This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Unclaimed
K Klejnowski
Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowska-Curie Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2021 in Atmosphere
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Raman microspectroscopy and thermo-optical-transmittance (TOT) method were used to study airborne ambient soot collected at the suburban air monitoring station in southern Poland during the residential heating (January-February) and non-heating (June–July) seasons of 2017. Carbonaceous material constituted on average 47.2 wt.% of PM2.5 during the heating season and 26.9 wt.% in the non-heating season. Average concentrations of OC (37.5 ± 11.0 μg/m3) and EC (5.3 ± 1.1 μg/m3) during the heating season were significantly higher than those in the non-heating season (OC = 2.65 ± 0.78 μg/m3, and EC = 0.39 ± 0.18 μg/m3). OC was a chief contributor to the TC mass concentration regardless of the season. All Raman parameters indicated coal combustion and biomass burning were the predominant sources of soot in the heating season. Diesel soot, which is structurally less ordered than soot from other sources, was dominant during the non-heating season. The D1 and G bands area ratio (D1A/GA) was the most sensitive Raman parameter that discriminated between various soot sources, with D1A/GA > 1 for diesel soot, and less than 1 for soot from coal and wood burning. Due to high daily variability of both TOT and Raman spectroscopy data, single-day measurements can be inconclusive regarding the soot source apportionment. Long-time measurement campaigns are recommended.

ACS Style

Natalia Zioła; Kamila Banasik; Mariola Jabłońska; Janusz Janeczek; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Barbara Mathews. Seasonality of the Airborne Ambient Soot Predominant Emission Sources Determined by Raman Microspectroscopy and Thermo-Optical Method. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 768 .

AMA Style

Natalia Zioła, Kamila Banasik, Mariola Jabłońska, Janusz Janeczek, Barbara Błaszczak, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Barbara Mathews. Seasonality of the Airborne Ambient Soot Predominant Emission Sources Determined by Raman Microspectroscopy and Thermo-Optical Method. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (6):768.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Zioła; Kamila Banasik; Mariola Jabłońska; Janusz Janeczek; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Barbara Mathews. 2021. "Seasonality of the Airborne Ambient Soot Predominant Emission Sources Determined by Raman Microspectroscopy and Thermo-Optical Method." Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 768.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Atmosphere
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study assesses the air quality in Zabrze (southern Poland) based on the ambient concentrations of equivalent black carbon (eBC). eBC measurement campaigns were carried out from April 2019 to March 2020 using a modern AE33 Aethalometer, accompanied by parallel measurements of gaseous pollutants, PM10 and meteorological parameters. The use of the two-component AE33 model allows for the determination of the eBC from fossil fuel combustion (eBCff) and biomass burning (eBCbb). The obtained results showed a clear seasonal variability of eBC concentrations, with higher average levels in the heating season (4.70 µg·m−3) compared to the non-heating one (1.79 µg·m−3). In both seasons, the eBCff component had a dominant share in total eBC, which indicates significant emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels for heating purposes and from local traffic sources. The obtained results showed high correlation coefficients with gaseous and particulate pollutants, with the strongest relationship for eBC and carbon monoxide (CO). During the non-heating and heating period, both anticyclone and cyclone systems played an important role in shaping eBC, eBCff and eBCbb concentrations. High concentrations of all components occurred with a significant decrease in air temperature and solar radiation in winter.

ACS Style

Natalia Zioła; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Temporal Variability of Equivalent Black Carbon Components in Atmospheric Air in Southern Poland. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 119 .

