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We are currently facing a pandemic of COVID-19, caused by a spillover from an animal-originating coronavirus to humans occurring in the Wuhan region of China in December 2019. From China, the virus has spread to 188 countries and regions worldwide, reaching the Sahel region on March 2, 2020. Since whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is very crucial to understand the spreading dynamics of the ongoing pandemic, but only limited sequencing data is available from the Sahel region to date, we have focused our efforts on generating the first Malian sequencing data available. Screening 217 Malian patient samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in 38 positive isolates, from which 21 whole genome sequences were generated. Our analysis shows that both the early A (19B) and the later observed B (20A/C) clade are present in Mali, indicating multiple and independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to the Sahel region.
Bourema Kouriba; Angela Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Sangaré; Brehima Traoré; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias Walter; Fee Zimmermann; Roman Wölfel; Markus Antwerpen. First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region. Viruses 2020, 12, 1251 .
AMA StyleBourema Kouriba, Angela Dürr, Alexandra Rehn, Abdoul Sangaré, Brehima Traoré, Malena Bestehorn-Willmann, Judicael Ouedraogo, Asli Heitzer, Elisabeth Sogodogo, Abderrhamane Maiga, Mathias Walter, Fee Zimmermann, Roman Wölfel, Markus Antwerpen. First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1251.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBourema Kouriba; Angela Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Sangaré; Brehima Traoré; Malena Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias Walter; Fee Zimmermann; Roman Wölfel; Markus Antwerpen. 2020. "First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1251.
We are currently facing a pandemic of COVID-19, caused by a spillover from an animal-originating coronavirus to humans occuring in the Wuhan region, China, in December 2019. From China the virus has spread to 188 countries and regions worldwide, reaching the Sahel region on the 2nd of March 2020. Since whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is very crucial to understand the spreading dynamics of the ongoing pandemic, but only limited sequence data is available from the Sahel region to date, we have focused our efforts on generating the first Malian sequencing data available. Screening of 217 Malian patient samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in 38 positive isolates from which 21 whole genome sequences were generated. Our analysis shows that both, the early A (19B) and the fast evolving B (20A/C) clade, are present in Mali indicating multiple and independent introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 to the Sahel region.
Bourema Kouriba; A Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Karim Sangare; By Traoré; Malena S Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Lj Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias C Walter; Fee Zimmermann; R Wölfel; Markus H Antwerpen. First phylogenetic analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 sequences provide molecular insights into the genomic diversity of the Sahel region. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBourema Kouriba, A Dürr, Alexandra Rehn, Abdoul Karim Sangare, By Traoré, Malena S Bestehorn-Willmann, Judicael Lj Ouedraogo, Asli Heitzer, Elisabeth Sogodogo, Abderrhamane Maiga, Mathias C Walter, Fee Zimmermann, R Wölfel, Markus H Antwerpen. First phylogenetic analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 sequences provide molecular insights into the genomic diversity of the Sahel region. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBourema Kouriba; A Dürr; Alexandra Rehn; Abdoul Karim Sangare; By Traoré; Malena S Bestehorn-Willmann; Judicael Lj Ouedraogo; Asli Heitzer; Elisabeth Sogodogo; Abderrhamane Maiga; Mathias C Walter; Fee Zimmermann; R Wölfel; Markus H Antwerpen. 2020. "First phylogenetic analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 sequences provide molecular insights into the genomic diversity of the Sahel region." , no. : 1.
Bréhima Traoré; Abou Coulibaly; Bourama Kané; Lassina G Timbiné; Abdoul Karim Sangré; Judicaël Ouedraogo; Bourema Kouriba. Mycobacterial Infection in Children at the Chu Hospital Du Mali: A Series of 12 Cases. Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology 2020, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleBréhima Traoré, Abou Coulibaly, Bourama Kané, Lassina G Timbiné, Abdoul Karim Sangré, Judicaël Ouedraogo, Bourema Kouriba. Mycobacterial Infection in Children at the Chu Hospital Du Mali: A Series of 12 Cases. Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology. 2020; 1 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBréhima Traoré; Abou Coulibaly; Bourama Kané; Lassina G Timbiné; Abdoul Karim Sangré; Judicaël Ouedraogo; Bourema Kouriba. 2020. "Mycobacterial Infection in Children at the Chu Hospital Du Mali: A Series of 12 Cases." Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology 1, no. 2: 1.
