tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in order to evaluate the performance of rapid assays. Results showed discrepancies between molecular and IC results, and an inconsistency of immunoglobulins positivity patterns when compared to ELISA/CLIA results, highlighting the absolute necessity of assays performance validation before their marketing and use, in order to avoid errors in the results evaluation at both clinical and epidemiological level.

ACS Style

Andrea Bartolini; Margherita Scapaticci; Marina Bioli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Maria Carla Re; Rita Mancini. Immunochromatographic assays for COVID-19 epidemiological screening: our experience. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Andrea Bartolini, Margherita Scapaticci, Marina Bioli, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Maria Carla Re, Rita Mancini. Immunochromatographic assays for COVID-19 epidemiological screening: our experience. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Bartolini; Margherita Scapaticci; Marina Bioli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Maria Carla Re; Rita Mancini. 2020. "Immunochromatographic assays for COVID-19 epidemiological screening: our experience." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Microorganisms
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Hyperechogenic bowel (HB) is a nonspecific ultrasound finding that can be associated with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection. In this study, we investigated HB pathophysiology in CMV-infected fetuses. We examined small and large intestine as well as pancreas in 8 fetuses at 22 weeks of gestation with congenital CMV infection. Ultrasound findings showed 4 fetuses with HB and 4 without. As negative group, 4 fetuses without CMV infection and without HB were studied. Immunohistochemistry for CMV, lymphocytic infiltrate, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (bcl-2), CD-117, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) were performed. HB fetuses showed multiple and sequential CMV-positive ganglion cells of Auerbach’s myenteric plexus. In the ganglia, bcl-2 was weakly expressed representing a reduced neuronal functionality. CD-117 revealed a regular distribution of Cajal cells, the pacemakers of intestinal contractility. Pancreas showed normal CFTR staining, indicating a preserved exocrine secretion, thus unlikely a contributory factor in HB. In CMV-infected fetuses without HB, CMV-positive cells were scatteredly found in ganglion cells and bcl-2 was strongly expressed. Intestinal CD-117 and pancreatic CFTR expression were similar to fetuses with HB. In conclusion, fetal CMV infection of the bowel may lead to peristalsis impairment (paralytic ileus) due to intestinal plexus involvement, which at ultrasound appeared as HB.

ACS Style

Liliana Gabrielli; Maria P. Bonasoni; Angela Chiereghin; Giulia Piccirilli; Eva C. Borgatti; Giuliana Simonazzi; Nunzio C. M. Salfi; Ione Tamagnini; Tiziana Lazzarotto. Pathophysiology of Hyperechogenic Bowel in Congenitally Human Cytomegalovirus Infected Fetuses. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 779 .

AMA Style

Liliana Gabrielli, Maria P. Bonasoni, Angela Chiereghin, Giulia Piccirilli, Eva C. Borgatti, Giuliana Simonazzi, Nunzio C. M. Salfi, Ione Tamagnini, Tiziana Lazzarotto. Pathophysiology of Hyperechogenic Bowel in Congenitally Human Cytomegalovirus Infected Fetuses. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (5):779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liliana Gabrielli; Maria P. Bonasoni; Angela Chiereghin; Giulia Piccirilli; Eva C. Borgatti; Giuliana Simonazzi; Nunzio C. M. Salfi; Ione Tamagnini; Tiziana Lazzarotto. 2020. "Pathophysiology of Hyperechogenic Bowel in Congenitally Human Cytomegalovirus Infected Fetuses." Microorganisms 8, no. 5: 779.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Antibiotics
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Treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a challenge for clinicians. The large increase in drug-resistant strains makes the formulation of new therapeutic strategies fundamental. The frequent onset of side effects during antibiotic treatment (mainly due to intestinal dysbiosis) should not be underestimated as it may cause the interruption of treatment, failure of H. pylori eradication and clonal selection of resistant bacteria. Probiotic integration during antibiotic treatment can exert a dual function: a direct antagonistic effect on H. pylori and a balancing effect on dysbiosis. Therefore, it fulfills the definition of a new therapeutic strategy to successfully treat H. pylori infection. Data reported in literature give promising but discrepant results. Aim: To assess in vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of probiotic strains against H. pylori. Materials and methods: L. casei, L. paracasei, L. acidophilus, B. lactis and S. thermophilus strains were used. Agar well diffusion and time-kill curves were carried out to detect bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, respectively. Results: All probiotic strains showed both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity vs. H. pylori. Conclusions: Such findings prompted us to plan a protocol of treatment in which probiotics are given to infected patients in association with antibiotic therapy.