AMA Style

Natalia Zioła, Barbara Błaszczak, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Temporal Variability of Equivalent Black Carbon Components in Atmospheric Air in Southern Poland. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (1):119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalia Zioła; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2021. "Temporal Variability of Equivalent Black Carbon Components in Atmospheric Air in Southern Poland." Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 119.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2020 in Atmospheric Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The analysis of bioavailability and potential risk to human health of trace and minor elements bound to atmospheric PM2.5 was carried out at an urban background site in Warsaw, Poland during a 40-day winter period. The samples were sequentially extracted into four different fractions: water soluble (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3) and residual fraction (F4) for the chemical fractionation of 8 elements: As, Cd, K, Mn, Pb, Sb, Ti and Zn, and further analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in each fraction. The average PM2.5 mass concentration of 31.81 μg/m3 (±19.73 μg/m3) was exceeding daily WHO air quality guideline, while concentrations rose up to 50–70 μg/m3 during episode days. Total concentrations of all analyzed elements were higher during the episode periods, with the highest increases for K, Pb (2 times) and Cd (1.7 times). All elements exhibited high bioavailability, as well as very high (K, Ti, Zn) and high (As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Sb) risk assessment code, with both features rising in episodic days up to 20% and more than 60%, respectively. Cancer risk for adults resulted from inhalation exposure to the most bioavailable fractions (F1 and F2) of human carcinogen As. It was higher than the precautionary criterion (1 · 10−6) and increased during the days with elevated PM2.5 levels.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Elwira Zajusz-Zubek; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Eliza Kurek; Ewa Bulska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Bioavailability of elements in atmospheric PM2.5 during winter episodes at Central Eastern European urban background site. Atmospheric Environment 2020, 245, 117993 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Elwira Zajusz-Zubek, Magdalena Reizer, Katarzyna Maciejewska, Eliza Kurek, Ewa Bulska, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Bioavailability of elements in atmospheric PM2.5 during winter episodes at Central Eastern European urban background site. Atmospheric Environment. 2020; 245 ():117993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Elwira Zajusz-Zubek; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Eliza Kurek; Ewa Bulska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2020. "Bioavailability of elements in atmospheric PM2.5 during winter episodes at Central Eastern European urban background site." Atmospheric Environment 245, no. : 117993.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in Energies
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The case study selected in order to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented solutions for improving air quality with the WRF-CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system as an element of decision support was the subject of this paper. Its character can be considered unique due to its geographical location, topography and the functioning PGE GiEK S.A. Turów Power Complex (ELT), and, in particular, the PGE GiEK S.A. Turów Coal Mine (KWBT). The conducted analyses have defined three scenarios of emission changes: (1) scenario related to the activities of the energy complex resulting from the minimizing measures indicated in the report on the environmental impact of the mine, (2) scenario resulting from the so-called “anti-smog” regional resolution and (3) scenario compiling the abovementioned scenarios. According to the analyses, the lowest values of the annual mean PM2.5 concentration were noted in the eastern part of the studied area and did not exceed 14 µg/m3 (56% of the permissible level). The best results in improving air quality were proven for scenario 3, i.e., a 10% reduction in concentration values over the entire analyzed area of the commune. In the case of this scenario, as the most effective and health-promoting solution, only in 25% of the area was the improvement in the residents’ health below 5%, while the reduction in the estimated number of premature deaths by over 15% was observed in nearly one third of the studied area.

ACS Style

Izabela Sówka; Małgorzata Paciorek; Krzysztof Skotak; Dominik Kobus; Maciej Zathey; Krzysztof Klejnowski. The Analysis of the Effectiveness of Implementing Emission Reduction Measures in Improving Air Quality and Health of the Residents of a Selected Area of the Lower Silesian Voivodship. Energies 2020, 13, 4001 .

AMA Style

Izabela Sówka, Małgorzata Paciorek, Krzysztof Skotak, Dominik Kobus, Maciej Zathey, Krzysztof Klejnowski. The Analysis of the Effectiveness of Implementing Emission Reduction Measures in Improving Air Quality and Health of the Residents of a Selected Area of the Lower Silesian Voivodship. Energies. 2020; 13 (15):4001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Izabela Sówka; Małgorzata Paciorek; Krzysztof Skotak; Dominik Kobus; Maciej Zathey; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2020. "The Analysis of the Effectiveness of Implementing Emission Reduction Measures in Improving Air Quality and Health of the Residents of a Selected Area of the Lower Silesian Voivodship." Energies 13, no. 15: 4001.

Article
Published: 15 February 2020 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Biomass burning is one source of air pollution that emits soot, smoke, particulate matter, free radicals and other substances, affecting human health, air quality, cloud formation processes and climate change. During biomass burning, organic biomass burning tracers are emitted, such as levoglucosan and its isomers mannosan and galactosan, which are formed at temperatures above 300 °C during cellulose and hemicellulose pyrolysis. The objective of this research is the measurement of biomass burning tracer concentrations in PM10 samples in Krynica during two winter seasons from 01.12.2017 to 31.03.2018 and from 01.12.2018 to 26.03.2019. The average concentrations of organic carbon were 9.48 μg/m3 in the 2017/2018 season and 8.79 μg/m3 in the 2018/2019 season. The average concentration of levoglucosan in the PM10 samples in 2017/2018 was 137 ng/m3, while in 2018/2019, the average concentration reached 245 ng/m3. Levoglucosan was the dominant compound among the determined biomass burning tracers, accounting for 88.6% in 2017/2018 and 72.4% in 2018/2019. The conducted measurements show that the levoglucosan to mannosan ratio was equal to 10.5 and 3.9 in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively. The biomass smoke organic carbon was approximately 10.6% in 2017/2018 and 20.5% in 2018/2019. These results correspond to the contribution of biomass smoke to organic carbon, which was equal to 14.4% and 28.4% in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Janoszka; Marianna Czaplicka; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Comparison of biomass burning tracer concentrations between two winter seasons in Krynica Zdrój. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2020, 13, 379 -385.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Janoszka, Marianna Czaplicka, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Comparison of biomass burning tracer concentrations between two winter seasons in Krynica Zdrój. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2020; 13 (3):379-385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Janoszka; Marianna Czaplicka; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2020. "Comparison of biomass burning tracer concentrations between two winter seasons in Krynica Zdrój." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 13, no. 3: 379-385.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

