According to recent studies, Norway spruce cones and eastern hemlock cones possess exceptionally high antioxidant capacities; however, the antioxidant efficiency of extractives and their bioactive effects have yet to be investigated in detail. The present article utilizes state-of-the art analytical chemical methodology and chemometric evaluation to reveal cone extractives with the highest antioxidant potential, accounting for possible bioactive effects. Antioxidant properties were determined by the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu’s total phenol content (TPC) assay. Structure and relative polyphenol concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/tandem mass spectrometry. The antibacterial testing was conducted using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. Using correlation analysis and factor analysis, a scoring evaluation was implemented to determine and compare the antioxidant efficiency of extractives. In Norway spruce, piceatannol-O-hexoside and coumaric acid derivatives were found to be the most powerful antioxidants, while in eastern hemlock, kaempferol glycosides were the most powerful. The antibacterial test did not show any promising antimicrobial activity against E. coli, although a visible inhibitory effect on S. aureus strain was observed.

In this paper, we describe a method to determine the power sum of the elements of the rows in the hyperbolic Pascal triangles corresponding to –4, q} with q ≥ 5. The method is based on the theory of linear recurrences, and the results are demonstrated by evaluating the k ^th power sum in the range 2 ≤ k ≤ 11.

A new generalization of Pascal's triangle, the so called hyperbolic Pascal triangles were introduced in \cite{BNSz}. The mathematical background goes back to the regular mosaics in the hyperbolic plane. The alternating sum of elements in the rows was given in the special case $\{4,5\}$ of the hyperbolic Pascal triangles. In this article, we determine the alternating sum generally in the hyperbolic Pascal triangle corresponding to $\{4,q\}$ with $q\ge5$.