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This study examined the spatial variability of throughfall (Tf ) and its implications for sampling throughfall during the leafless period of oak trees. To do this, we measured Tf under five single Brant’s oak trees (Quercus brantii var. Persica), in the Zagros region of Iran, spanning a six-month-long study period. Overall, the Tf amounted to 85.7% of gross rainfall. The spatial coefficient of variation (CV) for rainstorm total Tf volumes was 25%, on average, and it decreased as the magnitude of rainfall increased. During the leafless period, Tf was spatially autocorrelated over distances of 1 to 3.5 m, indicating the benefits of sampling with relatively elongated troughs. Our findings highlight the great variability of Tf under the canopies of Brant’s oaks during their leafless period. We may also conclude that the 29 Tf collectors used in the present study were sufficient to robustly estimate tree-scale Tf values within a 10% error of the mean at the 95% confidence level. Given that a ±10% uncertainty in Tf is associated with a ±100% uncertainty in interception loss, this underscores the challenges in its measurement at the individual tree level in the leafless season. These results are valuable for determining the number and placement of Tf collectors, and their expected level of confidence, when measuring tree-level Tf of scattered oak trees and those in forest stands.
Omid Fathizadeh; Seyed Sadeghi; Iman Pazhouhan; Sajad Ghanbari; Pedram Attarod; Lei Su. Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period. Forests 2021, 12, 585 .
AMA StyleOmid Fathizadeh, Seyed Sadeghi, Iman Pazhouhan, Sajad Ghanbari, Pedram Attarod, Lei Su. Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period. Forests. 2021; 12 (5):585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmid Fathizadeh; Seyed Sadeghi; Iman Pazhouhan; Sajad Ghanbari; Pedram Attarod; Lei Su. 2021. "Spatial Variability and Optimal Number of Rain Gauges for Sampling Throughfall under Single Oak Trees during the Leafless Period." Forests 12, no. 5: 585.
We assessed how climate change may impact the canopy hydrology of individual Pinus eldarica, Pinus brutia, and Cupressus arizonica trees planted in arid and semi-arid climates in Iran. Precipitation that reaches the forest floor as throughfall (TF) represents a significant portion of individual precipitation events (Pg ). We used a nondimensional relative sensitivity coefficient to examine the sensitivity of TF to changes in Pg . The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) HadGEM2-ES product was used under two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5) to project yearly precipitation and Pg for the measurement sites from 2020–50. There was a strong linear relationship between TF and Pg at all sites [TF = 0.6 (Pg ) − 0.2; R 2 = 0.9]. The arid P. eldarica trees showed the highest sensitivity coefficient (5.3) compared with semi-arid C. arizonica trees (1.6). The sensitivity coefficient approximately doubled for individual P. eldarica and C. arizonica trees in the arid climate relative to P. brutia and C. arizonica trees in the semi-arid climate. This suggests that TF under trees in the arid climate were more affected by changing Pg than in the semi-arid climate. Pinus eldarica trees planted in the dry climate exhibited the largest sensitivity coefficient differences (3.4) between small and large Pg . Changes in precipitation and increased smaller storm frequency are expected for arid and semi-arid regions. To buffer expected shifts in storm size due to climate change, it may be suitable to incorporate TF sensitivity when selecting trees for landscaping and urban greening.
Pedram Attarod; Qiuhong Tang; Thomas Grant Pypker; Xingcai Liu; Vilma Bayramzadeh. Potential impact of climate change on throughfall in afforestation areas located in arid and semi-arid environments. Arid Land Research and Management 2020, 35, 104 -119.
AMA StylePedram Attarod, Qiuhong Tang, Thomas Grant Pypker, Xingcai Liu, Vilma Bayramzadeh. Potential impact of climate change on throughfall in afforestation areas located in arid and semi-arid environments. Arid Land Research and Management. 2020; 35 (1):104-119.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedram Attarod; Qiuhong Tang; Thomas Grant Pypker; Xingcai Liu; Vilma Bayramzadeh. 2020. "Potential impact of climate change on throughfall in afforestation areas located in arid and semi-arid environments." Arid Land Research and Management 35, no. 1: 104-119.