For the purposes of this work, a first in Poland, full-year collection of daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) samples was chemically analyzed to determine the contents of elemental and organic carbon, water-soluble inorganic ions and 21 minor and trace elements in PM in an urban background site in Warsaw. Annual mean PM2.5 concentration reached 18.8 μg/m3, with the lowest levels in summer (11.5 μg/m3 on average) and the highest in winter (27.5 μg/m3), with several episodes reaching over 80 μg/m3. Strong seasonal differences were observed mainly for the contents of nitrate and secondary organic carbon (SOC), while sulphate showed the least variability. Secondary species constituted on average 45% of PM2.5 mass, suggesting large influence of regional and long-range transport of pollutants. Source apportionment with the use of positive matrix factorization (PMF) method, supported by the analysis of enrichment factors, led to identification of six main sources of PM2.5 origin: residential combustion (fresh & aged aerosol) (46% of PM2.5 mass), traffic exhaust (21%) and non-exhaust (10%) emissions, mineral dust/construction works (12%), high-temperature processes (8%) and steel processing (3%). Including primary organic carbon (POC) and SOC as two separate constituents helped to distinguish between the primary and secondary sources of the aerosol. The identification of sources was also supported by investigating their yearly and weekly profiles, as well as the correlation of PM constituents with meteorological conditions, which are one of the main drivers of heat generation activities. We found that the most distinctive markers of PM sources in Warsaw are SOC, Cl− and As for residential combustion, NH4+, Sb and POC for road transport, Ca and Mg for construction works and SO42− for long-range transport of PM.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Characterization of atmospheric PM2.5 sources at a Central European urban background site. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 713, 136729 .

AMA Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Magdalena Reizer, Katarzyna Maciejewska, Barbara Błaszczak, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Characterization of atmospheric PM2.5 sources at a Central European urban background site. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 713 ():136729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2020. "Characterization of atmospheric PM2.5 sources at a Central European urban background site." Science of The Total Environment 713, no. : 136729.

Review
Published: 28 December 2018 in Applied Sciences
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a one of the most important environmental issue. A particular attention is being paid to fine PM fraction (PM2.5, PM1.0) due to its detrimental impact on human health and long-term persistence in the air. Presented work is an in-depth bibliometric study on the concentrations and chemical composition of PM2.5 among 27 rural and 38 urban/urban background stations dispersed across the Europe. Obtained results indicate that the chemical composition of PM2.5, in terms of mass concentrations and percentage contribution of main chemical constituents, is relatively different in various parts of Europe. Urban and urban background stations are typically characterized by higher share of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5, compared to rural background sites, mostly pronounced during the heating periods. The share of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) is typically higher at rural background stations, especially in North-Western Europe. In general, the relative contribution of SIA in PM2.5 mass, both at rural and urban background stations, showed more or less pronounced seasonal variation, opposite to Polish measurement sites. Moreover, Poland stands out from the majority of the European stations by strong dominance of total carbon over secondary inorganic aerosol.

ACS Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Natalia Zioła; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler. Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter in Poland in Relation with Data from Selected Rural and Urban Background Stations in Europe. Applied Sciences 2018, 9, 98 .

