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Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of HPAIV. This study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV in mandarin ducks (Aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). None of the birds used in this study, 20 mandarin ducks or 8 pigeons, showed clinical signs or mortality due to H5N6 HPAI infection. Two genotypes of H5N6 HPAIV showed replication and transmission by direct and indirect contact between mandarin ducks. H5N6 HPAIV replicated and transmitted by direct contact between pigeons, although the viral shedding titer and duration were relatively lower and shorter than those in mandarin ducks. Influenza virus antigen was detected in various internal organs of infected mandarin ducks and pigeons, indicating systemic infection. Therefore, our results indicate mandarin ducks and pigeons can be subclinically infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV and transfer the virus to adjacent birds. The role of mandarin ducks and pigeons in the spread and prevalence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses should be carefully monitored.
Sol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses 2021, 13, 1069 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Sun-Hak Lee, Yu-Jin Kim, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Jung-Eun Park, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Dong-Hun Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica)." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1069.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first identified in the 1930s and it imposes a major economic burden on the poultry industry. In particular, GI-19 lineage has spread globally and has evolved constantly since it was first detected in China. In this study, we analyzed S1 gene sequences from 60 IBVs isolated in South Korea. Two IBV lineages, GI-15 and GI-19, were identified in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there were six distinct subgroups (KM91-like, K40/09-like, and QX-like I to IV) of the South Korean GI-19 IBVs. Among them, QX-type III and IV subgroups, which are phylogenetically different from those reported in South Korea in the past, accounted for more than half of the total. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis of the QX-like subgroups indicated at least four distinct introductions of GI-19 IBVs into South Korea during 2001–2020. The efficacy of commercialized vaccines against the recently introduced QX-like subgroups should be verified, and continuous international surveillance efforts and quarantine procedures should be enhanced to prevent the incursion of viruses.
Hyuk-Chae Lee; Sol Jeong; Andrew Cho; Kyu-Jik Kim; Jun-Young Kim; Dam-Hee Park; Hyun-Jin Kim; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Chang-Seon Song. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses 2021, 13, 1045 .
AMA StyleHyuk-Chae Lee, Sol Jeong, Andrew Cho, Kyu-Jik Kim, Jun-Young Kim, Dam-Hee Park, Hyun-Jin Kim, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Chang-Seon Song. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1045.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyuk-Chae Lee; Sol Jeong; Andrew Cho; Kyu-Jik Kim; Jun-Young Kim; Dam-Hee Park; Hyun-Jin Kim; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype)." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1045.
In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B. All genes share high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAI viruses identified from Europe during early 2020. Enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is needed to monitor the introduction and spread of HPAI via wild birds and to inform the design of improved prevention and control strategies.
Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses 2020, 12, 1389 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Dong-Hun Lee, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Yu-Jin Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Andrew Y. Cho, Tae-Hyeon Kim, Jung-Eun Park, Song-I Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses. 2020; 12 (12):1389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2020. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020." Viruses 12, no. 12: 1389.