In this study, we corrected the bias in the Princeton forcing dataset, i.e., precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and wind speed, by adjusting its long-term mean monthly climatology to match observations for the period 1988–2012 using the delta-ratio method. To this end, we collected meteorological data from 97 stations covering the domain of Iran. We divided Iran into three climatic zones based on the De Martonne classification, i.e., Arid, Humid, and Per-Humid zones, and then applied the delta-ratio method for each climatic zone separately to adjust the bias. After adjustment, the new datasets were compared to the observations in 1958–1987. Results based on four skill scores, including the Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and R2, indicate that the adjustment greatly improved the quality of the gridded dataset, specifically, precipitation, maximum temperature, and wind speed. For example, NSE for annual precipitation during the validation time period increased from −0.03 to 0.72, PBIAS reduced from 29.2% to 6.6%, RMSE decreased by 182.44 mm, and R2 increased from 0.06 to 0.75. Assessing the results in different climatic zones of Iran reveals that precipitation improved more significantly in the Per-Humid zone followed by the Humid zone, while maximum temperature improved better in the Arid areas. For wind speed, the values improved comparably in the three climate zones. However, the delta values for monthly minimum temperature calculated during the adjustment time period cannot be applied in the validation time period, due to the fact that the Princeton climate data cannot follow the behavior of minimum temperature during the validation phase. In short, we showed that a simple bias adjustment approach, along with minimum observed station data, can significantly improve the performance of global gridded datasets.
Qinghuan Zhang; Qiuhong Tang; Xingcai Liu; Seyed-Mohammad Hosseini-Moghari; Pedram Attarod. Improving Princeton Forcing Dataset over Iran Using the Delta-Ratio Method. Water 2020, 12, 630 .
AMA StyleQinghuan Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, Xingcai Liu, Seyed-Mohammad Hosseini-Moghari, Pedram Attarod. Improving Princeton Forcing Dataset over Iran Using the Delta-Ratio Method. Water. 2020; 12 (3):630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQinghuan Zhang; Qiuhong Tang; Xingcai Liu; Seyed-Mohammad Hosseini-Moghari; Pedram Attarod. 2020. "Improving Princeton Forcing Dataset over Iran Using the Delta-Ratio Method." Water 12, no. 3: 630.
Stemflow (SF) has been recognized as an important process which can exert considerable effects on the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of wooded ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between SF (yields and funneling ratios, FR) of beech (F. orientalis) trees and rainfall characteristics, to evaluate the effects of tree traits on SF yield and the magnitudes of FR in differing rainfall classes. Event‐based measurements were carried out from April 2016 to November 2017 during the leafed‐out periods in a natural uneven‐aged beech stand located in the Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Tree density in the studied plot was 188 tree ha‐1 with a basal area (BA) of 51 m2 ha‐1. SF volume was measured in three diameter classes (10‐40 cm, 40‐70 cm and > 70 cm; n=3 per class). During the 25 rainfall events SF, SF% and FR were 3.22 mm, 0.41% and 1.11 on average, respectively. The linear regression analysis revealed that gross rainfall (GR) had the strongest correlation with SF yield and FR (P value 50 mm. FR significantly decreased with increasing tree height (H), DBH and MCP (all p‐values<0.05). Smaller trees concentrated more SF than tall and large DBH trees. Pearson correlation analysis indicated H, CPA and MCP were positively and significantly correlated to DBH (P value <0.01; r≥0.87). Therefore, SF generation in the present study is more associated with DBH. Our findings could assist managers to optimize the management strategies of deciduous forest via promotion of some large DBH trees along with small DBH trees to optimize water inputs via SF in water‐limited forest ecosystems.
