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Claudia M. Trombetta
Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy

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Communication
Published: 12 July 2021 in Viruses
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The recent spreading of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, carrying several mutations in the spike protein, could impact immune protection elicited by natural infection or conferred by vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the neutralizing activity against the viral variants that emerged in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1), and South Africa (B.1.351) in human serum samples from hospitalized patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first pandemic wave in Italy in 2020. Of the patients studied, 59.5% showed a decrease (≥2 fold) in neutralizing antibody titer against B.1.1.7, 83.3% against P.1, and 90.5% against B.1.351 with respect to the original strain. The reduction in antibody titers against all analyzed variants, and in particular P.1 and B.1.351, suggests that previous symptomatic infection might be not fully protective against exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying a set of relevant spike mutations.

ACS Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2021, 13, 1347 .

AMA Style

Claudia Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Alessandro Manenti, Linda Benincasa, Antonella Ruello, Emilio Bombardieri, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Emanuele Montomoli. Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Alessandro Manenti; Linda Benincasa; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Emanuele Montomoli. 2021. "Serum Neutralizing Activity against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1347.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2021 in Pathogens
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Although in humans West Nile virus is mainly the cause of mild or sub-clinical infections, in some cases a neuroinvasive disease may occur predominantly in the elderly. In Italy, several cases of West Nile virus infection are reported every year. Tuscany was the first Italian region where the virus was identified; however, to date only two cases of infection have been reported in humans. This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of antibodies against West Nile virus in the area of Siena Province to estimate the recent circulation of the virus. Human serum samples collected in Siena between 2016 and 2019 were tested for the presence of antibodies against West Nile virus by ELISA. ELISA positive samples were further evaluated using immunofluorescence, micro neutralization, and plaque reduction neutralization assays. In total, 1.9% (95% CI 1.2–3.1) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4) of samples collected in 2016–2017 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 0.7% (95% CI 0.3–1.5) of samples. Additionally, 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.7) and 0.65% (95% CI 0.3–1.45) of samples collected in 2018–2019 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 0.5% (95% CI 0.2–1.3). Although no human cases of West Nile infection were reported in the area between 2016 and 2019 and virus prevalence in the area of Siena Province was as low as less than 1%, the active asymptomatic circulation confirms the potential concern of this emergent virus for human health.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens 2021, 10, 844 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, Simone Giannecchini, Maria Stincarelli, Gianvito Lanave, Michele Camero, Caterina Alessio, Rosa Coluccio, Claudia Trombetta. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (7):844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Simone Giannecchini; Maria Stincarelli; Gianvito Lanave; Michele Camero; Caterina Alessio; Rosa Coluccio; Claudia Trombetta. 2021. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019." Pathogens 10, no. 7: 844.

Physiology
Published: 02 July 2021 in PLoS ONE
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SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is causing high morbidity and mortality burden worldwide with unprecedented strain on health care systems. To investigate the time course of the antibody response in relation to the outcome we performed a study in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. As comparison we also investigated the time course of the antibody response in SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic subjects. Study results show that patients produce a strong antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 with high correlation between different viral antigens (spike protein and nucleoprotein) and among antibody classes (IgA, IgG, and IgM and neutralizing antibodies). The antibody peak is reached by 3 weeks from hospital admission followed by a sharp decrease. No difference was observed in any parameter of the antibody classes, including neutralizing antibodies, between subjects who recovered or with fatal outcome. Only few asymptomatic subjects developed antibodies at detectable levels.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Edmond J. Remarque; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Valentina Bollati; Gregorio P. Milani; Alessandro Manenti; Giulia Lapini; Annunziata Rebuffat; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia M. Trombetta. Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0253977 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Edmond J. Remarque, Antonella Ruello, Emilio Bombardieri, Valentina Bollati, Gregorio P. Milani, Alessandro Manenti, Giulia Lapini, Annunziata Rebuffat, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia M. Trombetta. Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):e0253977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Edmond J. Remarque; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Valentina Bollati; Gregorio P. Milani; Alessandro Manenti; Giulia Lapini; Annunziata Rebuffat; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia M. Trombetta. 2021. "Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection." PLoS ONE 16, no. 7: e0253977.

