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Dr. Simonetta Viviani
Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy

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Communication
Published: 12 July 2021 in Viruses
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The recent spreading of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, carrying several mutations in the spike protein, could impact immune protection elicited by natural infection or conferred by vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing activity against the viral variants that emerged in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1), and South Africa (B.1.351) in human serum samples from hospitalized patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first pandemic wave in Italy in 2020. Of the patients studied, 59.5% showed a decrease (≥2 fold) in neutralizing antibody titer against B.1.1.7, 83.3% against P.1, and 90.5% against B.1.351 with respect to the original strain. The reduction in antibody titers against all analyzed variants, and in particular P.1 and B.1.351, suggests that previous symptomatic infection might be not fully protective against exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying a set of relevant spike mutations.

ACS Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2021, 13, 1347 .

AMA Style

Claudia Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Alessandro Manenti, Linda Benincasa, Antonella Ruello, Emilio Bombardieri, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. 2021. "Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1347.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2021 in Pathogens
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Although in humans West Nile virus is mainly the cause of mild or sub-clinical infections, in some cases a neuroinvasive disease may occur predominantly in the elderly. In Italy, several cases of West Nile virus infection are reported every year. Tuscany was the first Italian region where the virus was identified; however, to date only two cases of infection have been reported in humans. This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of antibodies against West Nile virus in the area of Siena Province to estimate the recent circulation of the virus. Human serum samples collected in Siena between 2016 and 2019 were tested for the presence of antibodies against West Nile virus by ELISA. ELISA positive samples were further evaluated using immunofluorescence, micro neutralization, and plaque reduction neutralization assays. In total, 1.9% (95% CI 1.2–3.1) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4) of samples collected in 2016–2017 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 0.7% (95% CI 0.3–1.5) of samples. Additionally, 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.7) and 0.65% (95% CI 0.3–1.45) of samples collected in 2018–2019 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 0.5% (95% CI 0.2–1.3). Although no human cases of West Nile infection were reported in the area between 2016 and 2019 and virus prevalence in the area of Siena Province was as low as less than 1%, the active asymptomatic circulation confirms the potential concern of this emergent virus for human health.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens 2021, 10, 844 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, Simone Giannecchini, Maria Stincarelli, Gianvito Lanave, Michele Camero, Caterina Alessio, Rosa Coluccio, Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (7):844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. 2021. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019." Pathogens 10, no. 7: 844.

Abstract
Published: 24 June 2020 in Proceedings
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Before its recent spread, serological investigations conducted between the 1960s and the 1990s showed the wide presence of Zika virus in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, the entire Africa continent is at risk of Zika outbreak due to the presence of the virus, competent vectors, and the low capacity for surveillance and containment of an epidemic. However, limited data are available on the recent prevalence in the African population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunity against Zika virus in samples of a selected cohort from West Africa, in order to investigate the circulation of the virus in the region during the first years of its emergence in the Pacific. Human serum samples were collected in 2007 and between 2011 and 2012 from a cohort of subjects from Mali, Senegal, and The Gambia. The samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kit and positives were further confirmed by microneutralization test. The results indicate that Zika virus is present and actively circulating in Senegal and The Gambia, with prevalence values of 13.7% and 6.9% in 2012, respectively. Although no significant differences in prevalence were found for the considered time period, seroconversion of some subjects showed the active circulation of Zika virus in the West African area. Analysis by age showed an increase in immunity in relation to increasing age, demonstrating that the population is consistently exposed to the virus throughout life and with a high possibility of being infected during reproductive age. In conclusion, the obtained results allow for better knowledge of the circulation of Zika virus within three different ecological and demographic contexts, and represent an update to the limited data currently available.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings 2020, 50, 100 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Yuxiao Tang, Adele Boccuto, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Samba Sow, Aldiouma Diallo, Olubukola T. Idoko, Niranjan Bhat, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings. 2020; 50 (1):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012." Proceedings 50, no. 1: 100.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2020 in Viruses
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According to the World Health Organization, the entire African continent is at risk of a Zika outbreak. To increase data availability on the epidemiology of Zika virus circulation in Africa, we evaluated the immunity to Zika virus in a selected cohort of subjects from West Africa between 2007 and 2012. Human serum samples were collected in 2007 and in 2011/2012 from a cohort of 2–29-year-old subjects from Mali, Senegal, and The Gambia. A sample that tested positive by Zika virus IgG ELISA and by Zika virus microneutralization test was defined as positive. In 2007, the highest prevalence was 21.9%, found in Senegal among 18–29-year-old subjects. In 2011/2012, the highest prevalence, 22.7%, was found still in Senegal, but in 11–17-year-old subjects. During both study periods, the lowest prevalence was found in Mali, where few positive cases were found only in 18–29-year-old subjects. The Gambia showed an intermediate prevalence. In the three countries, prevalence was strongly associated with increasing age. This study contributes to understanding Zika virus circulation within three different ecological and demographic contexts with scarce or no data currently available. Results showed that Zika virus circulated actively in West Africa between the period 2007 and 2011/2012, but with some geographic specificity.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Yuxiao Tang, Adele Boccuto, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Samba Sow, Aldiouma Diallo, Olubukola T. Idoko, Niranjan Bhat, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses. 2020; 12 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012." Viruses 12, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2020 in Vaccines
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Varicella is a highly contagious, infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Those at higher risk of severe complications are immunocompromised individuals, adults, non-immune pregnant women, and newborns. According to the gestational time, when varicella-zoster virus infection is acquired during pregnancy, serious complications can potentially occur for both the woman and the fetus. The present study was conducted to assess the profile of varicella susceptibility in pregnant women in Apulia, a large region in Southern Italy, from 2016 to 2019. The data showed that pregnant women between the age of 15–24 and 40–49 years, the youngest and the oldest, respectively, are the most protected against varicella-zoster virus infection, exceeding the prevalence rate of 90%. Conversely, pregnant women between the age of 25 and 34 years seem to be the most vulnerable and the most at risk for acquiring varicella-zoster virus infection during pregnancy. Analysis of the immunity status against varicella should be introduced as a screening test before pregnancy, together with a strategic vaccination campaign targeting non-immune women of childbearing age, in order to reduce the risk of congenital and perinatal varicella.