Atefeh Dezhban; Pedram Attarod; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Thomas G. Pypker; Kazuki Nanko. The variability of stemflow generation in a natural beech stand ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to rainfall and tree traits. Ecohydrology 2020, 13, 1 .
AMA StyleAtefeh Dezhban, Pedram Attarod, Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri, Thomas G. Pypker, Kazuki Nanko. The variability of stemflow generation in a natural beech stand ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to rainfall and tree traits. Ecohydrology. 2020; 13 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtefeh Dezhban; Pedram Attarod; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Thomas G. Pypker; Kazuki Nanko. 2020. "The variability of stemflow generation in a natural beech stand ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to rainfall and tree traits." Ecohydrology 13, no. 3: 1.
Across all forest systems, the primary driver of throughfall (TF) amount is rainfall amount (Pg) though no work has addressed the sensitivity of the TF response to projected shifts in Pg due to climate change. We assessed how climate change may impact TF sensitivity to variability in Pg for eleven typical forest sites across the main climate types of Iran using a nondimensional relative sensitivity coefficient. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) HadGEM2-ES product was used under two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5) to project yearly precipitation and Pg for the measurement sites during 2020–50. There was a strong linear relationship between TF and Pg at all sites [TF = 0.66 (Pg) – 0.30; R2 = 0.91; n = 639]. The sensitivity coefficient ranged from 0.96–5.3 across the eleven forest sites. Large sensitivity coefficient differences were found between small (< mean annual Pg) and large (> mean annual Pg) storms for arid plantations. To buffer expected shifts in storm size due to climate change, it may be suitable to incorporate TF sensitivity when choosing landscaping and urban greening. Shifts in Pg and increased small storm frequency are predicted for 2020–50 per CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES low and high emission scenarios.
P. Attarod; Q. Tang; J. T. Van Stan Ii; T. G. Pypker; X. Liu. HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT THE STORM MAGNITUDE AND THROUFALL IN SEVERAL FOREST AREAS IN IRAN? The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 2019, XLII-4/W18, 117 -125.
AMA StyleP. Attarod, Q. Tang, J. T. Van Stan Ii, T. G. Pypker, X. Liu. HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT THE STORM MAGNITUDE AND THROUFALL IN SEVERAL FOREST AREAS IN IRAN? The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 2019; XLII-4/W18 ():117-125.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Attarod; Q. Tang; J. T. Van Stan Ii; T. G. Pypker; X. Liu. 2019. "HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT THE STORM MAGNITUDE AND THROUFALL IN SEVERAL FOREST AREAS IN IRAN?" The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18, no. : 117-125.
Aim of study: To measure the nutrient leaching from canopy and the O layer in a natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest and a Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantation.Materials and methods: From mid-July to early November, 2013, we measured throughfall (TF) (n=45), stemflow (SF) (n=12) and leaching from the O layer (n = 30) in a 0.5 ha sample plot in the Caspian region, Mazandaran province in northern Iran.Main results: Concentrations of PO43-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ in the throughfall and the O layer in both beech and spruce forests significantly increased relative to gross rainfall. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+ in TF and SF were significantly higher in the spruce forest compared with the beech forest. Furthermore, in both forests, cumulative fluxes of all studied elements (with the exception of NH4+ and NO3-) during the study period were statistically different from those of GR (P
Pedram Attarod; Parisa Abbasian; Thomas Grant-Pypker; Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi; Ghavamoddin Zahedi-Amiri; Hamid Soofi-Mariv; Vilma Bayamzadeh. Replacing an oriental beech forest with a spruce plantation impacts nutrient concentrations in throughfall, stemflow, and O layer. Forest Systems 2019, 28, e010 .