Review
Published: 26 June 2021 in COVID
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This review explores and positions the value of serology testing to support current immunization policies and the broader policy response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in Europe. We applied an exploratory approach to analysing existing evidence, international recommendations, and national policies using desk research from secondary sources, document analysis, and expert information. Regional and country-level resources from five focus countries were included: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Seven experts in the fields of COVID-19 immunization, serology testing, seroepidemiology, and vaccine safety and effectiveness studies contributed to the review and convened in two online panel sessions. The paper includes an overview of (1) the impact of the pandemic to date, (2) testing strategies, (3) COVID-19 vaccination policies, (4) lessons on using serology testing to support immunization, (5) current policies and recommendations on the use of a serology testing strategy, and (6) implementation barriers and challenges. Finally, this paper also provides a set of knowledge-based recommendations to advance the effective and timely inclusion of serology testing and resolve impeding knowledge gaps. The recommendations herein are intended to support timely decision-making, raise awareness, guide advocacy initiatives, and inspire future studies.

ACS Style

Paolo Bonanni; Rafael Cantón; Dipender Gill; Philippe Halfon; Uwe Liebert; Katya Crespo; Jaime Martín; Claudia Trombetta. The Role of Serology Testing to Strengthen Vaccination Initiatives and Policies for COVID-19 in Europe. COVID 2021, 1, 20 -38.

AMA Style

Paolo Bonanni, Rafael Cantón, Dipender Gill, Philippe Halfon, Uwe Liebert, Katya Crespo, Jaime Martín, Claudia Trombetta. The Role of Serology Testing to Strengthen Vaccination Initiatives and Policies for COVID-19 in Europe. COVID. 2021; 1 (1):20-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paolo Bonanni; Rafael Cantón; Dipender Gill; Philippe Halfon; Uwe Liebert; Katya Crespo; Jaime Martín; Claudia Trombetta. 2021. "The Role of Serology Testing to Strengthen Vaccination Initiatives and Policies for COVID-19 in Europe." COVID 1, no. 1: 20-38.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In Italy, the influenza season lasts from October until April of the following year. Influenza A and B viruses are the two viral types that cocirculate during seasonal epidemics and are the main causes of respiratory infections. We analyzed influenza A and B viruses in samples from hospitalized patients at Le Scotte University Hospital in Siena (Central Italy). From 2015 to 2020, 182 patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections were enrolled. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from patients and tested by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to identify influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B. Epidemiological and virological surveillance remain an essential tool for monitoring circulating viruses and possible mismatches with seasonal vaccine strains, and provide information that can be used to improve the composition of influenza vaccines.

ACS Style

Ilaria Manini; Andrea Camarri; Serena Marchi; Claudia Trombetta; Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Giacomo Lazzeri; Giovanni Bova; Emanuele Montomoli; Pier Capecchi. Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3875 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Manini, Andrea Camarri, Serena Marchi, Claudia Trombetta, Ilaria Vicenti, Filippo Dragoni, Giacomo Lazzeri, Giovanni Bova, Emanuele Montomoli, Pier Capecchi. Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3875.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Manini; Andrea Camarri; Serena Marchi; Claudia Trombetta; Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Giacomo Lazzeri; Giovanni Bova; Emanuele Montomoli; Pier Capecchi. 2021. "Surveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections among Hospitalized Subjects from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020 Seasons in Tuscany, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3875.