ACS Style

Ilaria Maria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Laura Saccomanno; Giulia Fiorini; Valeria Pesci; Claudio Foschi; Giulia Piccirilli; Giulia Bernardini; John Holton; Natale Figura; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Claudio Borghi; Berardino Vaira. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Probiotic Strains Against Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 244 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Maria Saracino, Matteo Pavoni, Laura Saccomanno, Giulia Fiorini, Valeria Pesci, Claudio Foschi, Giulia Piccirilli, Giulia Bernardini, John Holton, Natale Figura, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Claudio Borghi, Berardino Vaira. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Probiotic Strains Against Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (5):244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Maria Saracino; Matteo Pavoni; Laura Saccomanno; Giulia Fiorini; Valeria Pesci; Claudio Foschi; Giulia Piccirilli; Giulia Bernardini; John Holton; Natale Figura; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Claudio Borghi; Berardino Vaira. 2020. "Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Probiotic Strains Against Helicobacter pylori." Antibiotics 9, no. 5: 244.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the leading cause of both peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade MALT-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Although it is decreasing in developed countries, H. pylori prevalence remains high in developing areas, mainly due to low socio-economic levels, and the potential consumption of contaminated water. Moreover, a different pattern of primary antibiotic resistance is expected in their H. pylori isolates, potentially affecting the efficacy of standard eradication therapies. Indeed, a previous study showed the eradication rate following triple therapy was distinctly lower in dyspeptic H. pylori infected immigrants living in Italy as compared to Italian patients. Aims: to evaluate the resistance pattern in H. pylori isolates from immigrant patients in Italy, and the success rate of first-line therapy in these patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated data of consecutive immigrant patients, diagnosed with H. pylori infection in a single center (Bologna, Italy) between January 2009 and January 2019. Patients underwent first-line therapy with either sequential or Pylera® (Allergan USA, Inc. Madison, NJ, USA) therapy. Results: A total of 609 immigrants were diagnosed with H. pylori infection during the study period, but 264 previously received an eradication therapy. Therefore, the study was focused on 294 out of 345 naïve patients with a successful bacterial culture with antibiogram. Latin America immigrants had the highest overall resistance rate. Levofloxacin resistance rate was significantly higher in Latin Americans and Asians as compared with Europeans. Based on resistance patterns, sequential therapy showed a clear decreasing trend in eradication rates. Conclusions: while antibiotic resistance rates are generally increasing worldwide, Pylera® seems to achieve a good performance as first-line treatment in all naïve foreigner patients, except for Africans.

ACS Style

Giulia Fiorini; Ilaria Maria Saracino; Angelo Zullo; Matteo Pavoni; Laura Saccomanno; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Rossana Cavallo; Guido Antonelli; Berardino Vaira. Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy for H. pylori Infection in Immigrant Patients Treated in Italy. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 1299 .

AMA Style

Giulia Fiorini, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Angelo Zullo, Matteo Pavoni, Laura Saccomanno, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Rossana Cavallo, Guido Antonelli, Berardino Vaira. Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy for H. pylori Infection in Immigrant Patients Treated in Italy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (5):1299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Fiorini; Ilaria Maria Saracino; Angelo Zullo; Matteo Pavoni; Laura Saccomanno; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Rossana Cavallo; Guido Antonelli; Berardino Vaira. 2020. "Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy for H. pylori Infection in Immigrant Patients Treated in Italy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5: 1299.