AMA Style

Barbara Błaszczak, Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca, Natalia Zioła, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler. Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter in Poland in Relation with Data from Selected Rural and Urban Background Stations in Europe. Applied Sciences. 2018; 9 (1):98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Natalia Zioła; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler. 2018. "Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter in Poland in Relation with Data from Selected Rural and Urban Background Stations in Europe." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1: 98.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2017 in Atmosphere
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In this study, the ambient aerosol (PM10) concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), and levoglucosan are reported for a Polish health resort following a one-year (March 2016–April 2017) sampling campaign. The seasonal variation of OC, EC, and levoglucosan (LG) concentrations showed their maximum during the heating season for this site, with monthly mean total carbonaceous material/PM10 ratios ranging between about 0.28 and 0.44 depending on the season. Average EC concentration was 1.1 ± 0.6 µg∙m−3 and changed from 0.3 µg∙m−3 up to 2.3 µg∙m−3 during the sampling campaign. The OC concentration at the site ranged from 2.4 µg∙m−3 during the non-heating season up to 22 µg∙m−3 in the heating season, with an average of 7 µg∙m−3. A strong correlation between OC and EC in the heating season suggested that they were produced from similar sources during this time. Mean LG concentration during the sampling campaign was 0.51 µg∙m−3, while in the heating season it was 0.72 µg∙m−3 and in 0.19 µg∙m−3 in the non-heating season. The obtained results indicated a strong influence of local primary source emissions on air quality, especially during the heating period.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski; Katarzyna Janoszka; Marianna Czaplicka. Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Organic and Elemental Carbon and Levoglucosan in PM10 in Krynica Zdroj, Poland. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 190 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski, Katarzyna Janoszka, Marianna Czaplicka. Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Organic and Elemental Carbon and Levoglucosan in PM10 in Krynica Zdroj, Poland. Atmosphere. 2017; 8 (12):190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski; Katarzyna Janoszka; Marianna Czaplicka. 2017. "Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Organic and Elemental Carbon and Levoglucosan in PM10 in Krynica Zdroj, Poland." Atmosphere 8, no. 12: 190.

Article
Published: 17 August 2017 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

More than 80% of people living in urban areas who monitor air pollution are exposed to air quality levels that exceed limits defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although all regions of the world are affected, populations in low-income cities are the most impacted. According to average annual levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, ambient particles with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) presented in the urban air quality database issued by WHO in 2016, as many as 33 Polish cities are among the 50 most polluted cities in the European Union (EU), with Silesian cities topping the list. The aim of this study was to characterize the indoor air quality in Silesian kindergartens based on the concentrations of gaseous compounds (SO2, NO2), PM2.5, and the sum of 15 PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including PM2.5-bound benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as well as the mutagenic activity of PM2.5 organic extracts in Salmonella assay (strains: TA98, YG1024). The assessment of the indoor air quality was performed taking into consideration the pollution of the atmospheric air (outdoor). I/O ratios (indoor/outdoor concentration) for each investigated parameter were also calculated. Twenty-four-hour samples of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were collected during spring in two sites in southern Poland (Silesia), representing urban and rural areas. Indoor samples were taken in naturally ventilated kindergartens. At the same time, in the vicinity of the kindergarten buildings, the collection of outdoor samples of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 was carried out. The content of BaP and the sum of 15 studied PAHs was determined in each 24-h sample of PM2.5 (indoor and outdoor). In the urban site, statistically lower concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were detected indoors compared to outdoors, whereas in the rural site, such a relationship was observed only for NO2. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5-bound BaP, and Σ15 PAHs in kindergartens (indoor) versus atmospheric (outdoor) air in the two studied areas were identified. Mutagenic effect of indoor PM2.5 samples was twice as low as in outdoor samples. The I/O ratios indicated that all studied air pollutants in the urban kindergarten originated from the ambient air. In the rural site concentrations of SO2, PM2.5 and BaP in the kindergarten were influenced by internal sources (gas and coal stoves).

ACS Style

Ewa Błaszczyk; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Piotr Kubiesa; Izabela Fulara; Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. Indoor air quality in urban and rural kindergartens: short-term studies in Silesia, Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2017, 10, 1207 -1220.

AMA Style

Ewa Błaszczyk, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Piotr Kubiesa, Izabela Fulara, Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. Indoor air quality in urban and rural kindergartens: short-term studies in Silesia, Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2017; 10 (10):1207-1220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Błaszczyk; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Piotr Kubiesa; Izabela Fulara; Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. 2017. "Indoor air quality in urban and rural kindergartens: short-term studies in Silesia, Poland." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 10, no. 10: 1207-1220.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Environmental Engineering Science
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The work presents the results of the measurements of mass concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and water-soluble ions (sulfates SO42−, nitrates NO3− as well as ammonium NH4+, sodium Na+, chlorine Cl−, potassium K+, calcium Ca2+, and magnesium ions Mg2+) in PM2.5. The analysis regarded PM2.5 samples collected in three different measurement sites in Poland: Trzebinia (urban background), Szczecin (urban background), and Złoty Potok (regional background). The research was conducted during heating (Jan–Mar) and nonheating (May–Jul) seasons of 2013. PM was sampled by the medium-volume samplers, and the concentrations of the ions in PM2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography. Clear spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5 concentrations was observed, with higher levels recorded during the heating period. Average PM2.5 concentrations over the entire measurement period equaled 17.11, 25.21, and 25.16 μg/m3 in Szczecin, Trzebinia, and Złoty Potok, respectively. Ionic composition of PM2.5 from all stations was dominated by SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ ions. The total share of these ions was ∼78%, ∼85%, and ∼89% of the mass of all analyzed ions, and it was ∼34%, ∼30%, and ∼18% of the PM2.5 mass in Szczecin, Trzebinia, and Złoty Potok, respectively. Contribution of secondary inorganic ions in the PM2.5 mass was relatively stable in the heating and nonheating seasons, although the shares of individual inorganic ions in PM2.5 displayed seasonal differences. It was found that seasonal variability of PM2.5 concentrations, as well as concentrations and contributions of PM2.5-related components was related with the impact of weather conditions and the changes in the intensity of the emission sources of PM2.5 and its precursors.