Preprint content
Published: 31 March 2021
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SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is causing high morbidity and mortality burden worldwide with unprecedented strain on health care systems. To elucidate the mechanism of infection, protection, or rapid evolution until fatal outcome of the disease we performed a study in hospitalized COVID-19 patients to investigate the time course of the antibody response in relation to the outcome. In comparison we investigated the time course of the antibody response in SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic subjects. Study results show that patients produce a strong antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 with high correlation between different viral antigens (spike protein and nucleoprotein) and among antibody classes (IgA, IgG, and IgM and neutralizing antibodies). The peak is reached by 3 weeks from hospital admission followed by a sharp decrease. No difference was observed in any parameter of the antibody classes, including neutralizing antibodies, between subjects who recovered or with fatal outcome. Only few asymptomatic subjects developed antibodies at detectable levels.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Viviani Simonetta; Edmond Remarque; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Valentina Bollati; Gregorio Milani; Alessandro Manenti; Giulia Lapini; Annunziata Rebuffat; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Trombetta. Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Viviani Simonetta, Edmond Remarque, Antonella Ruello, Emilio Bombardieri, Valentina Bollati, Gregorio Milani, Alessandro Manenti, Giulia Lapini, Annunziata Rebuffat, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Trombetta. Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Viviani Simonetta; Edmond Remarque; Antonella Ruello; Emilio Bombardieri; Valentina Bollati; Gregorio Milani; Alessandro Manenti; Giulia Lapini; Annunziata Rebuffat; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Trombetta. 2021. "Characterization of antibody response in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection." , no. : 1.

Communication
Published: 17 February 2021 in Vaccines
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Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of equines that is caused mainly by the H3N8 subtype of influenza A virus. Vaccinating horses against EI is the most effective strategy to prevent the infection. The current study aimed to compare the kinetics of EI-specific humoral- and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in horses receiving either identical or mixed vaccinations. Two groups of horses were previously (six months prior) vaccinated with either Calvenza 03 EIV EHV® (G1) or Fluvac Innovator® (G2) vaccine. Subsequently, both groups received a booster single dose of Calvenza 03 EIV EHV®. Immune responses were assessed after 10 weeks using single radial hemolysis (SRH), virus neutralization (VN), and EliSpot assays. Our results revealed that Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV®-immunized horses had significantly higher protective EI-specific SRH antibodies and VN antibodies. Booster immunization with Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® vaccine significantly stimulated cell-mediated immune response as evidenced by significant increase in interferon-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® vaccine can be safely and effectively used for booster immunization to elicit optimal long persisting humoral and CMI responses even if the horses were previously immunized with a heterogeneous vaccine.

ACS Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj; Tobias Bergmann; Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Sidi Alami; Roberto Ragni-Alunni; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Walid Azab. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 166 .

AMA Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj, Tobias Bergmann, Claudia Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Sidi Alami, Roberto Ragni-Alunni, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Walid Azab. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (2):166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Selvaraj Pavulraj; Tobias Bergmann; Claudia Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Sidi Alami; Roberto Ragni-Alunni; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Walid Azab. 2021. "Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study." Vaccines 9, no. 2: 166.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Vaccines
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Influenza B is responsible for a significant proportion of the global morbidity, mortality and economic loss caused by influenza-related disease. Two antigenically distinct lineages co-circulate worldwide, often resulting in mismatches in vaccine coverage when vaccine predictions fail. There are currently operational issues with gold standard serological assays for influenza B, such as lack of sensitivity and requirement for specific antigen treatment. This study encompasses the gold standard assays with the more recent Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation assay in order to study comparative serological outcomes. Haemagglutination Inhibition, Single Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation correlated strongly for strains in the Yamagata lineage; however, it correlated with neither gold standard assays for the Victoria lineage.

ACS Style

George Carnell; Claudia Trombetta; Francesca Ferrara; Emanuele Montomoli; Nigel Temperton. Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines. Vaccines 2021, 9, 100 .

