Papaya (Carica papaya) is the third most consumed tropical fruit in the world, and one of the most important economically. The main producers in America are Mexico, Brazil, and Guatemala. The main objective of the study is to analyse the trade of the Mexican fruit in the world, and comparing it with its counterparts in America. An analysis will also be made of the US market as the main destination of Mexican fruit exports in order to determine their degree of competitiveness. Using the data for the period 2001-2015, a macroeconomic analysis was performed using several criteria: Revealed Comparative Advantage (VCR), Lafay International Specialization Indicator (IC), Export and import quotas, as well as an econometric model. The results show a decline in competitiveness of the Mexican fruit both in the international and in the US market, where solidifying the real exchange rate, production and price paid would lead to an increase in competitiveness.

Cocoa is one of the main products consumed worldwide that is similar to coffee; a primary difference between coffee and cocoa is that cocoa is produced in developing countries and is consumed mainly in industrialized countries. Mexico was the country that made cocoa known to the world. The objective of the study was to analyze the competitiveness at the macroeconomic level of the Mexican cocoa product in the world during the period 2010–2021. A macroeconomic analysis was carried out using six indices: Balassa index, Vollrath Index, Additive Revealed Competitive Advantage Ratio, Trade Openness Index, Export and Import Index, and Self-Sufficiency Index. The industrialization of cocoa is the denaturation of the product, which is launched onto the market with little or no nutritional content, due to the alteration of the raw material with formulas based on vegetable fats, artificial colors, and flavors. For example, a commercial chocolate bar can have only 25–35% cocoa mass, semisweet chocolate bars can vary from 45 to 99% cocoa, while white chocolate bars only contain cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. These facts result in a decrease in the competitiveness of the product in the international market, in addition to the effects produced on its profitability for the producer—an increase in the cost of raw materials and a drop in real profits. These factors generate dependency on the international market for the production.

Toda organización moderna constituye ante todo una composición social de seres humanos, en donde es preciso que exista una estructura, una jerarquía necesaria para que se logren los fines que la organización se propone. Por tratarse de seres humanos, el factor esencial de la conducta es facilitar nuevas formas de comunicación y liderazgo que inciden en el clima organizacional. El poder conocer y descubrir como incide la comunicación organizacional y liderazgo en el clima laboral de la pequeña empresa industrial textil es sin duda alguna de gran relevancia ya que nos permitirá conocer la realidad laboral de este importante sector laboral, cabe mencionar que la pequeña empresa industrial no ha sido estudiada de forma sistemática ni teórica ni empíricamente a nivel comunicativo, pese a los avances que en esta materia sostienen tanto medianas como grandes corporaciones y multinacionales. En las organizaciones se han desarrollado diversos estudios y de manera muy especial por aquellos que pretende entender el interior de la pequeña empresa industrial, dentro de estos factores se encuentra la comunicación y el clima organizacional. En México se ha escrito muy poco sobre medir el clima organizacional de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, todos los esfuerzos están encaminados a las grandes empresas, la presente investigación analiza el clima organizacional de las PyMEs de la industria textil en el estado de Hidalgo, en las relaciones grupales, de los miembros de estas organizaciones, que condicionan la forma en que perciben su ambiente laboral.

Objetivo: La finalidad del presente estudio es identificar la relación de los riesgos laborales de tipo psicosocial y el desgaste psíquico con respuestas de estrés en 985 trabajadores de una administración pública mexicana. Materiales y métodos: El diseño del estudio es no experimental, transversal y cuantitativo. Se aplicó la batería para el estudio de las condiciones de trabajo de carácter psicosocial CTCPSMAC, validada para población iberoamericana, con Alpha de Crombach 0.927 y población mexicana 0,931. Se realizó el análisis de datos a través del programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21, mediante un análisis bivariado y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Características personales, relaciones interpersonales en el trabajo y carga y ritmo de trabajo, están asociados a respuestas cognitivo-emocional, conductual y fisiológica. Ambientes laborales y amortiguadores del riesgo psíquico, están asociados a las respuestas conductual y fisiológica. Concepción de las tareas del puesto de trabajo está asociada a las respuestas cognitivo-emocional y fisiológica. La exposición a una mala interrelación trabajo con problemas familiares o sociales, y características de la empresa está asociada a respuesta conductual. Conclusiones: La investigación mostró que en la organización pública objeto de estudio existe una relación significativa entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial del entorno laboral y las respuestas de estrés por parte de los trabajadores que integran la misma, poniendo en riesgo la salud de éstos, por lo que es importante considerar el cumplimiento de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-035-STPS-2018, que recién entró en vigencia.

Currently, the fourth industrial revolution and the advantages that it brings in relation to the use of technologies are discussed, which is also reflected in the educational field. Nowadays it is increasingly common to observe that students use the cell phone as a technological instrument that allows them to consult relevant information within the classroom, as well as perform various activities associated with the academic field. However, it has also increased the habit of misusing the mobile device by the student, by sending personal messages or entering various social pages without the authorization of their teachers and during classroom sessions, which generates interference of communication and is known as Phubbing. The objective of this research is to describe the different uses of the cell phone in a school day by university students of a technological educational institution in central Mexico. The study is quantitative, descriptive - correlational, transversal and non-experimental. A sample of 92 subjects was used. A questionnaire based on [1-3], among other authors, was applied. The main results obtained show that at least 30% of the students participating in the study use the cell phone in class for personal use, without the teacher's consent.

Entrepreneurial orientation influences the development of organizations and the need to undertake it implies assuming certain risks for entrepreneurs who must respond to the constant dynamism of the business world in search of new opportunities for success. The objective was to find the conditions for and against the entrepreneurial orientation that exists in the State of Hidalgo, through the opinion of 300 experts in entrepreneurship. A measuring instrument was used and adapted in 2019 by the National Network of MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) of the Consortium of Mexican Universities (CUMEX), based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the information was collected through an online questionnaire. The main results show the need to strengthen entrepreneurial orientation, improving aspects regarding financing, government programs, the opening of the internal market and regulations, and social and cultural issues; likewise, an important finding is that the generalized perception of this phenomenon is more positive than if each dimension is analyzed in a particular way, along with the factors that compose it. This study can contribute to the generation of a better entrepreneurial culture that encourages the creation of new businesses.