ACS Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Magdalena Reizer; Barbara Mathews; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Ionic Composition of Fine Particulate Matter from Urban and Regional Background Sites in Poland. Environmental Engineering Science 2017, 34, 236 -250.

AMA Style

Barbara Błaszczak, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Magdalena Reizer, Barbara Mathews, Katarzyna Maciejewska, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Ionic Composition of Fine Particulate Matter from Urban and Regional Background Sites in Poland. Environmental Engineering Science. 2017; 34 (4):236-250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Magdalena Reizer; Barbara Mathews; Katarzyna Maciejewska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2017. "Ionic Composition of Fine Particulate Matter from Urban and Regional Background Sites in Poland." Environmental Engineering Science 34, no. 4: 236-250.

Article
Published: 24 December 2016 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is important due to the widespread presence of PAHs in the environment and their toxicological relevance, especially to susceptible populations such as children and their health. The aim of this study is to compare indoor and outdoor concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) and 15 individual PAHs, as well as contribution of the analyzed PAHs to mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. Samples were collected during spring season in two sites in southern Poland (Silesia) representing urban and rural areas. Indoor samples of PM2.5 were sampled in kindergartens. At the same time, in the vicinity of the kindergarten buildings, the collection of the outdoor PM2.5 samples was carried out. Mutagenic (MEQ) and carcinogenic (TEQ) equivalents related to BaP and the percentage share expressed as mutagenic (MP) and carcinogenic (CP) potential of each individual compound to the total mutagenic/carcinogenic potential of the PAH mixture were calculated. The obtained results show that high concentrations of PM2.5 (above 25 μg/m3) and 15 PM2.5-bound PAHs in outdoor and indoor air were similar in the two studied areas. In overall PAHs mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, the percentage share of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was dominant and varied from 49.0–54.5% to 62.5–70.0%, respectively. The carried out study indicates the necessity of reducing PAH emission from solid fuel combustion, which is reflected in PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations and their diagnostic ratios. In the recent years, health effects on children resulting from their activity pattern and air quality in the public places have been a serious problem.

ACS Style

Ewa Błaszczyk; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Izabela Fulara; Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to outdoor and indoor airborne particles (PM2.5) and their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in Silesian kindergartens, Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2016, 10, 389 -400.

AMA Style

Ewa Błaszczyk, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Izabela Fulara, Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to outdoor and indoor airborne particles (PM2.5) and their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in Silesian kindergartens, Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2016; 10 (3):389-400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Błaszczyk; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Izabela Fulara; Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach. 2016. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to outdoor and indoor airborne particles (PM2.5) and their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in Silesian kindergartens, Poland." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 10, no. 3: 389-400.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2016 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Twenty-four-hour samples of fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5; particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 µm) were collected in a suburban (quasi-rural) area in Racibórz (Poland) between 1 January 2011 and 26 December 2012. The samples were analyzed for the contents of 28 elements. Sources of PM2.5 were identified and the contribution of each source to the PM2.5 concentration was assessed using an enrichment factor (EF) analysis, a principal component analysis (PCA), and multi-linear regression analysis (MLRA). In the cold season (January–March and October–December 2011–2012), the mean ambient concentration of PM2.5 in Racibórz was 48.7 ± 39.4 µg·m−3, which was much higher than at other suburban or rural sites in Europe. Additionally the ambient concentrations of some toxic PM2.5-bound elements were also high, i.e., the mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5-bound As, Cd, and Pb were 11.3 ± 11.5, 5.2 ± 2.5, and 34.0 ± 34.2 ng·m−3, respectively. In the warm season (April–September 2011–2012), the PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound element concentrations in Racibórz were comparable to the concentrations noted at other suburban (or rural) sites in Europe. Our findings suggest that elemental composition and concentrations of PM2.5 in Racibórz are mainly influenced by anthropogenic emissions, i.e., the energy production based on coal and biomass combustion, traffic, and industry.

ACS Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Grzegorz Majewski; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 715 .

AMA Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Grzegorz Majewski, Barbara Błaszczak, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (7):715.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Grzegorz Majewski; Barbara Błaszczak; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. 2016. "Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 715.