AMA Style

George Carnell, Claudia Trombetta, Francesca Ferrara, Emanuele Montomoli, Nigel Temperton. Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (2):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Carnell; Claudia Trombetta; Francesca Ferrara; Emanuele Montomoli; Nigel Temperton. 2021. "Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 2: 100.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Journal of General Virology
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Recent studies have suggested that the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) may exert an HIV-1 latency reversal effect. This study aimed at defining MVC-mediated induction of HIV-1 in three cell line latency models and in ex vivo CD4 T cells from six patients with suppressed viraemia. HIV-1 induction was evaluated in TZM-bl cells by measuring HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase expression, and in ACH-2 and U1 latently infected cell lines by measuring cell-free (CFR) and cell-associated (CAR) HIV-1 RNA by qPCR. NF-κB p65 was quantified in nuclear extracts by immunodetection. In ex vivo CD4 T cells, CAR, CFR and cell-associated DNA (CAD) were quantified at baseline and 1–7–14 days post-induction (T1, T7, T14). At T7 and T14, the infectivity of the CD4 T cells co-cultured with MOLT-4/CCR5 target cells was evaluated in the TZM-bl assay (TZA). Results were expressed as fold activation (FA) with respect to untreated cells. No LTR activation was observed in TZM-bl cells at any MVC concentration. NF-κB activation was only modestly upregulated (1.6±0.4) in TZM-bl cells with 5 µM MVC. Significant FA of HIV-1 expression was only detected at 80 µM MVC, namely on HIV-1 CFR in U1 (3.1±0.9; P=0.034) and ACH-2 cells (3.9±1.4; P=0.037). CFR was only weakly stimulated at 20 µM in ACH-2 (1.7±1.0 FA) cells and at 5 µM in U1 cells (1.9±0.5 FA). Although no consistent pattern of MVC-mediated activation was observed in ex vivo experiments, substantial FA values were detected sparsely on individual samples with different parameters. Notably, in one sample, MVC stimulated all parameters at T7 (2.3±0.2 CAD, 6.8±3.7 CAR, 18.7±16.7 CFR, 7.3±0.2 TZA). In conclusion, MVC variably induces HIV-1 production in some cell line models not previously used to test its latency reversal potential. In ex vivo CD4 T cells, MVC may exert patient-specific HIV-1 induction; however, clinically relevant patterns, if any, remain to be defined.

ACS Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Martina Monti; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Alessia Giannini; Adele Boccuto; Francesco Saladini; Barbara Rossetti; Andrea De Luca; Annalisa Ciabattini; Gabiria Pastore; Donata Medaglini; Giancarlo Orofino; Emanuele Montomoli; Maurizio Zazzi. Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells. Journal of General Virology 2021, 102, jgv001499 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Vicenti, Filippo Dragoni, Martina Monti, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Alessia Giannini, Adele Boccuto, Francesco Saladini, Barbara Rossetti, Andrea De Luca, Annalisa Ciabattini, Gabiria Pastore, Donata Medaglini, Giancarlo Orofino, Emanuele Montomoli, Maurizio Zazzi. Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells. Journal of General Virology. 2021; 102 (1):jgv001499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Vicenti; Filippo Dragoni; Martina Monti; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Alessia Giannini; Adele Boccuto; Francesco Saladini; Barbara Rossetti; Andrea De Luca; Annalisa Ciabattini; Gabiria Pastore; Donata Medaglini; Giancarlo Orofino; Emanuele Montomoli; Maurizio Zazzi. 2021. "Maraviroc as a potential HIV-1 latency-reversing agent in cell line models and ex vivo CD4 T cells." Journal of General Virology 102, no. 1: jgv001499.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Vaccines
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After the influenza H1N1 pandemic of 2009, the seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 strain was replaced by the A/California/07/2009 strain for the influenza virus vaccine composition. After several seasons with no indications on the occurrence of antigenic drift, A/Michigan/45/2015 was chosen as the H1N1 vaccine strain for the 2017/2018 season. Since the immune response to influenza is shaped by the history of exposure to antigenically similar strains, the potential cross-protection between seasonal human influenza vaccine strains and the emerging pandemic strains was investigated. Human serum samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis assays against A/Brisbane/59/2007, A/California/07/2009, and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains. Strong cross-reactions between A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains were observed in 2009/2010, most likely induced by the start of the 2009 pandemic, and the subsequent post-pandemic seasons from 2010/2011 onward when A/California/07/2009 became the predominant strain. In the 2014/2015 season, population immunity against A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains increased again, associated with strong cross-reactions. Whereas hemagglutination inhibition assay has a higher sensitivity for detection of new seasonal drift, the single radial hemolysis assay is an excellent tool for determining the presence of pre-existing immunity, allowing a potential prediction on the booster potential of influenza vaccines against newly emerging drifted strains.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. Vaccines 2020, 8, 656 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Pietro Piu, Edmond J. Remarque, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Tommaso Carli, Giacomo Lazzeri, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (4):656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Serologically-Based Evaluation of Cross-Protection Antibody Responses among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains." Vaccines 8, no. 4: 656.