AMA StylePedram Attarod, Parisa Abbasian, Thomas Grant-Pypker, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi, Ghavamoddin Zahedi-Amiri, Hamid Soofi-Mariv, Vilma Bayamzadeh. Replacing an oriental beech forest with a spruce plantation impacts nutrient concentrations in throughfall, stemflow, and O layer. Forest Systems. 2019; 28 (2):e010.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedram Attarod; Parisa Abbasian; Thomas Grant-Pypker; Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi; Ghavamoddin Zahedi-Amiri; Hamid Soofi-Mariv; Vilma Bayamzadeh. 2019. "Replacing an oriental beech forest with a spruce plantation impacts nutrient concentrations in throughfall, stemflow, and O layer." Forest Systems 28, no. 2: e010.
Atmospheric pollution is an important concern in urban environments. The impact of urban pollution on the physiological, biochemical and anatomical properties of leaves of oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) was studied. The leaves were collected from an urban site (Tehran, Iran) and a non-urban forest park (Chitgar Forest Park). Anatomical (stomata, parenchyma, and cuticle) and physiological (chlorophyll content, enzyme activities) properties were analyzed. The concentrations of Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead), Ni (nickel), and Cr (chromium) in leaves were significantly higher and Zn (zinc) lower at the urban site relative to the forest park. Chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in leaves of the urban site were significantly less than those of the forest park, but there was no significant difference in chlorophyll b. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase in urban leaves were significantly higher than in the leaves of the forest park. In the urban area, leaves experienced a significant decrease in leaf surface area, stomata density, stomata pore area, epidermis, and spongy mesophyll thickness, but a significant increase in cuticle and palisade thicknesses relative to forest park leaves. The increase in enzyme activities may indicate that the trees are attempting to cope with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of pollution-induced stress. Our study suggests that oriental plane trees alter their physiological and anatomical properties when living in a polluted urban environment.
Esmaiel Khosropour; Pedram Attarod; Anoushirvan Shirvany; Thomas Grant Pypker; Vilma Bayramzadeh; Leila Hakimi; Mazaher Moeinaddini. Response of Platanus orientalis leaves to urban pollution by heavy metals. Journal of Forestry Research 2018, 30, 1437 -1445.
AMA StyleEsmaiel Khosropour, Pedram Attarod, Anoushirvan Shirvany, Thomas Grant Pypker, Vilma Bayramzadeh, Leila Hakimi, Mazaher Moeinaddini. Response of Platanus orientalis leaves to urban pollution by heavy metals. Journal of Forestry Research. 2018; 30 (4):1437-1445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsmaiel Khosropour; Pedram Attarod; Anoushirvan Shirvany; Thomas Grant Pypker; Vilma Bayramzadeh; Leila Hakimi; Mazaher Moeinaddini. 2018. "Response of Platanus orientalis leaves to urban pollution by heavy metals." Journal of Forestry Research 30, no. 4: 1437-1445.
Vilma Bayramzadeh; Haifeng Zhu; XiaoMing Lu; Pedram Attarod; Hui Zhang; Xiaoxia Li; Fayaz Asad; Eryuan Liang. Temperature variability in northern Iran during the past 700 years. Science Bulletin 2018, 63, 462 -464.
AMA StyleVilma Bayramzadeh, Haifeng Zhu, XiaoMing Lu, Pedram Attarod, Hui Zhang, Xiaoxia Li, Fayaz Asad, Eryuan Liang. Temperature variability in northern Iran during the past 700 years. Science Bulletin. 2018; 63 (8):462-464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilma Bayramzadeh; Haifeng Zhu; XiaoMing Lu; Pedram Attarod; Hui Zhang; Xiaoxia Li; Fayaz Asad; Eryuan Liang. 2018. "Temperature variability in northern Iran during the past 700 years." Science Bulletin 63, no. 8: 462-464.
