This study aims to estimate the economic benefits of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG) in terms of willingness to pay (WTP) and, using the estimation, to make a scenario of the entrance fee. Data were collected through a survey among 414 local visitors using the travel cost method (TCM) and choice modeling method (CM). The result from the TCM reveals that travel cost, gender, and education significantly affect the number of visits to the BBG. The value of consumer surplus amounts to IDR 582,072 (USD 40.90) and the total value of benefits obtained is IDR 728.8 billion (USD 51.21 million) per year. Meanwhile, the CM result shows that compensating surplus is estimated at IDR 19,704 (USD 1.38) and the total value of benefits is IDR 24.67 billion (USD 1.73 million) per year. The CM shows that the attributes of service cars as well as information and environmental educational tools and infrastructure have positive and significant values to the visitors. Thus, there is a potential to increase the entrance fee for tourists to become IDR 20,629 (USD 1.45) per visit. Through the increase in entrance fee, the BBG could generate a potential revenue of IDR 25.83 billion (USD 1.81 million) per year, which can improve the number of plant species, information and environmental educational tools and infrastructures, and service cars inside the BBG.

Indonesia has a vast area of state forests (kawasan hutan) covering 65 percent of the country’s land surface. State forests provide timber and enable the protection and conservation of forests. They also provide a living environment for local people, which comes with many problems, including overlapping land rights, illegal logging, and serious environmental degradation. This study looks into the origin of the state forest system during the colonial era, paying particular attention to the establishment of the Forest Service. Faced with deforestation at the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth, a forest administration system was established in the name of forest protection and conservation, to implement a bureaucratic system of administration based on wage labor. Finally, the Forest Service was set up. The Forest Service supplied timber for the government’s infrastructure development, such as state railway construction, and supplied timber and firewood for local people. The Forest Service’s revenue covered its expenditure and even created a budget surplus that contributed to state revenue. The system was quite unsympathetic to local people—for example, slash-and-burn practices were prohibited, and defiant locals were punished—and the government never attempted to involve local people in the implementation of the forest conservation program. The government attempted to stabilize the system in part by issuing permits allowing certain activities. However, the permit system barely functioned, and almost nobody tried to get permits. The number of forest offenses such as stealing trees increased until the end of the 1930s. The fundamental problem was that local people regarded their use of the forest—such as for cutting trees and gathering fallen trees, leaves, and branches—as their customary right; the colonial government, on the other hand, denied them this right, confining it within the permit and police system.

The extensive circular mobility among daily commuters in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area is causing mobility inefficiencies, resulting in traffic congestion and economic and social losses. This situation stimulates the government to provide mixed-use housing in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) zones, aiming to foster sustainable mobility through a compact living framework. The current provisioning system has struggled to commuters effectively, leading to persistently high levels of circular mobility. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the commuter need on the mixed-use housing in TOAD areas and preferences for the provisioning system. This influence was analyzed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method, while preferences were analyzed using cross-tabulation. The preferences analysis referred to four indicators: ownership systems, price affordability, income, and unit size. The results showed that 65.94% of commuters expressed a need for mixed-use housing, stimulated by considerations such as travel distance and cost. Among all, 55.76% preferred a rental ownership system with a price of < 1 million IDR/month or 1-2 million IDR/month. The willingness to pay for the rental price depended on income levels. And those who want to buy, prefer the lowest price of the mixed-use housing. Those characteristics and preferences should been considered by the government or developer in obtaining the sustainable TOD areas.

The effectiveness of transit-oriented development (TOD) in achieving emission reductions and energy savings is highly influenced by policy frameworks, the accessibility of sustainable transport systems, and the degree of land use integration. This study investigated the implementation of TOD in Dukuh Atas along the Sudirman–Thamrin corridor in Jakarta to assess its role in promoting energy efficiency and lowering emissions. The analysis incorporated carbon emission calculations, annualized traffic volumes, and emissions data, alongside land use metrics such as the floor area ratio (FAR), job-to-housing ratio, and point-of-interest (POI) density. The findings indicate that while TOD implementation in the corridor is still evolving, there were positive outcomes in several key areas. Energy efficiency measures have been partially realized through the operation of electric buses in the bus rapid transit (BRT) system, electrified rail modes, such as commuter lines, mass rapid transit (MRT), and light rail transit (LRT), and improved pedestrian infrastructure, as reflected in a favorable Pedestrian Environmental Quality Index (PEQI). Public transport ridership has significantly increased, contributing to a measurable reduction in emissions from private vehicle use. The land use analysis showed that medium- to high-density housing dominated (78.94% FAR), with a job-to-housing ratio of approximately 1:2. This study also found that the emission estimates were moderately sensitive to changes in both emission factors (EFs) and vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT). Overall, the results suggest that TOD can effectively contribute to energy savings and emission reductions by enhancing public transport usage and reducing dependence on motorcycles. Moreover, the efficacy of modal shifting in the Global South is significantly influenced by population mobility characteristics, which are intricately linked to socio-cultural factors, alongside government initiatives to improve the quality of mass public transportation systems (e.g., integration, availability, service coverage, affordable fares, and inclusive design).

The north coast of Tangerang Regency, which borders directly with the Java sea, has great potential to be developed and made several coastal areas like the center of economic growth. Coastal Tangerang Regency also has several ecosystem components such as mangrove ecosystems and sand beaches ecosystem, which are currently degradation. Development planning with an ecosystem service approach is essential to understand as an effort to overcome trade-offs between development and the environment. This study aims to assess the Tangerang Regency coastal ecosystem services. The method used is the total economic value approach. Ecosystem services that will be analyzed are mangrove ecosystem services, and sand beach ecosystem services that are on the coast of Tangerang Regency. The data used is secondary data in the last five years (2014-2019). The results showed that the total value of coastal ecosystem services in the Tangerang Regency was IDR 32.610.028.060 per year or the US $ 2,29 million. This value can be considered to protect coastal ecosystems and increase the welfare of coastal communities that depend on ecosystem services. Environmental, economic, and social aspects need to be considered together to create a comprehensive development planning unit.

Urban sprawl in Jakarta Metropolitan area, driven by gentrification, necessitates Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) areas for mixed-use development to reduce private vehicle-dependent commuting, addressing sustainability issues. This development needs to be supported by designs that reflect the commuters' needs and preferences based on the local socio-economic context, but the existing Government's guidelines do not adequately represent this. According to this issue, Response to this issue, this study aims to propose reforms in spatial mixed-use design in the Jakarta Metropolitan TOD area using the Design Thinking method approach to address the commuters' needs and preferences. Based on this approach, data was collected through a survey of 1,697 respondents, followed by observations in four TOD zones scattered across urban and suburban regions in the Jakarta metropolitan area. These data were analyzed using multimethod, consisting of regression, weighting, descriptive and spatial analysis. The study suggests that middle-class working female commuters, with busy social roles, long travel distances, and high expenses, require mixed-use TOD housing. Design priorities include affordability, accessibility, and facility completeness, with Green Open Space as a top priority. The reform focuses to provide affordable rental housing and promote inclusive gender accessibility. These explanations conclude that major reforms are needed for TOD mixed-use design implementation and guideline, focusing on gender inclusive approaches that classified into urban and suburban areas with the largest proportions of GOS.