Cuando se realiza un trabajo de investigación, es necesario considerar los métodos, las técnicas e instrumentos como aquellos elementos que aseguran el hecho empírico de la investigación, donde método representa el camino a seguir en la investigación, las técnicas constituyen el conjunto de instrumentos en el cuál se efectúa el método, mientras que el instrumento incorpora el recurso o medio que ayuda a realizar la investigación, además el uso de técnicas de recolección de información es una etapa donde se inspecciona y se transforman los datos con el objetivo de resaltar información útil, lo que sugiere conclusiones y apoyo a la toma de decisiones.

The main objective of this work is supporting the use of sustainable solutions for the management and reuse of agricultural waste from the cereal harvest, such as oats, barley, and triticale, making sheets of artisan paper, innovating the process with the use of different proportions of cellulose obtained from straw residues. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained sheets showed that basis weight (66–96 g/m²), thickness (19–300 μm), burst strength (68.9–103.4 kPa), burst index (0.81–1.35 kPam²/g) and bulk (2.52–3.12 cm³/g), were adequate. Based on what can be observed in the SEM images, it is possible to infer that straw has the function of supporting the sheets using combinations of barley straw and recycled paper. The result of the IR analysis indicated that the sheet with an increase in hydroxyl groups was that obtained with barley straw. Therefore, the treatment was efficient. These results were corroborated by X-ray diffraction analysis, in which the percentage of crystallinity of the barley straw paper was 37.1%. Finally, the results obtained indicated that the crystallinity is better in the sheets containing large amounts of barley straw. The sheet with the highest percentage of crystallinity was that which was made using 100% of barley straw, showing a 37.1 percentage of crystallinity, followed by the sheet made of 100% recycled paper, having a value of 34.4%.

Cocoa is one of the main products consumed worldwide that is similar to coffee; a primary difference between coffee and cocoa is that cocoa is produced in developing countries and is consumed mainly in industrialized countries. Mexico was the country that made cocoa known to the world. The objective of the study was to analyze the competitiveness at the macroeconomic level of the Mexican cocoa product in the world during the period 2010–2021. A macroeconomic analysis was carried out using six indices: Balassa index, Vollrath Index, Additive Revealed Competitive Advantage Ratio, Trade Openness Index, Export and Import Index, and Self-Sufficiency Index. The industrialization of cocoa is the denaturation of the product, which is launched onto the market with little or no nutritional content, due to the alteration of the raw material with formulas based on vegetable fats, artificial colors, and flavors. For example, a commercial chocolate bar can have only 25–35% cocoa mass, semisweet chocolate bars can vary from 45 to 99% cocoa, while white chocolate bars only contain cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. These facts result in a decrease in the competitiveness of the product in the international market, in addition to the effects produced on its profitability for the producer—an increase in the cost of raw materials and a drop in real profits. These factors generate dependency on the international market for the production.

Currently, the fourth industrial revolution and the advantages that it brings in relation to the use of technologies are discussed, which is also reflected in the educational field. Nowadays it is increasingly common to observe that students use the cell phone as a technological instrument that allows them to consult relevant information within the classroom, as well as perform various activities associated with the academic field. However, it has also increased the habit of misusing the mobile device by the student, by sending personal messages or entering various social pages without the authorization of their teachers and during classroom sessions, which generates interference of communication and is known as Phubbing. The objective of this research is to describe the different uses of the cell phone in a school day by university students of a technological educational institution in central Mexico. The study is quantitative, descriptive - correlational, transversal and non-experimental. A sample of 92 subjects was used. A questionnaire based on [1-3], among other authors, was applied. The main results obtained show that at least 30% of the students participating in the study use the cell phone in class for personal use, without the teacher's consent.

Entrepreneurial orientation influences the development of organizations and the need to undertake it implies assuming certain risks for entrepreneurs who must respond to the constant dynamism of the business world in search of new opportunities for success. The objective was to find the conditions for and against the entrepreneurial orientation that exists in the State of Hidalgo, through the opinion of 300 experts in entrepreneurship. A measuring instrument was used and adapted in 2019 by the National Network of MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) of the Consortium of Mexican Universities (CUMEX), based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the information was collected through an online questionnaire. The main results show the need to strengthen entrepreneurial orientation, improving aspects regarding financing, government programs, the opening of the internal market and regulations, and social and cultural issues; likewise, an important finding is that the generalized perception of this phenomenon is more positive than if each dimension is analyzed in a particular way, along with the factors that compose it. This study can contribute to the generation of a better entrepreneurial culture that encourages the creation of new businesses.