Founded on bounded rationality and limited information, evolutionary game theory has been preliminarily applied in many fields, such as electricity market (EM). To address the complex behavioral decision-making issues in the more-common three-population multi-strategy evolutionary game (3PmSEG) scenarios in EM. This paper explores the long-term evolutionarily stable equilibrium (ESE) characteristics of general 3PmSEG systems with the aim of systematically investigating the evolution process of long-term on-grid bidding of a generation-side EM based on these features. First, the long-term ESE characteristics of general three-population two-strategy and three-strategy evolutionary games are thoroughly investigated. Complete relative net payoff (RNP) parameters are defined for these games. Then, the modeling idea of general 3PmSEGs is elaborated. Research shows that the game can be guided to evolve toward an expected long-term ESE point by properly adjusting its RNP parameters. To verify this, finally, the long-term on-grid bidding of power generation is investigated for a tripartite generation-side EM. The case study reveals that effective government supervision can effectively promote new energy accommodation of the market. Overall, the models developed in this paper are relatively universal and practical, which can provide some theoretical and methodological references for complex evolutionary game issues in related fields.

This article presents a fault-tolerant control method combined with a novel power balancing approach based on model predictive control for a three-phase cascaded H-bridge inverter. The fault-tolerant control uses redundant voltage vectors and combination voltages to redistribute the output voltage under switch open-fault and short-fault conditions. To overcome the output power imbalance problem of the conventional fault-tolerant control strategy, inter- and inner-phase power balancing approaches are proposed based on novel reward functions. The effects of H-bridge cell faults on the inverter are analyzed in detail, followed by the operational principles of the proposed power balancing and fault-tolerant control methods. Hardware-based experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

The LLCL-filter-based grid-tied inverter performs better than the LCL-type grid-tied inverter due to its outstanding switching-frequency current harmonic elimination capability, but the positive resonance peak must be suppressed by passive or active damping methods. This paper proposes a class of fractional-order LLCL (FOLLCL) filters, which provides rich features by adjusting the orders of three inductors and one capacitor of the filter. Detailed analyses are performed to reveal the frequency characteristics of the FOLLCL filter; the orders must be selected reasonably to damp the positive resonance peak while reserving the negative resonance peak to attenuate the switching-frequency harmonics. Furthermore, the control system of the grid-tied inverter based on the FOLLCL filter is studied. When the positive resonance is suppressed by the intrinsic damping effect of the FOLLCL filter, the passive or active damper can be avoided; the grid current single close-loop is adequate to control the grid-tied inverter. For low-frequency applications, proportional-resonant (PR) controller is more suitable for the FOLLCL-type grid-tied inverter compared with the proportional-integral (PI) and fractional-order PI controllers due to its overall performance. Simulation results are consistent with theoretical expectations.

The migration of low-molecular-weight components of polysiloxane (small molecules) to the surface of high-temperature-vulcanizing silicone rubber (HTV-SR) ensures its hydrophobicity and tends to coat the surface of pollutants, which would otherwise lower hydrophobicity. The transferability of hydrophobicity will ensure the insulator maintains its higher hydrophobicity after being coated with surface pollutants, thus providing the insulator with higher pollution flashover voltage. This migration process takes a certain time, and in this paper, the time characteristics of hydrophobicity transfer from HTV-SR coated with ten different inert materials were investigated. Ten different inert materials have different migration times and static contact angles, possibly due to the influence of pollution material characteristics on the characteristics of small-molecule migration. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyze the migration of small molecules to the polluted surface. The evidence of small molecules migrating to the surface of the polluted material over time was found. Furthermore, the influence of pollution material characteristics on small-molecule migration was analyzed via SEM, specific surface area, and porosity. On that basis, the hydrophobicity migration characteristics of mixtures of kaolin and kieselguhr were also studied and compared to determine how best to simulate the behavior of natural pollution using artificial pollutants and their mixtures.