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Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of HPAIV. This study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV in mandarin ducks (Aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). None of the birds used in this study, 20 mandarin ducks or 8 pigeons, showed clinical signs or mortality due to H5N6 HPAI infection. Two genotypes of H5N6 HPAIV showed replication and transmission by direct and indirect contact between mandarin ducks. H5N6 HPAIV replicated and transmitted by direct contact between pigeons, although the viral shedding titer and duration were relatively lower and shorter than those in mandarin ducks. Influenza virus antigen was detected in various internal organs of infected mandarin ducks and pigeons, indicating systemic infection. Therefore, our results indicate mandarin ducks and pigeons can be subclinically infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV and transfer the virus to adjacent birds. The role of mandarin ducks and pigeons in the spread and prevalence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses should be carefully monitored.
Sol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses 2021, 13, 1069 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Sun-Hak Lee, Yu-Jin Kim, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Jung-Eun Park, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Dong-Hun Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica)." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1069.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first identified in the 1930s and it imposes a major economic burden on the poultry industry. In particular, GI-19 lineage has spread globally and has evolved constantly since it was first detected in China. In this study, we analyzed S1 gene sequences from 60 IBVs isolated in South Korea. Two IBV lineages, GI-15 and GI-19, were identified in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there were six distinct subgroups (KM91-like, K40/09-like, and QX-like I to IV) of the South Korean GI-19 IBVs. Among them, QX-type III and IV subgroups, which are phylogenetically different from those reported in South Korea in the past, accounted for more than half of the total. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis of the QX-like subgroups indicated at least four distinct introductions of GI-19 IBVs into South Korea during 2001–2020. The efficacy of commercialized vaccines against the recently introduced QX-like subgroups should be verified, and continuous international surveillance efforts and quarantine procedures should be enhanced to prevent the incursion of viruses.
Hyuk-Chae Lee; Sol Jeong; Andrew Cho; Kyu-Jik Kim; Jun-Young Kim; Dam-Hee Park; Hyun-Jin Kim; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Chang-Seon Song. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses 2021, 13, 1045 .
AMA StyleHyuk-Chae Lee, Sol Jeong, Andrew Cho, Kyu-Jik Kim, Jun-Young Kim, Dam-Hee Park, Hyun-Jin Kim, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Chang-Seon Song. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1045.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyuk-Chae Lee; Sol Jeong; Andrew Cho; Kyu-Jik Kim; Jun-Young Kim; Dam-Hee Park; Hyun-Jin Kim; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype)." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1045.
We identified clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses from whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) found dead in Mongolia. The identification of these infections in wild birds in this area is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration.
Sol Jeong; Nyamsuren Otgontogtokh; Dong-Hun Lee; Bayarmagnai Davganyam; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir; Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4 Subtype H5N6 Viruses Isolated from Wild Whooper Swans, Mongolia, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021, 27, 1181 -1183.
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Nyamsuren Otgontogtokh, Dong-Hun Lee, Bayarmagnai Davganyam, Sun-Hak Lee, Andrew Y. Cho, Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir, Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4 Subtype H5N6 Viruses Isolated from Wild Whooper Swans, Mongolia, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021; 27 (4):1181-1183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Nyamsuren Otgontogtokh; Dong-Hun Lee; Bayarmagnai Davganyam; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4 Subtype H5N6 Viruses Isolated from Wild Whooper Swans, Mongolia, 2020." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 4: 1181-1183.
We report the first detection of Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea during July 2020. The viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. Complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm in China, which belongs to one of the most prevalent H9N2 genotypes in China. Increasing human cases of the same genotype H9N2 infection in China and the mammalian specific markers present in the viruses isolated suggest potential implications for public health.
Sungsu Youk; Andrew Y. Cho; Dong‐Hun Lee; Sol Jeong; Yu‐Jin Kim; Sunhak Lee; Tae‐Hyeon Kim; Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood; Chang‐Seon Song. Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSungsu Youk, Andrew Y. Cho, Dong‐Hun Lee, Sol Jeong, Yu‐Jin Kim, Sunhak Lee, Tae‐Hyeon Kim, Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood, Chang‐Seon Song. Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSungsu Youk; Andrew Y. Cho; Dong‐Hun Lee; Sol Jeong; Yu‐Jin Kim; Sunhak Lee; Tae‐Hyeon Kim; Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood; Chang‐Seon Song. 2021. "Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B. All genes share high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAI viruses identified from Europe during early 2020. Enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is needed to monitor the introduction and spread of HPAI via wild birds and to inform the design of improved prevention and control strategies.
Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses 2020, 12, 1389 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Dong-Hun Lee, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Yu-Jin Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Andrew Y. Cho, Tae-Hyeon Kim, Jung-Eun Park, Song-I Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses. 2020; 12 (12):1389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2020. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020." Viruses 12, no. 12: 1389.
An avian influenza A(H6N5) virus with all 8 segments of North American origin was isolated from wild bird feces in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus may have been introduced into Asia by wild birds, highlighting the role of wild birds in the dispersal of these viruses.
Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Jin-Yong Noh; Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Chang-Seon Song. Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2019, 25, 2138 -2140.
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Dong-Hun Lee, Yu-Jin Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Andrew Y. Cho, Jin-Yong Noh, Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Chang-Seon Song. Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019; 25 (11):2138-2140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Jin-Yong Noh; Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Chang-Seon Song. 2019. "Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 11: 2138-2140.
We isolated new reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses from feces of wild waterfowl in South Korea during 2017–2018. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that reassortment occurred between clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and Eurasian low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds. Dissemination to South Korea during the 2017 fall migratory season followed.
Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; David Swayne; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Jin-Yong Noh; Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Chang-Seon Song. New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2018, 24, 1953 -1955.
AMA StyleJung-Hoon Kwon, Sol Jeong, Dong-Hun Lee, David Swayne, Yu-Jin Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Jin-Yong Noh, Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Chang-Seon Song. New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018; 24 (10):1953-1955.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung-Hoon Kwon; Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; David Swayne; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Jin-Yong Noh; Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Chang-Seon Song. 2018. "New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017–18." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 10: 1953-1955.