Narrative review
Published: 11 April 2020 in Clinical Microbiology and Infection
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Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of neurological impairment for which, currently, there are no approved antenatal treatment options. Objectives The aim of this article was to summarize the available evidence on the use of valacyclovir during pregnancy to prevent and treat congenital CMV infection and disease. Sources Two databases (PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov) were reviewed. Content Six relevant documents were identified, namely one observational study, three clinical trials, two case reports. Most relevant findings were those from two clinical trials. A phase 2/3 placebo-controlled study showed a decrease of 71% (5 of 45 vs 14 of 47) in rate of CMV vertical transmission in women treated with 8 g/day valacyclovir following primary CMV infection in pregnancy. A phase 2, single-arm clinical trial, showed that 8 g/day valacyclovir administered to mothers of symptomatic infected foetuses increased the portion of asymptomatic neonates to 82% (34 of 41), compared with 43% (20 of 47) in untreated pregnancies from a historical cohort. Implications Studies in favour of using valacyclovir during pregnancy for prevention and treatment of congenital CMV infection are emerging but are still few. Randomized clinical trials on large cohorts of patients investigating the efficacy on prevention and treatment of congenital CMV are required. Unfortunately, this will be probably not be feasible at least in the short period. In the meantime, data on the ‘off label' use of valacyclovir for CMV in pregnancy could be collected within a multicentre observational study.

ACS Style

L. Zammarchi; T. Lazzarotto; M. Andreoni; I. Campolmi; L. Pasquini; M. Di Tommaso; G. Simonazzi; L.R. Tomasoni; F. Castelli; L. Galli; B. Borchi; P. Clerici; A. Bartoloni; M. Tavio; M. Trotta. Management of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: is it time for valacyclovir? Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020, 26, 1151 -1154.

AMA Style

L. Zammarchi, T. Lazzarotto, M. Andreoni, I. Campolmi, L. Pasquini, M. Di Tommaso, G. Simonazzi, L.R. Tomasoni, F. Castelli, L. Galli, B. Borchi, P. Clerici, A. Bartoloni, M. Tavio, M. Trotta. Management of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: is it time for valacyclovir? Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020; 26 (9):1151-1154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Zammarchi; T. Lazzarotto; M. Andreoni; I. Campolmi; L. Pasquini; M. Di Tommaso; G. Simonazzi; L.R. Tomasoni; F. Castelli; L. Galli; B. Borchi; P. Clerici; A. Bartoloni; M. Tavio; M. Trotta. 2020. "Management of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: is it time for valacyclovir?" Clinical Microbiology and Infection 26, no. 9: 1151-1154.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Antibiotics
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication fails in a definite amount of patients despite one or more therapeutic attempts. Curing these patients is progressively more difficult, due to development of antibiotic resistance. Current guidelines suggest testing antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori isolates following two therapeutic attempts. Aim: to evaluate the development of antibiotic resistance, MIC values trends and therapeutic outcomes in patients who failed at least one H. pylori eradication therapy. Methods: consecutive patients, referred to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) to our Unit from January 2009 to January 2019 following at least one therapeutic attempt were considered. Bacterial resistance towards clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin was tested. Patients received either a susceptibility-guided therapy or Pylera®. Results: a total of 1223 patients were H. pylori positive, and antibiotic susceptibility was available for 1037. The rate of antibiotic resistance and MIC values significantly increased paralleling the number of previous therapeutic attempts. Eradication rates of antibiogram-tailored therapies remained stable, except for the sequential therapy if used as a third line. As a rescue treatment, the Pylera® therapy achieved cure rates comparable to those of the other culture-guided therapies. Conclusions: A significant increase in the secondary resistance towards the three tested antibiotics was observed, both as rate and MIC values, in correlation with the number of therapy failures. These findings should be considered when administering an empirical second-line therapy. Pylera® therapy eradication rates are comparable to culture-tailored therapies.

ACS Style

Saracino I.M.; Pavoni M.; Zullo A.; Fiorini G.; Saccomanno L.; Lazzarotto T.; Cavallo R.; Antonelli G.; Vaira D.; I.M. Saracino; M. Pavoni; A. Zullo; G. Fiorini; L. Saccomanno; T. Lazzarotto; R. Cavallo; G. Antonelli; D. Vaira. Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy Outcome in H. pylori Eradication Failure Patients. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 121 .