Preprint
Published: 05 October 2020
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After the influenza H1N1 pandemic of 2009, the seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 strain was replaced by the A/California/07/2009 strain for the influenza virus vaccine composition. After several seasons with no indications on the occurrence of antigenic drift, A/Michigan/45/2015 was chosen as the H1N1 vaccine strain for season 2017/2018. Since the immune response to influenza is shaped by the history of exposure to antigenically similar strains, the potential cross-protection between seasonal human influenza vaccine strains and the emerging pandemic strains was investigated. Human serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis assays against A/Brisbane/59/2007, A/California/07/2009, and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains. Strong cross-reactions between A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains were observed in 2009/2010, most likely induced by the start of the 2009 pandemic, and the subsequent post-pandemic seasons from 2010/2011 onwards when A/California/07/2009 becomes the predominant strain. In 2014/2015 season, population immunity against A/California/07/2009 and A/Michigan/45/2015 strains increased again, associated with strong cross-reactions. While haemagglutination inhibition assay has a higher sensitivity for detection of new seasonal drift, the single radial haemolysis assay is an excellent tool to determine the presence of pre-existing immunity, allowing a potential prediction on the booster potential of influenza vaccines against newly emerging drifted strains.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Pietro Piu, Edmond J. Remarque, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Tommaso Carli, Giacomo Lazzeri, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Pietro Piu; Edmond J. Remarque; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Tommaso Carli; Giacomo Lazzeri; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Serologically-based Evaluation of Cross-protection Antibody Responses Among Different A(H1N1) Influenza Strains." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2020 in Pathogens
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People with some occupational or recreational activities, such as hunters and veterinarians, may have increased risk to be infected by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The aim of the present study was to establish whether forestry workers could be considered at a higher risk of HEV infection than a control group. One hundred and fifty sera from forestry workers and a control group of 85 sera were analysed by anti-HEV IgG antibodies detection using a commercial ELISA kit. The anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was 14% for forestry workers and 9.4% for the control group. Comparing the risk of HEV infection in the two groups, there was no difference in the odds ratio. However, the seroprevalence in older subjects was higher in the forestry workers than in the control group. Two sera from forestry workers were also positive for anti-HEV IgM, and, in one of them, HEV-RNA was detected. Our findings showed an increase of seroprevalence with age, which is likely to reflect cumulative exposure to HEV over time. The occupation of forestry workers did not seem to be associated with a higher risk of HEV infection. The study provided new insights into the risk of acquiring HEV in occupational exposure workers with open-air activities.

ACS Style

Marina Monini; Fabio Ostanello; Alessandra Dominicis; Valentina Tagliapietra; Gabriele Vaccari; Annapaola Rizzoli; Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Di Bartolo. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy). Pathogens 2020, 9, 568 .

AMA Style

Marina Monini, Fabio Ostanello, Alessandra Dominicis, Valentina Tagliapietra, Gabriele Vaccari, Annapaola Rizzoli, Claudia M. Trombetta, Emanuele Montomoli, Ilaria Di Bartolo. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy). Pathogens. 2020; 9 (7):568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Monini; Fabio Ostanello; Alessandra Dominicis; Valentina Tagliapietra; Gabriele Vaccari; Annapaola Rizzoli; Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Ilaria Di Bartolo. 2020. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Forestry Workers from Trentino-Alto Adige Region (Northern Italy)." Pathogens 9, no. 7: 568.