We report detection of Lassa virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in the area of Bamako, the capital of Mali. Our investigation found 2 cases of infection with each of these viruses. These results show the potential for both of these viruses to be endemic to Mali.
Jan Baumann; Mandy Knüpfer; Judicael Ouedraogo; Bréhima Traoré; Asli Heitzer; Bourama Kané; Belco Maiga; Mariam Sylla; Bouréma Kouriba; Roman Wölfel. Lassa and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2019, 25, 999 -1002.
AMA StyleJan Baumann, Mandy Knüpfer, Judicael Ouedraogo, Bréhima Traoré, Asli Heitzer, Bourama Kané, Belco Maiga, Mariam Sylla, Bouréma Kouriba, Roman Wölfel. Lassa and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019; 25 (5):999-1002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Baumann; Mandy Knüpfer; Judicael Ouedraogo; Bréhima Traoré; Asli Heitzer; Bourama Kané; Belco Maiga; Mariam Sylla; Bouréma Kouriba; Roman Wölfel. 2019. "Lassa and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses, Mali." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 5: 999-1002.
In Mali, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is estimated at 56 cases per 100 000 people, with a prevalence of multidrug-resistant TB in new cases of 1.7% (range, 0.3-3.1%) and in retreatment cases of 17% (range, 4.4-30%). Appropriate biosafety conditions for performing routine TB culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing have been lacking. In 2015, a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory set up in a shipping container was donated to the Malian Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene to provide capacity for TB testing. This laboratory is now managed by Malian laboratory staff and is processing samples at the national level. We explain the necessary steps for establishing and running a BSL3 laboratory. Despite the acute need for functioning and sustainable BSL3 laboratories, low- and middle-income countries are faced with a complex process and must overcome many challenges.
Bourèma Kouriba; Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer; Brehima Traore; Abdoulaye Touré; Laurent Raskine; François-Xavier Babin. Installing biosafety level 3 containment laboratories in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects from Mali's experience. New Microbes and New Infections 2018, 26, S74 -S77.
AMA StyleBourèma Kouriba, Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer, Brehima Traore, Abdoulaye Touré, Laurent Raskine, François-Xavier Babin. Installing biosafety level 3 containment laboratories in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects from Mali's experience. New Microbes and New Infections. 2018; 26 ():S74-S77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBourèma Kouriba; Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer; Brehima Traore; Abdoulaye Touré; Laurent Raskine; François-Xavier Babin. 2018. "Installing biosafety level 3 containment laboratories in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects from Mali's experience." New Microbes and New Infections 26, no. : S74-S77.
This study estimates a relatively true proportion of BTB in the regions of Mali and reveals new spoligotype patterns.
Mamadou Diallo; Bassirou Diarra; Moumine Sanogo; Antieme C. G. Togo; Anou M. Somboro; Mariam H. Diallo; Brehima Traore; Mamoudou Maiga; Younoussa Koné; Karim Tounkara; Yeya Dit Sadio Sarro; Bocar Baya; Drissa Goïta; Hamadoun Kassambara; Bindongo P. P. Dembélé; Sophia Siddiqui; Robert L. Murphy; Sounkalo Dao; Souleymane Diallo; Anatole Tounkara; Mamadou Niang. Molecular identification of Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and human host in Mali: expanded genetic diversity. BMC Veterinary Research 2016, 12, 145 .
AMA StyleMamadou Diallo, Bassirou Diarra, Moumine Sanogo, Antieme C. G. Togo, Anou M. Somboro, Mariam H. Diallo, Brehima Traore, Mamoudou Maiga, Younoussa Koné, Karim Tounkara, Yeya Dit Sadio Sarro, Bocar Baya, Drissa Goïta, Hamadoun Kassambara, Bindongo P. P. Dembélé, Sophia Siddiqui, Robert L. Murphy, Sounkalo Dao, Souleymane Diallo, Anatole Tounkara, Mamadou Niang. Molecular identification of Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and human host in Mali: expanded genetic diversity. BMC Veterinary Research. 2016; 12 (1):145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMamadou Diallo; Bassirou Diarra; Moumine Sanogo; Antieme C. G. Togo; Anou M. Somboro; Mariam H. Diallo; Brehima Traore; Mamoudou Maiga; Younoussa Koné; Karim Tounkara; Yeya Dit Sadio Sarro; Bocar Baya; Drissa Goïta; Hamadoun Kassambara; Bindongo P. P. Dembélé; Sophia Siddiqui; Robert L. Murphy; Sounkalo Dao; Souleymane Diallo; Anatole Tounkara; Mamadou Niang. 2016. "Molecular identification of Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and human host in Mali: expanded genetic diversity." BMC Veterinary Research 12, no. 1: 145.
