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Dr. Manfred Tacker
Department of Packaging and Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria

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0 Food Packaging
0 Food Safety
0 Food Technology
0 Packaging
0 Storage

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Sustainability
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With the European Green Deal, the importance of recycled products and materials has increased. Specifically, for PET bottles, a high content of recycled material (rPET) is demanded by the industry and consumers. This study was carried out in a lab environment replicating real-life industrial processes, to investigate the possible impacts on rPET quality over eleven recycling loops, aiming to use high amounts of rPET repetitively. A cycle included extrusion, solid state polycondensation (SSP), a second extrusion to simulate bottle production, hot wash and a drying step. 75% rPET and 25% virgin PET were extruded in eleven cycles to simulate a recycling and production process. Samples underwent chemical, physical and biological analysis. The quality of the rPET material was not adversely affected. Parameters such as coloring, intrinsic viscosity, concentration of critical chemicals and presence of mutagenic contaminants could be positively assessed. The quality of the produced material was likely influenced by the input material’s high standard. A closed loop PET bottle recycling process using an rPET content of up to 75% was possible when following the proposed process, indicating that this level of recycled content can be maintained indefinitely without compromising quality.

ACS Style

Elisabeth Pinter; Frank Welle; Elisa Mayrhofer; Andreas Pechhacker; Lukas Motloch; Vera Lahme; Andy Grant; Manfred Tacker. Circularity Study on PET Bottle-To-Bottle Recycling. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7370 .

AMA Style

Elisabeth Pinter, Frank Welle, Elisa Mayrhofer, Andreas Pechhacker, Lukas Motloch, Vera Lahme, Andy Grant, Manfred Tacker. Circularity Study on PET Bottle-To-Bottle Recycling. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisabeth Pinter; Frank Welle; Elisa Mayrhofer; Andreas Pechhacker; Lukas Motloch; Vera Lahme; Andy Grant; Manfred Tacker. 2021. "Circularity Study on PET Bottle-To-Bottle Recycling." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7370.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Toxics
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The Ames assay is the standard assay for identifying DNA-reactive genotoxic substances. Multiple formats are available and the correct choice of an assay protocol is essential for achieving optimal performance, including fit for purpose detection limits and required screening capacity. In the present study, a comparison of those parameters between two commonly used formats, the standard pre-incubation Ames test and the liquid-based Ames MPF™, was performed. For that purpose, twenty-one substances with various modes of action were chosen and tested for their lowest effect concentrations (LEC) with both tests. In addition, two sources of rat liver homogenate S9 fraction, Aroclor 1254-induced and phenobarbital/β-naphthoflavone induced, were compared in the Ames MPF™. Overall, the standard pre-incubation Ames and the Ames MPF™ assay showed high concordance (>90%) for mutagenic vs. non-mutagenic compound classification. The LEC values of the Ames MPF™ format were lower for 17 of the 21 of the selected test substances. The S9 source had no impact on the test results. This leads to the conclusion that the liquid-based Ames MPF™ assay format provides screening advantages when low concentrations are relevant, such as in the testing of complex mixtures.

ACS Style

Bernhard Rainer; Elisabeth Pinter; Lukas Prielinger; Chiara Coppola; Maricel Marin-Kuan; Benoit Schilter; Silvia Apprich; Manfred Tacker. Direct Comparison of the Lowest Effect Concentrations of Mutagenic Reference Substances in Two Ames Test Formats. Toxics 2021, 9, 152 .

AMA Style

Bernhard Rainer, Elisabeth Pinter, Lukas Prielinger, Chiara Coppola, Maricel Marin-Kuan, Benoit Schilter, Silvia Apprich, Manfred Tacker. Direct Comparison of the Lowest Effect Concentrations of Mutagenic Reference Substances in Two Ames Test Formats. Toxics. 2021; 9 (7):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernhard Rainer; Elisabeth Pinter; Lukas Prielinger; Chiara Coppola; Maricel Marin-Kuan; Benoit Schilter; Silvia Apprich; Manfred Tacker. 2021. "Direct Comparison of the Lowest Effect Concentrations of Mutagenic Reference Substances in Two Ames Test Formats." Toxics 9, no. 7: 152.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Sustainability
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This research analyses the differences in impact assessment results depending on the choice of a certain software-database combination. Six packaging systems were modelled in three software-database combinations (GaBi database in GaBi software, ecoinvent 3.6 database in openLCA, Environmental Footprint database in openLCA). The chosen Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method is EF 2.0. Differences and errors in the implementation of the LCIA method are a possible source of deviations. We compared the published characterisation factors with the factors implemented in the software-database combinations. While results for the climate change category are similar between the different databases, this is not the case for the other impact categories. In most cases, the use of the ecoinvent 3.6 database leads to higher results compared to GaBi. This is partly due to the fact, that ecoinvent datasets often include more background processes than the corresponding GaBi datasets. We found striking discrepancies in LCIA implementation, including the lack of regionalisation for water use in ecoinvent. A meaningful communication of LCIA results requires an excellent knowledge of the analysed product system, as well as of database quality issues and LCIA methodology. We fully acknowledge the constant efforts of database providers to improve their databases.

ACS Style

Erik Pauer; Bernhard Wohner; Manfred Tacker. The Influence of Database Selection on Environmental Impact Results. Life Cycle Assessment of Packaging Using GaBi, Ecoinvent 3.6, and the Environmental Footprint Database. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9948 .