AMA Style

Saracino I.M., Pavoni M., Zullo A., Fiorini G., Saccomanno L., Lazzarotto T., Cavallo R., Antonelli G., Vaira D., I.M. Saracino, M. Pavoni, A. Zullo, G. Fiorini, L. Saccomanno, T. Lazzarotto, R. Cavallo, G. Antonelli, D. Vaira. Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy Outcome in H. pylori Eradication Failure Patients. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (3):121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saracino I.M.; Pavoni M.; Zullo A.; Fiorini G.; Saccomanno L.; Lazzarotto T.; Cavallo R.; Antonelli G.; Vaira D.; I.M. Saracino; M. Pavoni; A. Zullo; G. Fiorini; L. Saccomanno; T. Lazzarotto; R. Cavallo; G. Antonelli; D. Vaira. 2020. "Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy Outcome in H. pylori Eradication Failure Patients." Antibiotics 9, no. 3: 121.

Article
Published: 15 February 2020 in Current Microbiology
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The efficacy of domestic laundering of healthcare staff clothing is still debated. This study aimed to compare the performance of decontamination of different domestic laundering with that of industrial laundering. Fourteen naturally contaminated white coats of healthcare workers (5 fabric squares from each coat) and fabric squares of artificially contaminated cotton cloth (30 fabric squares per each bacterial strain used) were included. Four domestic laundering procedures were performed; two different washing temperatures (40 °C and 90 °C) and drying (tumble dry and air dry) were used. All fabric squares were ironed. Presence of bacterial bioburden on the fabric squares after domestic and industrial laundering was investigated. None of the naturally contaminated fabric squares resulted completely decontaminated after any of the domestic washes. At 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, bacterial growth was observed in all the laundered fabric squares. Besides environmental microorganisms, potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e., Acinetobacter lwoffii, Micrococcus luteus, coagulase-negative staphylococci) were isolated. On the artificially contaminated fabric squares, the bioburden was reduced after the domestic laundries; nevertheless, both Gram-negative and -positive pathogenic bacteria were not completely removed. In addition, a contamination of the fabric squares by environmental Gram-negative bacteria was observed. In both the naturally and artificially contaminated fabric squares, no bacterial growth at all the time-points analyzed was observed after industrial laundering, which provided to be more effective in bacterial decontamination than domestic washes. For those areas requiring the highest level of decontamination, the use of specialized industrial laundry services should be preferred.

ACS Style

Angela Chiereghin; Silvia Felici; Dino Gibertoni; Claudio Foschi; Gabriele Turello; Giulia Piccirilli; Liliana Gabrielli; Pierangelo Clerici; Maria Paola Landini; Tiziana Lazzarotto. Microbial Contamination of Medical Staff Clothing During Patient Care Activities: Performance of Decontamination of Domestic Versus Industrial Laundering Procedures. Current Microbiology 2020, 77, 1159 -1166.

AMA Style

Angela Chiereghin, Silvia Felici, Dino Gibertoni, Claudio Foschi, Gabriele Turello, Giulia Piccirilli, Liliana Gabrielli, Pierangelo Clerici, Maria Paola Landini, Tiziana Lazzarotto. Microbial Contamination of Medical Staff Clothing During Patient Care Activities: Performance of Decontamination of Domestic Versus Industrial Laundering Procedures. Current Microbiology. 2020; 77 (7):1159-1166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Chiereghin; Silvia Felici; Dino Gibertoni; Claudio Foschi; Gabriele Turello; Giulia Piccirilli; Liliana Gabrielli; Pierangelo Clerici; Maria Paola Landini; Tiziana Lazzarotto. 2020. "Microbial Contamination of Medical Staff Clothing During Patient Care Activities: Performance of Decontamination of Domestic Versus Industrial Laundering Procedures." Current Microbiology 77, no. 7: 1159-1166.

Review
Published: 31 January 2020 in Frontiers in Pediatrics
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Maternal primary and non-primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy can result in in utero transmission to the developing fetus. Congenital CMV (cCMV) can result in significant morbidity, mortality or long-term sequelae, including sensorineural hearing loss, the most common sequela. As a leading cause of congenital infections worldwide, cCMV infection meets many of the criteria for screening. However, currently there are no universal programs that offer maternal or neonatal screening to identify infected mothers and infants, no vaccines to prevent infection, and no efficacious and safe therapies available for the treatment of maternal or fetal CMV infection. Data has shown that there are several maternal and neonatal screening strategies, and diagnostic methodologies, that allow the identification of those at risk of developing sequelae and adequately detect cCMV. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered in this field. Well-designed clinical trials to address several facets of CMV treatment (in pregnant women, CMV-infected fetuses and both symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates and children) are required. Prevention (vaccines), biology and transmission factors associated with non-primary CMV, and the cost-effectiveness of universal screening, all demand further exploration to fully realize the ultimate goal of preventing cCMV. In the meantime, prevention of primary infection during pregnancy should be championed to all by means of hygiene education.