In Nigeria, one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdened nations, sputum smear microscopy is routinely employed for TB diagnosis at Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) Centers. This diagnostic algorithm does not differentiateMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTC) from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Between December 2008 and January 2009, consecutive patients diagnosed with TB were screened for inclusion at 10 DOTS centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. To verifyMycobacteriumspecies in patients diagnosed, we cultured and identified mycobacterial isolates using PCR, line probe assay, and spoligotyping techniques. From 48 patients screened, 23 met the inclusion criteria for the study. All the 23 study patients had a positive culture. Overall, we identified 11/23 patients (48%) with MTC only, 9/23 (39%) with NTM only, and 3/23 (13%) with evidence of both MTC and NTM. Strains of MTC identified were Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) genotype ( n = 12 ),M. africanum( n = 1 ), and the genotype family T ( n = 1 ). FourM. avium-intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum complexes, oneM. chelonae complex, oneM. abscessus, and oneM. intracellularewere identified. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate molecular techniques for more precise diagnosis of TB at DOTS centers to improve clinical outcomes and safe guard public health, particularly in TB endemic countries.
Simeon Idowu Cadmus; Bassirou Diarra; Bréhima Traoré; Mamoudou Maiga; Sophia Siddiqui; Anatole Tounkara; Olutayo Falodun; Wole Lawal; Isaac Folurunso Adewole; Rob Murphy; Dick van Soolingen; Babafemi Taiwo. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Tuberculosis Suspects in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Pathogens 2016, 2016, 1 -5.
AMA StyleSimeon Idowu Cadmus, Bassirou Diarra, Bréhima Traoré, Mamoudou Maiga, Sophia Siddiqui, Anatole Tounkara, Olutayo Falodun, Wole Lawal, Isaac Folurunso Adewole, Rob Murphy, Dick van Soolingen, Babafemi Taiwo. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Tuberculosis Suspects in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Pathogens. 2016; 2016 ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimeon Idowu Cadmus; Bassirou Diarra; Bréhima Traoré; Mamoudou Maiga; Sophia Siddiqui; Anatole Tounkara; Olutayo Falodun; Wole Lawal; Isaac Folurunso Adewole; Rob Murphy; Dick van Soolingen; Babafemi Taiwo. 2016. "Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Tuberculosis Suspects in Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of Pathogens 2016, no. : 1-5.
Mycobacterium abscessus is a common non tuberculous mycobacterium associated with diseases in patients with underlying conditions. The diagnosis is often missed in resource limited settings. We reported a case of M. abscessus in a patient with renal failure. A young female patient admitted at the hospital for kidney failure was diagnosed with malignant hypertension based on clinical and laboratory findings. Over the course of hospitalization, the patient presented hematuria and leukocyturia and the urine culture was positive for acid-fast bacilli. Empirically antituberculous treatment given to the patient was changed to clarithromycin after confirmation of M. abscessus by probe line hybridization assay. Favorable outcome was achieved with regression of symptoms and the decrease of the serum creatinine level. In patients with underlying conditions, differential diagnosis should be considered particularly in resource limited settings.
S Fongoro; D Diallo; B. Traoré; Lg Timbiné; A Touré; K Djiguiba; H Yattara; B Kouriba; S Diallo. Mycobacterium abscessus Urinary Infection in Hypertensive Patient: A Case Report. Mycobacterial Diseases 2016, 06, 1 .
AMA StyleS Fongoro, D Diallo, B. Traoré, Lg Timbiné, A Touré, K Djiguiba, H Yattara, B Kouriba, S Diallo. Mycobacterium abscessus Urinary Infection in Hypertensive Patient: A Case Report. Mycobacterial Diseases. 2016; 06 (04):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS Fongoro; D Diallo; B. Traoré; Lg Timbiné; A Touré; K Djiguiba; H Yattara; B Kouriba; S Diallo. 2016. "Mycobacterium abscessus Urinary Infection in Hypertensive Patient: A Case Report." Mycobacterial Diseases 06, no. 04: 1.