Abstract
Published: 24 June 2020 in Proceedings
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Before its recent spread, serological investigations conducted between the 1960s and the 1990s showed the wide presence of Zika virus in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, the entire Africa continent is at risk of Zika outbreak due to the presence of the virus, competent vectors, and the low capacity for surveillance and containment of an epidemic. However, limited data are available on the recent prevalence in the African population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunity against Zika virus in samples of a selected cohort from West Africa, in order to investigate the circulation of the virus in the region during the first years of its emergence in the Pacific. Human serum samples were collected in 2007 and between 2011 and 2012 from a cohort of subjects from Mali, Senegal, and The Gambia. The samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kit and positives were further confirmed by microneutralization test. The results indicate that Zika virus is present and actively circulating in Senegal and The Gambia, with prevalence values of 13.7% and 6.9% in 2012, respectively. Although no significant differences in prevalence were found for the considered time period, seroconversion of some subjects showed the active circulation of Zika virus in the West African area. Analysis by age showed an increase in immunity in relation to increasing age, demonstrating that the population is consistently exposed to the virus throughout life and with a high possibility of being infected during reproductive age. In conclusion, the obtained results allow for better knowledge of the circulation of Zika virus within three different ecological and demographic contexts, and represent an update to the limited data currently available.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings 2020, 50, 100 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Yuxiao Tang, Adele Boccuto, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Samba Sow, Aldiouma Diallo, Olubukola T. Idoko, Niranjan Bhat, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012. Proceedings. 2020; 50 (1):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Zika Virus Epidemiology in Selected West African Countries between 2007 and 2012." Proceedings 50, no. 1: 100.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2020 in Viruses
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According to the World Health Organization, the entire African continent is at risk of a Zika outbreak. To increase data availability on the epidemiology of Zika virus circulation in Africa, we evaluated the immunity to Zika virus in a selected cohort of subjects from West Africa between 2007 and 2012. Human serum samples were collected in 2007 and in 2011/2012 from a cohort of 2–29-year-old subjects from Mali, Senegal, and The Gambia. A sample that tested positive by Zika virus IgG ELISA and by Zika virus microneutralization test was defined as positive. In 2007, the highest prevalence was 21.9%, found in Senegal among 18–29-year-old subjects. In 2011/2012, the highest prevalence, 22.7%, was found still in Senegal, but in 11–17-year-old subjects. During both study periods, the lowest prevalence was found in Mali, where few positive cases were found only in 18–29-year-old subjects. The Gambia showed an intermediate prevalence. In the three countries, prevalence was strongly associated with increasing age. This study contributes to understanding Zika virus circulation within three different ecological and demographic contexts with scarce or no data currently available. Results showed that Zika virus circulated actively in West Africa between the period 2007 and 2011/2012, but with some geographic specificity.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Yuxiao Tang, Adele Boccuto, Ilaria Vicenti, Maurizio Zazzi, Samba Sow, Aldiouma Diallo, Olubukola T. Idoko, Niranjan Bhat, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses. 2020; 12 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Yuxiao Tang; Adele Boccuto; Ilaria Vicenti; Maurizio Zazzi; Samba Sow; Aldiouma Diallo; Olubukola T. Idoko; Niranjan Bhat; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Zika Virus in West Africa: A Seroepidemiological Study between 2007 and 2012." Viruses 12, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2020 in Vaccines
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Varicella is a highly contagious, infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Those at higher risk of severe complications are immunocompromised individuals, adults, non-immune pregnant women, and newborns. According to the gestational time, when varicella-zoster virus infection is acquired during pregnancy, serious complications can potentially occur for both the woman and the fetus. The present study was conducted to assess the profile of varicella susceptibility in pregnant women in Apulia, a large region in Southern Italy, from 2016 to 2019. The data showed that pregnant women between the age of 15–24 and 40–49 years, the youngest and the oldest, respectively, are the most protected against varicella-zoster virus infection, exceeding the prevalence rate of 90%. Conversely, pregnant women between the age of 25 and 34 years seem to be the most vulnerable and the most at risk for acquiring varicella-zoster virus infection during pregnancy. Analysis of the immunity status against varicella should be introduced as a screening test before pregnancy, together with a strategic vaccination campaign targeting non-immune women of childbearing age, in order to reduce the risk of congenital and perinatal varicella.