Vegetation activity may be changed in response to climate variability by affecting seasonality and phenological events. Monitoring of land surface phenological changes play a key role in understanding feedback of ecosystem dynamics. This study focuses on the analysis of trends in land surface phenology derived parameters using normalized difference vegetation index time series based on Global Inventory Monitoring and Mapping Studies data in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran covering the period 1981–2012. First, we applied interpolation for data reconstruction in order to remove outliers and cloud contamination in time series. Phenological parameters were retrieved by using the midpoint approach, whereas trends were estimated using the Theil–Sen approach. Correlation coefficients were evaluated from multiple linear regression between phenological parameters against temperature and precipitation time series. Significant Mann–Kendall test analysis indicate average start of season (SOS) and end of season (EOS) increased by −0.16 and +0.14 days per year, respectively. Results of significant trend analysis showed that later EOS was associated with increasing temperature trends and we found strongest relationships between temperature and phenological parameters in the west of the Hyrcanian forests, where precipitation was abundant. Moreover, SOS correlated strongly with total precipitation and mean temperature. This study allows us to better estimate the drivers affecting the vegetation dynamics in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.
Khadije Kiapasha; Ali Asghar Darvishsefat; Yves Julien; Jose A. Sobrino; Nosratoallah Zargham; Pedram Attarod; Michael E. Schaepman. Trends in Phenological Parameters and Relationship Between Land Surface Phenology and Climate Data in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 2017, 10, 4961 -4970.
AMA StyleKhadije Kiapasha, Ali Asghar Darvishsefat, Yves Julien, Jose A. Sobrino, Nosratoallah Zargham, Pedram Attarod, Michael E. Schaepman. Trends in Phenological Parameters and Relationship Between Land Surface Phenology and Climate Data in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 2017; 10 (11):4961-4970.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhadije Kiapasha; Ali Asghar Darvishsefat; Yves Julien; Jose A. Sobrino; Nosratoallah Zargham; Pedram Attarod; Michael E. Schaepman. 2017. "Trends in Phenological Parameters and Relationship Between Land Surface Phenology and Climate Data in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10, no. 11: 4961-4970.
As plantations become increasingly important sources of wood and fiber in arid/semiarid places, they have also become increasingly criticized for their hydrological impacts. An examination and comparison of gross rainfall (GR) partitioning across commonly-planted tree species (Pinus eldarica, Cupressus arizonica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Fraxinus rotundifolia) in semiarid regions has great value for watershed and forest managers interested in managing canopy hydrological processes for societal benefit. Therefore, we performed a field study examining GR partitioning into throughfall (TF), stemflow (SF), and rainfall interception (I) for these species in the semiarid Chitgar Forest Park, Tehran, Iran. An advantage to our study is that we explore the effects of forest structural differences in plantation forests experiencing similar climatic factors and storm conditions. As such, variability in GR partitioning due to different meteorological conditions is minimized, allowing comparison of structural attributes across plantations. Our results show that commonly-selected afforestation species experiencing the same climate produced differing stand structures that differentially partition GR into TF, SF, and I. P. eldarica might be the best of the four species to plant if the primary goal of afforestation is to limit erosion and stormwater runoff as it intercepted more rainfall than other species. However, the high SF generation from F. rotundifolia, and low GR necessary to initiate SF, could maximize retention of water in the soils since SF has been shown to infiltrate along root pathways and access groundwater. A consideration of GR partitioning should be considered when selecting a species for afforestation/reforestation in water-limited ecosystems.
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; John Toland Van Stan; Thomas Grant Pypker. The importance of considering rainfall partitioning in afforestation initiatives in semiarid climates: A comparison of common planted tree species in Tehran, Iran. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 568, 845 -855.
AMA StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Pedram Attarod, John Toland Van Stan, Thomas Grant Pypker. The importance of considering rainfall partitioning in afforestation initiatives in semiarid climates: A comparison of common planted tree species in Tehran, Iran. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 568 ():845-855.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; John Toland Van Stan; Thomas Grant Pypker. 2016. "The importance of considering rainfall partitioning in afforestation initiatives in semiarid climates: A comparison of common planted tree species in Tehran, Iran." Science of The Total Environment 568, no. : 845-855.