ACS Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto; Daniel Blázquez-Gamero; Marie-Luce Delforge; Ina Foulon; Suzanne Luck; Susanne Modrow; Marianne Leruez-Ville. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Narrative Review of the Issues in Screening and Management From a Panel of European Experts. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020, 8, 13 .

AMA Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto, Daniel Blázquez-Gamero, Marie-Luce Delforge, Ina Foulon, Suzanne Luck, Susanne Modrow, Marianne Leruez-Ville. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Narrative Review of the Issues in Screening and Management From a Panel of European Experts. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2020; 8 ():13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiziana Lazzarotto; Daniel Blázquez-Gamero; Marie-Luce Delforge; Ina Foulon; Suzanne Luck; Susanne Modrow; Marianne Leruez-Ville. 2020. "Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Narrative Review of the Issues in Screening and Management From a Panel of European Experts." Frontiers in Pediatrics 8, no. : 13.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2020 in Vaccines
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infections are associated with cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases and tumors. Thus, the characterization of long lasting immunity to currently available HPV vaccines is important. A total of 149 female subjects vaccinated with Cervarix or Gardasil participated to the study and they were stratified according to age (10–12-year-old and 16–20-year-old). Humoral immune responses (IgG and neutralizing antibody titers, antibody avidity) and circulating memory B cells were analyzed after an average of 4–6 years from the third immunization. The humoral responses against HPV-16 and HPV-18 (and HPV-6 and HPV-11 for Gardasil) were high in both age groups and vaccines up to six years from the third dose. However, Cervarix induced significantly higher and more persistent antibody responses, while the two vaccines were rather equivalent in inducing memory B cells against HPV-16 and HPV-18. Moreover, the percentage of subjects with vaccine-specific memory B cells was even superior among Gardasil vaccinees and, conversely, Cervarix vaccinated individuals with circulating antibodies, but undetectable memory B cells were found. Finally, a higher proportion of Cervarix-vaccinated subjects displayed cross-neutralizing responses against non-vaccine types HPV-31 and HPV-45. Gardasil and Cervarix may, thus, differently affect long-lasting humoral immunity from both the quantitative and qualitative point of view.

ACS Style

Francesco Nicoli; Barbara Mantelli; Eleonora Gallerani; Valentina Telatin; Irene Bonazzi; Peggy Marconi; Riccardo Gavioli; Liliana Gabrielli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Luisa Barzon; Giorgio Palù; And Antonella Caputo. HPV-Specific Systemic Antibody Responses and Memory B Cells are Independently Maintained up to 6 Years and in a Vaccine-Specific Manner Following Immunization with Cervarix and Gardasil in Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Vaccination Programs in Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 26 .

AMA Style

Francesco Nicoli, Barbara Mantelli, Eleonora Gallerani, Valentina Telatin, Irene Bonazzi, Peggy Marconi, Riccardo Gavioli, Liliana Gabrielli, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Luisa Barzon, Giorgio Palù, And Antonella Caputo. HPV-Specific Systemic Antibody Responses and Memory B Cells are Independently Maintained up to 6 Years and in a Vaccine-Specific Manner Following Immunization with Cervarix and Gardasil in Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Vaccination Programs in Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Nicoli; Barbara Mantelli; Eleonora Gallerani; Valentina Telatin; Irene Bonazzi; Peggy Marconi; Riccardo Gavioli; Liliana Gabrielli; Tiziana Lazzarotto; Luisa Barzon; Giorgio Palù; And Antonella Caputo. 2020. "HPV-Specific Systemic Antibody Responses and Memory B Cells are Independently Maintained up to 6 Years and in a Vaccine-Specific Manner Following Immunization with Cervarix and Gardasil in Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Vaccination Programs in Italy." Vaccines 8, no. 1: 26.