Characterizing perturbations in the immune response to tuberculosis in HIV can develop insights into the pathogenesis of coinfection. HIV + TB + and TB monoinfected (TB +) subjects recruited from clinics in Bamako prior to initiation of TB treatment were evaluated at time-points following initiation of therapy. Flow cytometry assessed CD4 +/CD8 + T cell subsets and activation markers CD38/HLA-DR. Antigen specific responses to TB proteins were assessed by intracellular cytokine detection and proliferation. HIV + TB + subjects had significantly higher markers of immune activation in the CD4 + and CD8 + T cells compared to TB + subjects. HIV + TB + had lower numbers of TB-specific CD4 + T cells at baseline. Plasma IFNγ levels were similar between HIV + TB + and TB + subjects. No differences were observed in in-vitro proliferative capacity to TB antigens between HIV + TB + and TB + subjects. Subjects with HIV + TB + coinfection demonstrate in vivo expansion of TB-specific CD4 + T cells. Immunodeficiency associated with CD4 + T cell depletion may be less significant compared to immunosuppression associated with HIV viremia or untreated TB infection.
S. Siddiqui; Y. Sarro; Bassirou Diarra; H. Diallo; O. Guindo; D. Dabitao; M. Tall; A. Hammond; H. Kassambara; D. Goita; P. Dembele; Bréhima Traoré; R. Hengel; M. Nason; J. Warfield; J. Washington; M. Polis; S. Diallo; S. Dao; O. Koita; H.C. Lane; M. Catalfamo; A. Tounkara. Tuberculosis specific responses following therapy for TB: Impact of HIV co-infection. Clinical Immunology 2015, 159, 1 -12.
AMA StyleS. Siddiqui, Y. Sarro, Bassirou Diarra, H. Diallo, O. Guindo, D. Dabitao, M. Tall, A. Hammond, H. Kassambara, D. Goita, P. Dembele, Bréhima Traoré, R. Hengel, M. Nason, J. Warfield, J. Washington, M. Polis, S. Diallo, S. Dao, O. Koita, H.C. Lane, M. Catalfamo, A. Tounkara. Tuberculosis specific responses following therapy for TB: Impact of HIV co-infection. Clinical Immunology. 2015; 159 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Siddiqui; Y. Sarro; Bassirou Diarra; H. Diallo; O. Guindo; D. Dabitao; M. Tall; A. Hammond; H. Kassambara; D. Goita; P. Dembele; Bréhima Traoré; R. Hengel; M. Nason; J. Warfield; J. Washington; M. Polis; S. Diallo; S. Dao; O. Koita; H.C. Lane; M. Catalfamo; A. Tounkara. 2015. "Tuberculosis specific responses following therapy for TB: Impact of HIV co-infection." Clinical Immunology 159, no. 1: 1-12.
To identify strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) circulating in Bamako and to examine the relationship between the strains and their drug susceptibility profiles.
Bréhima Traoré; Bassirou Diarra; B P P Dembele; A M Somboro; A S Hammond; S Siddiqui; M Maiga; B Kone; Y S Sarro; J Washington; M Parta; N Coulibaly; O M'baye; S Diallo; O Koita; A Tounkara; M A Polis. Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Bamako, Mali. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2012, 16, 1 .
AMA StyleBréhima Traoré, Bassirou Diarra, B P P Dembele, A M Somboro, A S Hammond, S Siddiqui, M Maiga, B Kone, Y S Sarro, J Washington, M Parta, N Coulibaly, O M'baye, S Diallo, O Koita, A Tounkara, M A Polis. Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Bamako, Mali. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2012; 16 (7):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBréhima Traoré; Bassirou Diarra; B P P Dembele; A M Somboro; A S Hammond; S Siddiqui; M Maiga; B Kone; Y S Sarro; J Washington; M Parta; N Coulibaly; O M'baye; S Diallo; O Koita; A Tounkara; M A Polis. 2012. "Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Bamako, Mali." The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 16, no. 7: 1.