Conference paper
Published: 11 February 2016 in First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The paper investigates PM2.5 levels and composition in 3 different locations in Poland for cold and warm period of 2013. The highest share of SOC and POC in PM2.5 was found in heating season, which was probably due to an increase in the activity of local emission sources of PM, especially biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion in residential sector, while SIA contribution in PM2.5 mass was relatively constant during heating and non-heating period at all 3 sites. During non-heating season air mass back trajectories were grouped into 5 clusters representing mostly westerly flows (50–72 %). During heating season the trajectories were grouped into 6 clusters coming mostly from eastern directions (54–64 %).

ACS Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Ewa Krajny; Barbara Mathews; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Analysis of National Verses Long-Range Transport Contribution to Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Load in Selected Location in Poland. First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015 2016, 65 -70.

AMA Style

Barbara Błaszczak, Magdalena Reizer, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Ewa Krajny, Barbara Mathews, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Analysis of National Verses Long-Range Transport Contribution to Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Load in Selected Location in Poland. First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015. 2016; ():65-70.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Magdalena Reizer; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Ewa Krajny; Barbara Mathews; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2016. "Analysis of National Verses Long-Range Transport Contribution to Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Load in Selected Location in Poland." First Complex Systems Digital Campus World E-Conference 2015 , no. : 65-70.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Aerosol and Air Quality Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Barbara Mathews; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Chemical Compositions of PM2.5 at Two Non-Urban Sites from the Polluted Region in Europe. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2016, 16, 2333 -2348.

AMA Style

Barbara Błaszczak, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Barbara Mathews, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Chemical Compositions of PM2.5 at Two Non-Urban Sites from the Polluted Region in Europe. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2016; 16 (10):2333-2348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Błaszczak; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Barbara Mathews; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. 2016. "Chemical Compositions of PM2.5 at Two Non-Urban Sites from the Polluted Region in Europe." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16, no. 10: 2333-2348.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Environmental Modelling & Software
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Eight datasets of 1-h¿black carbon (BC) concentrations measured in Warsaw agglomeration (Poland), at urban background and sub-urban sites, and in Racibórz, a small town in Upper Silesia district (regional background site) were analyzed to evaluate BC levels, daily profiles and statistical distributions of concentrations in Central-Eastern European region. The observed mean levels ranged from 1483¿ng¿m-3 in suburban site during summer to 3358¿ng¿m-3 in regional background site in winter. Observed diurnal patterns were bimodal in the locations dominated by traffic emissions, but unimodal, with elevated evening peak in individually heated residential area. Three theoretical frequency distributions were applied to fit analyzed datasets separately. The lognormal distribution was the most appropriate to represent the middle-range values, while the high concentrations were satisfactorily predicted by the type I two-parameter exponential distribution which was used to estimate the return periods of extreme concentrations for winter months. BC concentrations in Warsaw are higher than in Western European capitals.Regional background BC levels in Upper Silesia district are high, especially during winter.One or two daily peaks are observed depending on the dominating emission source and season.Lognormal distribution presents the best fit to the middle-range BC concentrations.Return periods of extreme BC wintertime concentrations were estimated.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Maciejewska; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Magdalena Reizer; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Modelling of black carbon statistical distribution and return periods of extreme concentrations. Environmental Modelling & Software 2015, 74, 212 -226.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Maciejewska, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Magdalena Reizer, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Modelling of black carbon statistical distribution and return periods of extreme concentrations. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2015; 74 ():212-226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Maciejewska; Katarzyna Juda-Rezler; Magdalena Reizer; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2015. "Modelling of black carbon statistical distribution and return periods of extreme concentrations." Environmental Modelling & Software 74, no. : 212-226.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2015 in Atmosphere
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Ambient particles whose aerodynamic diameters were not greater than 2.5 µm (fine fraction of Particulate Matter; PM2.5) and 1 µm (PM1; sub-fraction of PM2.5) were sampled at three sites in Upper Silesia (Poland): urban background site, rural background site, and urban traffic site. In total, 240 samples were collected between 2 August 2009 and 27 December 2010. The reflectance of the collected PM1 and PM2.5 samples was determined with a digital smoke stain reflectometer. The 24-h courses and seasonal changes of three determined optical parameters for PM1 and PM2.5 (absorption coefficient (a), mass absorption (σ), and mean light reflection coefficient (Rav)) were illustrated and discussed. The mean values of the regional background absorption coefficient (a) were 1.27 × 10−5 m−1 and 0.87 × 10−5 m−1 for PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. In Katowice (urban background), the mean absorption levels were 2.37 × 10−5 m−1 and 2.09 × 10−5 m−1 for PM2.5 and PM1, respectively. The highest values of the absorption coefficient for both PM fractions were found close to the highway (urban traffic site). In the heating season (winter), the absorption coefficient (a) for PM2.5 and PM1 increased significantly when compared with the non-heating season. The obtained results confirmed the thesis about the significant increase in the elemental PM2.5-bound carbon concentration caused by the intensified hard coal combustion in Upper Silesia in winter. Moreover, it turned out that the increase in the concentration of the PM2.5-bound sulphates was even higher, which resulted in the relative decrease of the elemental carbon content in this PM fraction in some areas. Consequently, the mass absorption value dropped there as well.