Aim of study: The objective of this study was to compare the quantity and quality of TF (throughfall) in an indigenous, but degraded, stand of Fagus orientalis and Picea abies plantation.Area of study: Forests of Kelar-Dasht region located in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.Material and Methods: TF measured by twenty collectors that were distributed randomly underneath each stand. For 21 storms sampled in 2012 (August-December) and 2013 (April-June), we analyzed pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, and P of gross rainfall (GR) and TF.Main results: Cumulative interception (I) for F. orientalis and P. abies were 114.2 mm and 194.8 mm of the total GR, respectively. The amount of K+ (13.4 mg L-1) and Ca2+ (0.9 mg L-1) were higher (for both elements, p = 0.001) in the TF of P. abies compared to those of F. orientalis (6.8 and 0.5, mg L-1, respectively) and GR (3.2 and 0.37 mg L-1, respectively). Conversely, mean P concentration was doubled (p = 0.022) in the TF of F. orientalis (11.1 mg L-1) compared to GR (5.8 mg L-1).Research highlights: P. abies plantations may provide a solution for reforestation of degraded F. orientalis forests of northern Iran, yet how P. abies plantations differentially affect the quality and quantity of rainfall reaching subcanopy soils (TF) compared to F. orientalis is unknown. Understanding the connection between hydrological processes and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems is crucial for choosing the appropriate species to rehabilitate the degraded indigenous forests with nonindigenous species. Keywords: concentration; hydrological process; interception; reforestation.
Parisa Abbasian; Pedram Attarod; Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; John T. Van Stan Ii; Seyed M. Hojjati. Throughfall nutrients in a degraded indigenous Fagus orientalis forest and a Picea abies plantation in the of North of Iran. Forest Systems 2015, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleParisa Abbasian, Pedram Attarod, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, John T. Van Stan Ii, Seyed M. Hojjati. Throughfall nutrients in a degraded indigenous Fagus orientalis forest and a Picea abies plantation in the of North of Iran. Forest Systems. 2015; 24 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParisa Abbasian; Pedram Attarod; Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; John T. Van Stan Ii; Seyed M. Hojjati. 2015. "Throughfall nutrients in a degraded indigenous Fagus orientalis forest and a Picea abies plantation in the of North of Iran." Forest Systems 24, no. 3: 1.
Throughfall nutrient fluxes were generally higher in a mixed stand than in a pure stand of Oriental beech. Throughfall fluxes were higher than bulk precipitation fluxes except for nitrogen and indicate higher canopy uptake of this element in the pure stand compared to the mixed stand. Oriental beech is an economically relevant tree species for Iran and adjacent countries. Yet little is known about nutrient cycling in Oriental beech stands and the influence of the degree of mixture with other species. We assessed the effect of seasons on nutrient fluxes in precipitation and whether throughfall chemistry differed between pure and mixed stands. Bulk precipitation in the open field and throughfall were sampled during one whole month within each season from August 2013 to May 2014 in a pure (81 % of beech trees on average) and a mixed stand (57 % of beech trees) of Oriental beech. Samples were analysed for pH, nitrate (NO3 −), ammonium (NH4 +), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+). Nutrient concentrations were generally higher in the growing season than in the dormant season, both in bulk precipitation and in throughfall. Nutrient fluxes were higher in fall and these peaks coincided with higher amounts of precipitation. The concentrations and fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 −, P, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ were generally higher in the mixed stand than in the pure stand in all seasons. Compared to the open field, throughfall fluxes were usually higher, except for NO3 − and NH4 +, indicating direct canopy uptake of nitrogen. Canopy composition in Oriental beech stands (owing to differences in foliage chemistry) and seasons (owing to differences in precipitation regime and phenological stages) have a significant effect on throughfall nutrient fluxes.