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections cause morbidity worldwide. They are difficult to diagnose in resource-limited regions, and most patients receive empiric treatment for tuberculosis (TB). Our objective here is to evaluate the potential impact of NTM diseases among patients treated presumptively for tuberculosis in Mali. We re-evaluated sputum specimens among patients newly diagnosed with TB (naïve) and those previously treated for TB disease (chronic cases). Sputum microscopy, culture and Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing were performed. Identification of strains was performed using molecular probes or sequencing of secA1 and/or 16S rRNA genes. Of 142 patients enrolled, 61 (43%) were clinically classified as chronic cases and 17 (12%) were infected with NTM. Eleven of the 142 (8%) patients had NTM disease alone (8 M. avium, 2 M. simiae and 1 M. palustre). All these 11 were from the chronic TB group, comprising 11/61 (18%) of that group and all were identified as candidates for second line treatment. The remaining 6/17 (35.30%) NTM infected patients had coinfection with M. tuberculosis and all 6 were from the TB treatment naïve group. These 6 were candidates for the standard first line treatment regimen of TB. M. avium was identified in 11 of the 142 (8%) patients, only 3/11 (27.27%) of whom were HIV positive. NTM infections should be considered a cause of morbidity in TB endemic environments especially when managing chronic TB cases to limit morbidity and provide appropriate treatment.
Mamoudou Maiga; Sophia Siddiqui; Souleymane Diallo; Bassirou Diarra; Bréhima Traoré; Yvonne R. Shea; Adrian M. Zelazny; Bindongo P. P. Dembele; Drissa Goita; Hamadoun Kassambara; Abdulrahman S. Hammond; Michael Polis; Anatole Tounkara. Failure to Recognize Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Leads to Misdiagnosis of Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis. PLOS ONE 2012, 7, e36902 .
AMA StyleMamoudou Maiga, Sophia Siddiqui, Souleymane Diallo, Bassirou Diarra, Bréhima Traoré, Yvonne R. Shea, Adrian M. Zelazny, Bindongo P. P. Dembele, Drissa Goita, Hamadoun Kassambara, Abdulrahman S. Hammond, Michael Polis, Anatole Tounkara. Failure to Recognize Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Leads to Misdiagnosis of Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis. PLOS ONE. 2012; 7 (5):e36902.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMamoudou Maiga; Sophia Siddiqui; Souleymane Diallo; Bassirou Diarra; Bréhima Traoré; Yvonne R. Shea; Adrian M. Zelazny; Bindongo P. P. Dembele; Drissa Goita; Hamadoun Kassambara; Abdulrahman S. Hammond; Michael Polis; Anatole Tounkara. 2012. "Failure to Recognize Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Leads to Misdiagnosis of Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis." PLOS ONE 7, no. 5: e36902.
Bassirou Diarra; Sophia Siddiqui; Dramane Sogoba; Brehima Traore; Mamoudou Maiga; Janice Washington; Anatole Tounkara; Michael Polis. Mycobacterium tuberculosisBeijing Strain, Bamako, Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010, 16, 361 -363.
AMA StyleBassirou Diarra, Sophia Siddiqui, Dramane Sogoba, Brehima Traore, Mamoudou Maiga, Janice Washington, Anatole Tounkara, Michael Polis. Mycobacterium tuberculosisBeijing Strain, Bamako, Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010; 16 (2):361-363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBassirou Diarra; Sophia Siddiqui; Dramane Sogoba; Brehima Traore; Mamoudou Maiga; Janice Washington; Anatole Tounkara; Michael Polis. 2010. "Mycobacterium tuberculosisBeijing Strain, Bamako, Mali." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 2: 361-363.
S Diallo; Y Toloba; S Dao; B F Sissoko; Bréhima Traoré; A Tamara; O Mbaye; B Keita. [HIV/AIDS impact in pulmonary tuberculosis with negative microscopy in pneumology service at Point "G" hospital]. Le Mali medical 2007, 22, 1 .
AMA StyleS Diallo, Y Toloba, S Dao, B F Sissoko, Bréhima Traoré, A Tamara, O Mbaye, B Keita. [HIV/AIDS impact in pulmonary tuberculosis with negative microscopy in pneumology service at Point "G" hospital]. Le Mali medical. 2007; 22 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS Diallo; Y Toloba; S Dao; B F Sissoko; Bréhima Traoré; A Tamara; O Mbaye; B Keita. 2007. "[HIV/AIDS impact in pulmonary tuberculosis with negative microscopy in pneumology service at Point "G" hospital]." Le Mali medical 22, no. 1: 1.