ACS Style

Jozef S. Pastuszka; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Optical Properties of Fine Particulate Matter in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmosphere 2015, 6, 1521 -1538.

AMA Style

Jozef S. Pastuszka, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. Optical Properties of Fine Particulate Matter in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmosphere. 2015; 6 (10):1521-1538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jozef S. Pastuszka; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec. 2015. "Optical Properties of Fine Particulate Matter in Upper Silesia, Poland." Atmosphere 6, no. 10: 1521-1538.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2014 in Atmosphere
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Suspended particles with aerodynamic diameters not greater than 1 μm (PM1) were sampled at the urban background; regional background; and urban traffic points in southern Poland. In total, 120 samples were collected between 2 August 2009 and 27 December 2010. Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in each sample. The samples were collected with a high volume sampler (Digitel). Afterwards, they were chemically analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (Perkin Elmer Clarus 500). The mean concentration values of the PAH sum (ΣPAH) and particular PAHs; the percentages of carcinogenic PAHs in total PAHs (ΣPAHcarc/ΣPAH); carcinogenic equivalent (CEQ); mutagenic equivalent (MEQ); and TCDD-toxic equivalent (TEQ) were much higher in the winter (heating) season than in the summer (non-heating) one. For both periods, the resulting average values obtained were significantly higher (a few; and sometimes a several dozen times higher) in the researched Polish region than the values observed in other areas of the world. Such results indicate the importance of health hazards resulting from PM1 and PM1-bound PAHs in this Polish area.

ACS Style

Barbara Kozielska; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Seasonal Variations in Health Hazards from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bound to Submicrometer Particles at Three Characteristic Sites in the Heavily Polluted Polish Region. Atmosphere 2014, 6, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Barbara Kozielska, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Seasonal Variations in Health Hazards from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bound to Submicrometer Particles at Three Characteristic Sites in the Heavily Polluted Polish Region. Atmosphere. 2014; 6 (1):1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Kozielska; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2014. "Seasonal Variations in Health Hazards from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bound to Submicrometer Particles at Three Characteristic Sites in the Heavily Polluted Polish Region." Atmosphere 6, no. 1: 1-20.

Article
Published: 08 December 2013 in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The seasonal changes in ambient mass concentrations and chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were investigated in three locations in Poland. The analyses included PM2.5-bound hazardous benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), As, Ni, Cd, and Pb. The samples of PM2.5 were collected daily in Katowice (southern Poland, urban background site), Gdańsk, and Diabla Góra (northern Poland, urban and regional background sites, respectively) during 1-year-long campaign in 2010. Based on monthly ambient concentrations of PM2.5-bound carbon (organic and elemental), water-soluble ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−), and elements As, Ni, Cd, Pb, Ti, Al, Fe, the chemical mass closure of PM2.5 was checked for each of the four seasons of the year and for the heating and non-heating periods at each site. Also, the annual concentrations of PM2.5 were determined and the annual PM2.5 mass closure checked. At each measuring point, the PM2.5 concentrations were high compared to its Polish yearly permissible value, 25 μg/m3, and its concentrations elsewhere in Europe. The highest annual PM2.5 concentration, 43 μg/m3, occurred in Katowice; it was twice the annual PM2.5 concentration in Gdańsk, and thrice the one in Diabla Góra. The high annual averages were due to very high monthly concentrations in the heating period, which were highest in the winter. PM2.5 consisted mainly of carbonaceous matter (elemental carbon (EC) + organic matter (OM), the sum of elemental carbon, EC, and organic matter, OM; its annual mass contributions to PM2.5 were 43, 31, and 33 % in Katowice, Gdansk, and Diabla Góra, respectively), secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), the Na_Cl group, and crustal matter (CM)—in the decreasing order of their yearly mass contributions to PM2.5. OM, EC, SIA, Na_Cl, and CM accounted for almost 81 % of the PM2.5 mass in Katowice, 74 % in Gdańsk, and 90 % in Diabla Góra. The annual average toxic metal contribution to the PM2.5 mass was not greater than 0.2 % at each site. In Katowice and Gdańsk, the yearly ambient BaP concentrations were high (15.4 and 3.2 ng/m3, respectively); in rural Diabla Góra, the concentrations of BaP were almost equal to 1 ng/m3, the Polish BaP annual limit. The great seasonal fluctuations of the shares of the component groups in PM2.5 and of the concentrations of PM2.5 and its components are due to the seasonal fluctuations of the emissions of PM and its precursors from hard and brown coal combustion for energy production, growing in a heating season, reaching maximum in winter, and decreasing in a non-heating period. In Gdańsk, northern Poland, especially in the spring and autumn, sea spray might have affected the chemical composition of PM2.5. The greatest hazard from PM2.5 occurs in Katowice, southern Poland, in winter, when very high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-related carbonaceous matter, including BaP, are maintained by poor natural ventilation in cities, weather conditions, and the highest level of industrialization in Poland. In less industrialized northern Poland, where the aeration in cities is better and rather gaseous than solid fuels are used, the health hazard from ambient PM2.5 is much lower.

