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This study examined the spatial variability of throughfall (Tf ) and its implications for sampling throughfall during the leafless period of oak trees. To do this, we measured Tf under five single Brant’s oak trees (Quercus brantii var. Persica), in the Zagros region of Iran, spanning a six-month-long study period. Overall, the Tf amounted to 85.7% of gross rainfall. The spatial coefficient of variation (CV) for rainstorm total Tf volumes was 25%, on average, and it decreased as the magnitude of rainfall increased. During the leafless period, Tf was spatially autocorrelated over distances of 1 to 3.5 m, indicating the benefits of sampling with relatively elongated troughs. Our findings highlight the great variability of Tf under the canopies of Brant’s oaks during their leafless period. We may also conclude that the 29 Tf collectors used in the present study were sufficient to robustly estimate tree-scale Tf values within a 10% error of the mean at the 95% confidence level. Given that a ±10% uncertainty in Tf is associated with a ±100% uncertainty in interception loss, this underscores the challenges in its measurement at the individual tree level in the leafless season. These results are valuable for determining the number and placement of Tf collectors, and their expected level of confidence, when measuring tree-level Tf of scattered oak trees and those in forest stands.
Omid Fathizadeh; Seyed Sadeghi; Iman Pazhouhan; Sajad Ghanbari; Pedram Attarod; Lei Su. Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period. Forests 2021, 12, 585 .
AMA StyleOmid Fathizadeh, Seyed Sadeghi, Iman Pazhouhan, Sajad Ghanbari, Pedram Attarod, Lei Su. Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period. Forests. 2021; 12 (5):585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmid Fathizadeh; Seyed Sadeghi; Iman Pazhouhan; Sajad Ghanbari; Pedram Attarod; Lei Su. 2021. "Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period." Forests 12, no. 5: 585.
Forest structural complexity can vary among different types of habitat and is defined by the dependency of species on resources. The positive relationship between structural complexity and forest functions is of increasing interest to researchers. In this study, we focused on the structural complexity of the habitat of the Caucasian grouse ( Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi ), which is an indicator species in mountain forest habitats in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, Iran. Data were collected from previously identified presence and absence locations of this species. Three sample plots were chosen at random in each area (six sample plots in total). The main parameters measured were type of species, diameter and height of trees, shrub and regeneration, and number and diameter of coarse woody debris. Overstorey tree species richness differed in the absence and presence locations, with 16 and 12 species respectively. Understory species richness was also different in the absence (15 species) and presence (10 species) locations. The Caucasian grouse was observed in the site with trees smaller than 10 cm and a balanced density of trees smaller than 5 cm. Overall, the SCI was higher in the absence location than in the presence location. The heterogeneity of the stand structure in grouse habitats was low. The area where the Caucasian grouse was present was characterized by small numbers of dead trees and also low log volume. Maintaining a heterogenous forest structure is important for protecting this species. Conservation of fruit trees that are fed on by the grouse is also recommended.
Sajad Ghanbari; Kiomars Sefidi; Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. Forest structural complexity in habitats with presence and absence of the Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, Iran. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSajad Ghanbari, Kiomars Sefidi, Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. Forest structural complexity in habitats with presence and absence of the Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, Iran. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Ghanbari; Kiomars Sefidi; Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. 2021. "Forest structural complexity in habitats with presence and absence of the Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve, Iran." , no. : 1.
Proper understanding of the diversity and natural structure of woody species and the impacts of human interventions are prerequisites for maintaining the remaining forests as well as restoration of deforested and degraded areas. This research was conducted to document the impact of human interventions on the population structure and the species diversity in the Arasbaran biosphere reserve in Iran due to the limited research and insufficient knowledge. The study area was divided into three adjacent sampling areas of low, medium, and high destruction intensity. Thirty fixed area 0.1-hectare plots were sampled to evaluate the composition, diversity, and species richness. Oak (Quercus macranthera), hawthorn (Crataegus meyeri), and maple (Acer campestre) were the top three dominant tree species at all the sites. The relative dominance of the top three species comprised 87.8% of the basal area of all species. The relative abundance of the top three species accounted for 68.1% of the species. The mean density and basal areas per tree across all three destruction statuses were 145 ± 59 stems ha−1 and 0.01 ± 0.005 m2 ha−1, respectively. The mean height of trees was different at low and high disturbance sites (4.6 ± 0.96 m and 3.37 ± 1.74 m, respectively). Due to the impact of human interventions on forest structure, composition, and diversity, conservation programs are recommended for implementation and in collaboration with local communities to employ management aimed at providing services for local people while restoring these forests. Basic ecological studies such as this study are the foundation to begin developing policies and management that meet multiple ecological and social goals.
Sajad Ghanbari; Kiomars Sefidi; Christel Kern; Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Woody Plants in Relation to the Human Interventions, Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Forests 2021, 12, 191 .
AMA StyleSajad Ghanbari, Kiomars Sefidi, Christel Kern, Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Woody Plants in Relation to the Human Interventions, Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Forests. 2021; 12 (2):191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Ghanbari; Kiomars Sefidi; Christel Kern; Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez. 2021. "Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Woody Plants in Relation to the Human Interventions, Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve, Iran." Forests 12, no. 2: 191.