ACS Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Rosa Coluccio; Serena Marchi. Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudia M. Trombetta, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, Rosa Coluccio, Serena Marchi. Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Rosa Coluccio; Serena Marchi. 2020. "Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy." Vaccines 8, no. 2: 1.

Short report
Published: 26 November 2019 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Prevention of congenital rubella is achieved by vaccination of susceptible women of childbearing age. In Italy, the National Plan for Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination 2010–2015 implemented catch-up vaccination activities targeting susceptible adolescents and young adults, including women of childbearing age. The aim of this study was to assess the immunity against rubella in women of childbearing age in Tuscany (Central Italy) and Apulia (Southern Italy) and pregnant women in Apulia after the implementation of the National Plan for Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination. Overall, anti-rubella IgG prevalence in women of childbearing age samples was 88.6% in Tuscany and 84.3% in Apulia. The lowest prevalence was observed in samples of 26–35 years old women of childbearing age in Apulia with 77.8%. Only 62.7% of samples from 26–35 years old pregnant women had IgG against rubella, and one sample out of 95 was positive to IgM. The findings of this study highlight the need for increasing awareness on the risk of contracting rubella infection during pregnancy and implement vaccination strategies to create opportunities for administration of rubella containing vaccines in young girls and women of childbearing age.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2019, 16, 895 -898.

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2019; 16 (4):895-898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2019. "Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 16, no. 4: 895-898.

Short report
Published: 20 June 2019 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Measles in pregnancy may lead to serious sequelae for newborns and mothers. In Italy assessment of immunity against measles is not recommended as pregnancy screening. This study aimed to assess the immunity against measles in pregnant women from Apulia Region in Southern Italy between 2016 and 2017. Overall, 96.9% of pregnant women were positive for anti-measles IgG, younger women aged 19–29 years had a seroprevalence below 90%. No samples were positive for anti-measles IgM. In conclusion, younger pregnant women showed to be at higher risk of contracting measles during pregnancy. These findings have implication for measles vaccination policy and highlight the need for measles antibody testing in pregnancy screening in Italy.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Martina Monti; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Measles in pregnancy: a threat for Italian women? Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2019, 15, 2851 -2853.

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Martina Monti, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Measles in pregnancy: a threat for Italian women? Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2019; 15 (12):2851-2853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Martina Monti; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2019. "Measles in pregnancy: a threat for Italian women?" Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 15, no. 12: 2851-2853.

Review
Published: 31 March 2015 in Tropical Medicine & International Health
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Dengue fever is globally considered underestimated. This study provides Expansion Factors (Efs) for dengue endemic selected countries and highlights critical issues in the use of EFs.

ACS Style

Nguyen T. Toan; Stefania Rossi; Gabriella Prisco; Nicola Nante; Simonetta Viviani. Dengue epidemiology in selected endemic countries: factors influencing expansion factors as estimates of underreporting. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2015, 20, 840 -863.

AMA Style

Nguyen T. Toan, Stefania Rossi, Gabriella Prisco, Nicola Nante, Simonetta Viviani. Dengue epidemiology in selected endemic countries: factors influencing expansion factors as estimates of underreporting. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2015; 20 (7):840-863.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen T. Toan; Stefania Rossi; Gabriella Prisco; Nicola Nante; Simonetta Viviani. 2015. "Dengue epidemiology in selected endemic countries: factors influencing expansion factors as estimates of underreporting." Tropical Medicine & International Health 20, no. 7: 840-863.