ACS Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Rosa Coluccio; Serena Marchi. Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudia M. Trombetta, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, Rosa Coluccio, Serena Marchi. Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Emanuele Montomoli; Simonetta Viviani; Rosa Coluccio; Serena Marchi. 2020. "Evaluation of Varicella Immunity during Pregnancy in Apulia Region, Southern Italy." Vaccines 8, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2020 in Vaccines
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Growing interest in universal influenza vaccines and novel administration routes has led to the development of alternative serological assays that are able to detect antibodies against conserved epitopes. We present a competitive ELISA method that is able to accurately determine the ratio of serum immunoglobulin G directed against the different domains of the hemagglutinin, the head and the stalk. Human serum samples were treated with two variants of the hemagglutinin protein from the A/California/7/2009 influenza virus. The signals detected were assigned to different groups of antibodies and presented as a ratio between head and stalk domains. A subset of selected sera was also tested by hemagglutination inhibition, single radial hemolysis, microneutralization, and enzyme-linked lectin assays. Pre-vaccination samples from adults showed a quite high presence of anti-stalk antibodies, and the results were substantially in line with those of the classical serological assays. By contrast, pre-vaccination samples from children did not present anti-stalk antibodies, and the majority of the anti-hemagglutinin antibodies that were detected after vaccination were directed against the head domain. The presented approach, when supported by further assays, can be used to assess the presence of specific anti-stalk antibodies and the potential boost of broadly protective antibodies, especially in the case of novel universal influenza vaccine approaches.

ACS Style

Alessandro Manenti; Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Otfried Kistner; Elisa Casa; Inesa Hyseni; Ilaria Razzano; Alessandro Torelli; Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza Anti-Stalk Antibodies: Development of a New Method for the Evaluation of the Immune Responses to Universal Vaccine. Vaccines 2020, 8, 43 .

AMA Style

Alessandro Manenti, Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Otfried Kistner, Elisa Casa, Inesa Hyseni, Ilaria Razzano, Alessandro Torelli, Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza Anti-Stalk Antibodies: Development of a New Method for the Evaluation of the Immune Responses to Universal Vaccine. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (1):43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Manenti; Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola; Claudia Maria Trombetta; Otfried Kistner; Elisa Casa; Inesa Hyseni; Ilaria Razzano; Alessandro Torelli; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Influenza Anti-Stalk Antibodies: Development of a New Method for the Evaluation of the Immune Responses to Universal Vaccine." Vaccines 8, no. 1: 43.

Brief report
Published: 14 January 2020 in Parasite
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Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide health problem. Infection in pregnant women can result in severe fetal morbidity or in subclinical neonatal infection; most subclinical cases develop ocular and neurological sequelae. The purpose of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in two populations of women of childbearing age in Siena (Tuscany, Central Italy) and Bari (Apulia, Southern Italy) between 2013 and 2017 and in a group of pregnant women in Bari in 2016–2017. Serum samples were tested for the presence of specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies by a commercially available ELISA test. The percentage of seropositive subjects in Bari was significantly higher than in Siena (22.4% vs. 12.4%) and an age-related trend was observed. A low prevalence of T. gondii infection (13.8%) was observed among the pregnant women tested. In addition to showing a significant difference between Central and Southern Italy, this study provides updated data on T. gondii seroprevalence in women during childbearing age and pregnancy. The results confirm a trend toward a decrease, especially in younger people and pregnant women.

ACS Style

Daniela Fanigliulo; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Toxoplasma gondii in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy: seroprevalence study in Central and Southern Italy from 2013 to 2017. Parasite 2020, 27, 2 .