AMA Style

Erik Pauer, Bernhard Wohner, Manfred Tacker. The Influence of Database Selection on Environmental Impact Results. Life Cycle Assessment of Packaging Using GaBi, Ecoinvent 3.6, and the Environmental Footprint Database. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9948.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Pauer; Bernhard Wohner; Manfred Tacker. 2020. "The Influence of Database Selection on Environmental Impact Results. Life Cycle Assessment of Packaging Using GaBi, Ecoinvent 3.6, and the Environmental Footprint Database." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9948.

Review
Published: 22 February 2020 in Foods
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Background: Non-targeted screening of food contact materials (FCM) for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) reveals a great number of unknown and unidentified substances present at low concentrations. In the absence of toxicological data, the application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) or of EU Regulation 10/2011 requires methods able to fulfill safety threshold criteria. In this review, mammalian in vitro genotoxicity assays are analyzed for their ability to detect DNA-damaging substances at limits of biological detection (LOBD) corresponding to the appropriate safety thresholds. Results: The ability of the assays to detect genotoxic effects varies greatly between substance classes. Especially for direct-acting mutagens, the assays lacked the ability to detect most DNA reactive substances below the threshold of 10 ppb, making them unsuitable to pick up potential genotoxicants present in FCM migrates. However, suitability for the detection of chromosomal damage or investigation of other modes of action makes them a complementary tool as part of a standard test battery aimed at giving additional information to ensure safety. Conclusion: improvements are necessary to comply with regulatory thresholds to consider mammalian genotoxicity in vitro assays to assess FCM safety.

ACS Style

Elisabeth Pinter; Bernhard Rainer; Thomas Czerny; Elisabeth Riegel; Benoît Schilter; Maricel Marin-Kuan; Manfred Tacker. Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials. Foods 2020, 9, 237 .

AMA Style

Elisabeth Pinter, Bernhard Rainer, Thomas Czerny, Elisabeth Riegel, Benoît Schilter, Maricel Marin-Kuan, Manfred Tacker. Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials. Foods. 2020; 9 (2):237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisabeth Pinter; Bernhard Rainer; Thomas Czerny; Elisabeth Riegel; Benoît Schilter; Maricel Marin-Kuan; Manfred Tacker. 2020. "Evaluation of the Suitability of Mammalian In Vitro Assays to Assess the Genotoxic Potential of Food Contact Materials." Foods 9, no. 2: 237.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2019 in Sustainability
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Food packaging helps to protect food from being lost or wasted, nevertheless it is perceived as an environmental problem. The present study gives an overview of methods to assess the environmental sustainability of food packaging. Furthermore, we propose a methodological framework for environmental assessment of food packaging. There is a broad consensus on the definition of sustainable packaging, which has to be effective, efficient, and safe for human health and the environment. Existing frameworks only provide general guidance on how to quantify the environmental sustainability of packaging. Our proposed framework defines three sustainability aspects of food packaging, namely direct environmental effects of packaging, packaging-related food losses and waste, as well as circularity. It provides a list of key environmental performance indicators and recommends certain calculation procedures for each indicator. The framework is oriented towards the Product Environmental Footprint initiative and the Circular Economy Package of the European Union. Further research should develop a method to determine the amount of packaging-related food losses and waste. Moreover, future studies should examine the potential environmental benefits of different measures to make food packaging more circular.

ACS Style

Erik Pauer; Bernhard Wohner; Victoria Heinrich; Manfred Tacker. Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Food Packaging: An Extended Life Cycle Assessment including Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste and Circularity Assessment. Sustainability 2019, 11, 925 .

AMA Style

Erik Pauer, Bernhard Wohner, Victoria Heinrich, Manfred Tacker. Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Food Packaging: An Extended Life Cycle Assessment including Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste and Circularity Assessment. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Pauer; Bernhard Wohner; Victoria Heinrich; Manfred Tacker. 2019. "Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Food Packaging: An Extended Life Cycle Assessment including Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste and Circularity Assessment." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 925.

Review
Published: 07 January 2019 in Sustainability
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Packaging is often criticized as a symbol of today’s throwaway society, as it is mostly made of plastic, which is in itself quite controversial, and is usually used only once. However, as packaging’s main function is to protect its content and 30% of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted along the supply chain, optimized packaging may be one of the solutions to reduce this staggering amount. Developing countries struggle with losses in the supply chain before food reaches the consumer. Here, appropriate packaging may help to protect food and prolong its shelf life so that it safely reaches these households. In developed countries, food tends to be wasted rather at the household’s level due to wasteful behavior. There, packaging may be one of the drivers due to inappropriate packaging sizes and packaging that is difficult to empty. When discussing the sustainability of packaging, its protective function is often neglected and only revolves around the type and amount of material used for production. In this review, drivers, issues, and implications of packaging-related food losses and waste (FLW) are discussed, as well as the implication for the implementation in life cycle assessments (LCA).

ACS Style

Bernhard Wohner; Erik Pauer; Victoria Heinrich; Manfred Tacker. Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues. Sustainability 2019, 11, 264 .

AMA Style

Bernhard Wohner, Erik Pauer, Victoria Heinrich, Manfred Tacker. Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (1):264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernhard Wohner; Erik Pauer; Victoria Heinrich; Manfred Tacker. 2019. "Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 264.