Maryam Salehi; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Pedram Attarod; Ali Salehi; Ivano Brunner; Patrick Schleppi; Anne Thimonier. Seasonal variations of throughfall chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Iran). Annals of Forest Science 2015, 73, 371 -380.
AMA StyleMaryam Salehi, Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri, Pedram Attarod, Ali Salehi, Ivano Brunner, Patrick Schleppi, Anne Thimonier. Seasonal variations of throughfall chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Iran). Annals of Forest Science. 2015; 73 (2):371-380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaryam Salehi; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Pedram Attarod; Ali Salehi; Ivano Brunner; Patrick Schleppi; Anne Thimonier. 2015. "Seasonal variations of throughfall chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Iran)." Annals of Forest Science 73, no. 2: 371-380.
Heavy metal contamination is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting physiological activities of plants. We investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo, and Fm), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), and proline in one-year-old seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia. The seedlings were treated twice over a period of 10 days with Cd and Pb at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L−1. Saline solution containing Cd and Pb was sprayed on the leaves. Chlorophyll and proline contents were measured after 10 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence of R. pseudoacacia was affected slightly by high concentrations (1000, 2000 mg L−1) of Cd and Pb. Chlorophyll a and a/b increased at 1000 and 2000 mg L−1 of Cd and proline content of leaves was similar in all treatments of Cd and Pb. Our results indicated that photosynthetic sensitivity of R. pseudoacacia to Cd and Pb contamination was weak. Photosystem II chlorophyll pigments were not damaged by Pb and Cd stress. We conclude that chlorophyll fluorescence along with chlorophyll and proline contents are useful indicators of Cd and Pb stresses in R. pseudoacacia which widely planted in urban polluted regions in Iran.
A. Dezhban; Anoushirvan Shirvany; P. Attarod; M. Delshad; M. Matinizadeh; M. Khoshnevis. Cadmium and lead effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll pigments and proline of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Forestry Research 2015, 26, 323 -329.
AMA StyleA. Dezhban, Anoushirvan Shirvany, P. Attarod, M. Delshad, M. Matinizadeh, M. Khoshnevis. Cadmium and lead effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll pigments and proline of Robinia pseudoacacia. Journal of Forestry Research. 2015; 26 (2):323-329.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Dezhban; Anoushirvan Shirvany; P. Attarod; M. Delshad; M. Matinizadeh; M. Khoshnevis. 2015. "Cadmium and lead effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll pigments and proline of Robinia pseudoacacia." Journal of Forestry Research 26, no. 2: 323-329.
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; John Toland Van Stan; Thomas Grant Pypker; David Dunkerley. Efficiency of the reformulated Gash's interception model in semiarid afforestations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2015, 201, 76 -85.
AMA StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Pedram Attarod, John Toland Van Stan, Thomas Grant Pypker, David Dunkerley. Efficiency of the reformulated Gash's interception model in semiarid afforestations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2015; 201 ():76-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; John Toland Van Stan; Thomas Grant Pypker; David Dunkerley. 2015. "Efficiency of the reformulated Gash's interception model in semiarid afforestations." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 201, no. : 76-85.
In semiarid and arid areas, it is important to understand the amount of rainfall reaching the ground in order to develop effective water plan strategies for the selection of the tree species for afforestation goals. We measured the rainfall interception and canopy storage capacity of individual trees of Pinus eldarica and Cupressus arizonica growing in an afforested Park located in an arid region of Iran. Correlations between percent relative interception and gross rainfall, mean daily wind speed, mean daily air temperature, and mean daily relative humidity were examined both for the wet and dry seasons. Canopy storage capacity was estimated by indirect methods: the Pereira, mean, minimum, and Gash and Morton. The cumulative mean values of percent relative interception and gross rainfall for P. eldarica and C. arizonica trees averaged 66 and 53 %, respectively. Combining meteorological parameters with rainfall depth only slightly improved the correlation with the percent of gross rainfall lost to interception loss in the dry season for P. eldarica (from 0.87 to 0.90) and C. arizonica (from 0.90 to 0.92). For P. eldarica, the mean estimate of canopy storage capacity was 1.31 versus 1.00 mm in C. arizonica trees. Because the storms in this region are small, the large canopy water storage of P. eldarica will result in greater interception losses relative to C. arizonica. Therefore, afforestation efforts would be better served planting C. arizonica over P. eldarica, if maximizing water inputs is a main management goal.
