Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly perilous pathogen in humans, serves as the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), affecting nearly 33% of the global population. With the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant TB, there is a needs for novel and efficacious alternative therapies. Peptide therapies have emerged as a favorable alternative due to its remarkable specificity in targeting effected cells without effecting healthy cells. However, the experimental identification of anti-tubercular peptides (AtbPs) is labor-intensive and costly. Therefore, accurate prediction of AtbPs has become challenging due to the large number of peptide samples. In this paper, we propose an ensemble learning model to enhance the prediction outcomes by addressing the limitations of individual learning models. We formulate the training samples by utilizing four distinct representation methods: AAindex, Composition/Transition/Distribution, Dipeptide Deviation from Expected Mean, and Enhanced Grouped Amino Acid Composition to numerically encode peptide samples. The feature vectors extracted from these methods are fused to develop a compact vector. We evaluate the prediction rates using three different classification models, employing both individual and heterogeneous vectors. Furthermore, we enhance the prediction and training capabilities of the proposed model by using the predicted labels of the individual classifiers for implementing an ensemble deep model via genetic algorithm. Through evaluation on both the training datasets and independent datasets, our proposed ensemble learner achieves impressive accuracies of 97.80%, 95.13%, 93.91%, and 94.17%, using RD training, MD training, RD independent, and MD independent datasets, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed pAtbP-EnC model outperforms existing predictors by reporting approximately 11% higher training accuracy. We conclude that the pAtbP-EnC predictor will be a considerable tool in the field of pharmaceutical design and research academia. The used datasets and the source code are publicly available at https://github.com/Intelligent-models/pAtbP-EnC2023.

Privacy and security in network communication have been enhanced via encryption and traditional anomaly detection methods are no longer effective because of their payload inspection. In this paper, we describe ET-SSL, a new approach for encrypted data anomaly detection which uses self-supervised contrastive learning to identify informative representations in flow level, statistical features like packet length; inter arrival time; flow duration and protocol metadata to Detect anomalies in encrypted network traffic without the need for labelled datasets or payload analysis. ET-SSL extends the use of SSL based traffic classification in order to improve detection performance while keeping computational complexity low through the maximization of the difference between normal and anomalous traffic. On CIC-Darknet2020, ISCX VPN (nonVPN), and UNSW-NB15 datasets, ET-SSL achieves 96.8 percent accuracy, 92.7 percent true positive rate (TPR), 1.2 percent false positive rate (FPR), and can do real time anomaly detection with 15 ms to 25 ms latency and speeds up to 10 Gbps processing which makes it suitable for high speed and resource constrained environments. Compared with existing methods, ET-SSL does not rely on labeled data, scales better, and detects zero day attack in dynamic network environment more effectively, serving as a paradigm for private and energy efficient anomaly detection in encrypted traffic.

This article provides a comprehensive survey of contemporary language modeling approaches within the realm of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. This paper conducts an analytical exploration of diverse methodologies employed in the creation of language models. This exploration encompasses the architecture, training processes, and optimization strategies inherent in these models. The detailed discussion covers various models ranging from traditional n-gram and hidden Markov models to state-of-the-art neural network approaches such as BERT, GPT, LLAMA, and Bard. This article delves into different modifications and enhancements applied to both standard and neural network architectures for constructing language models. Special attention is given to addressing challenges specific to agglutinative languages within the context of developing language models for various NLP tasks, particularly for Arabic and Turkish. The research highlights that contemporary transformer-based methods demonstrate results comparable to those achieved by traditional methods employing Hidden Markov Models. These transformer-based approaches boast simpler configurations and exhibit faster performance during both training and analysis. An integral component of the article is the examination of popular and actively evolving libraries and tools essential for constructing language models. Notable tools such as NLTK, TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Gensim are reviewed, with a comparative analysis considering their simplicity and accessibility for implementing diverse language models. The aim is to provide readers with insights into the landscape of contemporary language modeling methodologies and the tools available for their implementation.

Due to the exponential increase in internet and social media users, fake news travels rapidly, and no one is immune to its adverse effects. Various machine learning approaches have evaluated text and images to categorize false news over time, but they lack a comprehensive representation of relevant features. This paper presents an automated method for detecting fake news to counteract the spread of disinformation. The proposed multimodal EFND integrates contextual, social context, and visual data from news articles and social media to build a multimodal feature vector with a high level of information density. Using a multimodal factorized bilinear pooling, the gathered features are fused to improve their correlation and offer a more accurate shared representation. Finally, a Multilayer Perceptron is implemented over the shared representation for the classification of fake news. EFND is evaluated using a group of standard fake news datasets known as “FakeNewsNet”. EFND has outperformed the baseline and state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning models. Furthermore, the results of ablation studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed framework. For the PolitiFact and GossipCop datasets, the EFND has achieved an accuracy of 0.988% and 0.990%, respectively.

Modern technologies like quantum and cloud computing have reshaped computing, offering immense power and scalability. While beneficial, they also challenge the security of traditional cryptographic systems. Quantum computing threatens RSA and ECC with algorithms like Shor’s algorithm, which can accelerate computations exponentially. This risks exposing these systems to attacks, necessitating quantum-resistant cryptography. Cloud computing poses data security concerns, requiring robust cryptographic mechanisms and access controls. Lattice-based cryptography, leveraging problems like the Short Integer Solution (SIS), emerges as a solution. This paper presents a novel quantum-resistant public key encryption scheme based on ElGamal and SIS, ensuring security against quantum and classical threats in modern cryptographic environments.

Neural machine translation (NMT) plays a vital role in modern communication by bridging language barriers and enabling effective information exchange across diverse linguistic communities. Due to the limited availability of data in low-resource languages, NMT faces significant translation challenges. Data sparsity limits NMT models’ ability to learn, generalize, and produce accurate translations, which leads to low coherence and poor context awareness. This paper proposes a transformer-based approach incorporating an encoder–decoder structure, bilingual curriculum learning, and contrastive re-ranking mechanisms. Our approach enriches the training dataset using back-translation and enhances the model’s contextual learning through BERT embeddings. An incomplete-trust (in-trust) loss function is introduced to replace the traditional cross-entropy loss during training. The proposed model effectively handles out-of-vocabulary words and integrates named entity recognition techniques to maintain semantic accuracy. Additionally, the self-attention layers in the transformer architecture enhance the model’s syntactic analysis capabilities, which enables better context awareness and more accurate translations. Extensive experiments are performed on a diverse Chinese–Urdu parallel corpus, developed using human effort and publicly available datasets such as OPUS, WMT, and WiLi. The proposed model demonstrates a BLEU score improvement of 1.80% for Zh→Ur and 2.22% for Ur→Zh compared to the highest-performing comparative model. This significant enhancement indicates better translation quality and accuracy.