ACS Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Leszek Ośródka; Ewa Krajny; Barbara Błaszczak; Barbara Mathews. Spatial and seasonal variability of the mass concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2013, 7, 41 -58.

AMA Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Krzysztof Klejnowski, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Leszek Ośródka, Ewa Krajny, Barbara Błaszczak, Barbara Mathews. Spatial and seasonal variability of the mass concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Poland. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2013; 7 (1):41-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Krzysztof Klejnowski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Leszek Ośródka; Ewa Krajny; Barbara Błaszczak; Barbara Mathews. 2013. "Spatial and seasonal variability of the mass concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Poland." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 7, no. 1: 41-58.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city. The study concerns the assessment of the traffic influence on the concentrations of three particulate matter (PM) fractions and their basic components. The PM samples were collected simultaneously at two receptors in Katowice. The measurement sites represented the so-called urban background and traffic points. The contents of the organic and elementary carbon as well as water- -soluble ions were determined in the samples. It has been observed that the traffic (car engines) pollution emissions enrich the submicron and fine PM particles with the elementary carbon at a typical urban background in southern Poland. On the other hand, the influence of the re-suspension of the road and soil dust, caused by traffic, on the concentrations and chemical composition is observed for the coarse PM fraction.

ACS Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Patrycja Rogula-Kupiec; Barbara Mathews; Krzysztof Klejnowski. Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 2013, 45, 243 -253.

AMA Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Patrycja Rogula-Kupiec, Barbara Mathews, Krzysztof Klejnowski. Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation. 2013; 45 (2):243-253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Patrycja Rogula-Kupiec; Barbara Mathews; Krzysztof Klejnowski. 2013. "Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 45, no. 2: 243-253.

Research article
Published: 27 October 2013 in The Scientific World Journal
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This work presents results from the long-term measurements of particle number carried out at an urban background station in Zabrze, Poland. Ambient particles with aerodynamic diameters of between 28 nm and 10 μm were investigated by means of a DEKATI thirteen-stage electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). The particle number-size distribution was bimodal, whilst its density function had the local maxima in the aerodynamic diameter intervals 0.056–0.095 μm and 0.157–0.263 μm. The average particle number in winter was nearly twice as high as in summer. The greatest number concentrations in winter were those of the particles with diameters of between 0.617 and 2.41 μm, that is, the anthropogenic particles from fossil fuel combustion. Approximately 99% of the particles observed in Zabrze had aerodynamic diameters ≤1 μm—they may have originated from the combustion of biomass, liquid, and gaseous fuels in domestic stoves or in car engines. The daily variation of particle number was similar for both seasons—the highest values were observed in the morning (traffic rush hour) and in the afternoon/late evening (traffic and house heating emissions). An additional maximum (0.028–0.056 μm) observed in the early afternoon in summer was due to the intensive formation of new PM particles from gas precursors.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski; Andrzej Krasa; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Barbara Błaszczak. Number Size Distribution of Ambient Particles in a Typical Urban Site: The First Polish Assessment Based on Long-Term (9 Months) Measurements. The Scientific World Journal 2013, 2013, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski, Andrzej Krasa, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Barbara Błaszczak. Number Size Distribution of Ambient Particles in a Typical Urban Site: The First Polish Assessment Based on Long-Term (9 Months) Measurements. The Scientific World Journal. 2013; 2013 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Klejnowski; Andrzej Krasa; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Barbara Błaszczak. 2013. "Number Size Distribution of Ambient Particles in a Typical Urban Site: The First Polish Assessment Based on Long-Term (9 Months) Measurements." The Scientific World Journal 2013, no. 1: 1-13.