Pedram Attarod; Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Thomas Grant Pypker; Hossein Bagheri; Mohsen Bagheri; Vilma Bayramzadeh. Needle-leaved trees impacts on rainfall interception and canopy storage capacity in an arid environment. New Forests 2014, 46, 339 -355.
AMA StylePedram Attarod, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Thomas Grant Pypker, Hossein Bagheri, Mohsen Bagheri, Vilma Bayramzadeh. Needle-leaved trees impacts on rainfall interception and canopy storage capacity in an arid environment. New Forests. 2014; 46 (3):339-355.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedram Attarod; Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Thomas Grant Pypker; Hossein Bagheri; Mohsen Bagheri; Vilma Bayramzadeh. 2014. "Needle-leaved trees impacts on rainfall interception and canopy storage capacity in an arid environment." New Forests 46, no. 3: 339-355.
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; Thomas Grant Pypker; David Dunkerley. Is canopy interception increased in semiarid tree plantations? Evidence from a field investigation in Tehran, Iran. TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2014, 38, 792 -806.
AMA StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Pedram Attarod, Thomas Grant Pypker, David Dunkerley. Is canopy interception increased in semiarid tree plantations? Evidence from a field investigation in Tehran, Iran. TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. 2014; 38 ():792-806.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi; Pedram Attarod; Thomas Grant Pypker; David Dunkerley. 2014. "Is canopy interception increased in semiarid tree plantations? Evidence from a field investigation in Tehran, Iran." TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 38, no. : 792-806.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of throughfall (TF) have often been studied under forest canopies. Few reports, however, have been made on small‐scale TF variability in deciduous forest stands. In the present research, the spatial heterogeneity and temporal stability of TF under five individual persian oak trees (Quercus brantii var. Persica) was quantified. The research site was in the Zagros forests in western Iran, where mean annual precipitation and temperature are equal to 587.2 mm and 16.9 °C, respectively. Data from 23 rainfall events were aggregated to assess the spatial correlation of TF. Variograms for TF beneath two of the five trees reached a stable sill at the range of 5–6 m. The redistribution of TF within the canopy was highly variable in time, attributable to seasonal variation in canopy foliation and meteorological factors. As the length of the sampling period increased, the spatial variability of TF decreased and the temporal stability of the TF pattern increased. Time stability plots of TF normalized with respect to mean and variance showed a moderate general persistence for all individual trees. We conclude that single trees modify the spatial distribution of TF reaching the forest floors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Omid Fathizadeh; Pedram Attarod; Richard F. Keim; Alfred Stein; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Ali Asghar Darvishsefat. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal stability of throughfall under individual Quercus brantii trees. Hydrological Processes 2012, 28, 1124 -1136.
AMA StyleOmid Fathizadeh, Pedram Attarod, Richard F. Keim, Alfred Stein, Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri, Ali Asghar Darvishsefat. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal stability of throughfall under individual Quercus brantii trees. Hydrological Processes. 2012; 28 (3):1124-1136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmid Fathizadeh; Pedram Attarod; Richard F. Keim; Alfred Stein; Ghavamudin Zahedi Amiri; Ali Asghar Darvishsefat. 2012. "Spatial heterogeneity and temporal stability of throughfall under individual Quercus brantii trees." Hydrological Processes 28, no. 3: 1124-1136.