AMA Style

Daniela Fanigliulo, Serena Marchi, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Toxoplasma gondii in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy: seroprevalence study in Central and Southern Italy from 2013 to 2017. Parasite. 2020; 27 ():2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniela Fanigliulo; Serena Marchi; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2020. "Toxoplasma gondii in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy: seroprevalence study in Central and Southern Italy from 2013 to 2017." Parasite 27, no. : 2.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2020 in Proceedings
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Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel influenza virus first isolated from swine in 2011 in Oklahoma. Several studies have isolated IDV in cattle from multiple geographic areas, suggesting that cattle could be a possible primary natural reservoir for the virus. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence that IDV has the ability to infect humans. This serological study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against IDV in the human population. The IDV used in the serological analysis was influenza D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013. The human serum samples, collected in Italy between 2005 and 2017, were randomly selected from the laboratory serum bank and tested by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. HI positivity has been confirmed using the virus neutralization (VN) assay. Based on HI positivity (HI titers ≥ 10), a low prevalence (5%–10%) was observed between 2005 and 2007. There has been a sharp increase since 2008, resulting in two main peaks in 2009–2010 and 2013–2014, a finding confirmed by the statistical trend analysis. The same pattern and trends can be seen with higher HI titers of >20 and ≥40. The prevalence of antibodies against IDV has increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Low prevalence values between 2005 and 2007 suggest that IDV most probably circulated before its detection in 2011, and perhaps even before 2005. In Italy, IDV has been shown to circulate among swine and bovine herds. It is, therefore, possible that prevalence peaks in humans follow the infection epidemics in animals and do not to persist in the population, resembling a spillover event from the animal reservoir and showing that the virus may not circulate consistently in the human population. However, IDV seemed to have the ability to elicit an immune response in humans.

ACS Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans? Proceedings 2020, 50, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Feng Li, Pietro Piu, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Chithra Sreenivasan, Julian Druce, Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans? Proceedings. 2020; 50 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Maria Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. 2020. "Influenza D Virus: A Potential Threat for Humans?" Proceedings 50, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2019 in Viruses
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Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in 2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural reservoir. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence on the ability of the virus to infect humans. The aim of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against influenza D virus in human serum samples collected in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Serum samples were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results showed that the prevalence of antibodies against the virus increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017, with a trend characterized by a sharp increase in some years, followed by a decline in subsequent years. The virus showed the ability to infect and elicit an immune response in humans. However, prevalence peaks in humans appear to follow epidemics in animals and not to persist in the human population.

ACS Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses 2019, 12, 30 .

AMA Style

Claudia M. Trombetta, Serena Marchi, Ilaria Manini, Otfried Kistner, Feng Li, Pietro Piu, Alessandro Manenti, Fabrizio Biuso, Chithra Sreenivasan, Julian Druce, Emanuele Montomoli. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses. 2019; 12 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia M. Trombetta; Serena Marchi; Ilaria Manini; Otfried Kistner; Feng Li; Pietro Piu; Alessandro Manenti; Fabrizio Biuso; Chithra Sreenivasan; Julian Druce; Emanuele Montomoli. 2019. "Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017." Viruses 12, no. 1: 30.

Short report
Published: 26 November 2019 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Prevention of congenital rubella is achieved by vaccination of susceptible women of childbearing age. In Italy, the National Plan for Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination 2010–2015 implemented catch-up vaccination activities targeting susceptible adolescents and young adults, including women of childbearing age. The aim of this study was to assess the immunity against rubella in women of childbearing age in Tuscany (Central Italy) and Apulia (Southern Italy) and pregnant women in Apulia after the implementation of the National Plan for Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination. Overall, anti-rubella IgG prevalence in women of childbearing age samples was 88.6% in Tuscany and 84.3% in Apulia. The lowest prevalence was observed in samples of 26–35 years old women of childbearing age in Apulia with 77.8%. Only 62.7% of samples from 26–35 years old pregnant women had IgG against rubella, and one sample out of 95 was positive to IgM. The findings of this study highlight the need for increasing awareness on the risk of contracting rubella infection during pregnancy and implement vaccination strategies to create opportunities for administration of rubella containing vaccines in young girls and women of childbearing age.

ACS Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2019, 16, 895 -898.

AMA Style

Serena Marchi, Simonetta Viviani, Emanuele Montomoli, Claudia Maria Trombetta. Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2019; 16 (4):895-898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serena Marchi; Simonetta Viviani; Emanuele Montomoli; Claudia Maria Trombetta. 2019. "Elimination of congenital rubella: a seroprevalence study of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in Italy." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 16, no. 4: 895-898.