This study estimates the value per hectare of the Arasbaran deciduous forest based on returns from 17 fruit-providing species and mapping their economic value. We also studied the main influencing social drivers of collecting non-wood forest products (NWFPs). A biological inventory was carried out for all fruit-providing trees within the 6,484 hectares (ha) with registration of the geographical position of trees. Based on total fruit produced annually per hectare and the market price of each species, the economic value of each species in terms of the fruit produced was calculated and depicted. Results showed that the distribution area of fruit-providing species was about 10 percent (684 ha) of the studied forest area. In total, the annual sustainable production of all species was 52.6 thousand kilograms. The economic value varied from USD 6 to USD 983 per ha in different areas. The revenue of collected fruit-providing species varied from USD 0.9 to USD 14,903 per year for all involved households. The average contribution of NWFP income to household income was 21 percent. The collection of NWFPs had a negative correlation with the education of the household head, opportunity cost, and household wealth; on the other hand, NWFP collection had a positive relation with fruit price and yield. Forest management strategies can focus on the areas with the highest economic value. This research can help inform decision-makers regarding the selection of eligible forest areas for conservation and enforcement of regulations.
Sajad Ghanbari; Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin; Taghi Shamekhi; Ivan L. Eastin; Nataša Lovrić; Matthew M. Aghai. The Economic and Biological Benefits of Non-wood Forest Products to Local Communities in Iran. Economic Botany 2019, 74, 59 -73.
AMA StyleSajad Ghanbari, Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin, Taghi Shamekhi, Ivan L. Eastin, Nataša Lovrić, Matthew M. Aghai. The Economic and Biological Benefits of Non-wood Forest Products to Local Communities in Iran. Economic Botany. 2019; 74 (1):59-73.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Ghanbari; Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin; Taghi Shamekhi; Ivan L. Eastin; Nataša Lovrić; Matthew M. Aghai. 2019. "The Economic and Biological Benefits of Non-wood Forest Products to Local Communities in Iran." Economic Botany 74, no. 1: 59-73.
Commercialization and expansion of the market for non-wood forest products (NWFPs) may increase the gathering and selling of these products, as well as their contribution to local livelihoods. The influence of market access on the type of dependency is significant. This study examines the relationship between market access and the harvesting of NWFPs as well as the limitations and problems in gathering and selling these products. Cornelian cherry, walnut and plum were the most commonly harvested species. Of the 13 NWFP species collected in Arasbaran forests, just three species, cornelian cherry, plum and pomegranate were sold in the local markets. The average contribution of NWFPs towards total household income was just 2.7%. The villages of cluster 1 had better access to markets and middlemen than did the villages in the other clusters and 63% of the local people in cluster 1 mentioned that they have increased their harvesting of NWFPs. Poor infrastructure, low or no access to markets, lack of market information, lack of cooperation, and low product prices were found to limit the potential economic benefits from harvesting NWFPs. In this situation, rural extension services can assist local people resolve many of these challenges and problems.
Sajad Ghanbari; Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin; Taghi Shamekhi; Ivan L. Eastin. Market expansion's influence on the harvesting of non-wood forest products in the Arasbaran forests of Iran. The Forestry Chronicle 2014, 90, 599 -604.
AMA StyleSajad Ghanbari, Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin, Taghi Shamekhi, Ivan L. Eastin. Market expansion's influence on the harvesting of non-wood forest products in the Arasbaran forests of Iran. The Forestry Chronicle. 2014; 90 (5):599-604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Ghanbari; Seyed Mahdi Heshmatol Vaezin; Taghi Shamekhi; Ivan L. Eastin. 2014. "Market expansion's influence on the harvesting of non-wood forest products in the Arasbaran forests of Iran." The Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 5: 599-604.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is an integral component of sustainable development. Iran is a Near East country with low forest cover. Iran uses 7 criteria and 65 indicators for regional and national monitoring of forest management. We evaluated the status of SFM in Iran, and a location imaging in its path towards SFM was provided by existing validation data and library references for the Criteria and Indicators (C&I) adopted in the Near East, We identify challenges and opportunities associated with SFM in Iran. Although the information to evaluate the trend of SFM in Iran was incomplete, we compiled some information on the basis of C&I. Comparison of some indicators with the values for the rest of the world revealed that the situation in Iran is very different. Although some indicators revealed a better situation in Iran, Iran lags the rest of the world in the implementation of SFM. Iran, like many countries, is trying hard to find ways to sustainably use its forests. Not all C&I for assessment of SFM in Iran have been determined or defined. However, a consistent and comprehensive framework of criteria and indicators to monitor progress towards SFM is being applied. Defining some C&I is still at an early stage.
Ghanbari Sajad; Kiomars Sefidi. Comparison of sustainable forest management (SFM) trends at global and country levels: case study in Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 2012, 23, 311 -317.
AMA StyleGhanbari Sajad, Kiomars Sefidi. Comparison of sustainable forest management (SFM) trends at global and country levels: case study in Iran. Journal of Forestry Research. 2012; 23 (2):311-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhanbari Sajad; Kiomars Sefidi. 2012. "Comparison of sustainable forest management (SFM) trends at global and country levels: case study in Iran." Journal of Forestry Research 23, no. 2: 311-317.