News media agencies are known to publish misinformation, disinformation, and propaganda for the sake of money, higher news propagation, political influence, or other unfair reasons. The exponential increase in the use of social media has also contributed to the frequent spread of fake news. This study extends the concept of symmetry into deep learning approaches for advanced natural language processing, thereby improving the identification of fake news and propaganda. A hybrid HyproBert model for automatic fake news detection is proposed in this paper. To begin, the proposed HyproBert model uses DistilBERT for tokenization and word embeddings. The embeddings are provided as input to the convolution layer to highlight and extract the spatial features. Subsequently, the output is provided to BiGRU to extract the contextual features. The CapsNet, along with the self-attention layer, proceeds to the output of BiGRU to model the hierarchy relationship among the spatial features. Finally, a dense layer is implemented to combine all the features for classification. The proposed HyproBert model is evaluated using two fake news datasets (ISOT and FA-KES). As a result, HyproBert achieved a higher performance compared to other baseline and state-of-the-art models.

Due to the exponential increase in internet and social media users, fake news travels rapidly, and no one is immune to its adverse effects. Various machine learning approaches have evaluated text and images to categorize false news over time, but they lack a comprehensive representation of relevant features. This paper presents an automated method for detecting fake news to counteract the spread of disinformation. The proposed multimodal EFND integrates contextual, social context, and visual data from news articles and social media to build a multimodal feature vector with a high level of information density. Using a multimodal factorized bilinear pooling, the gathered features are fused to improve their correlation and offer a more accurate shared representation. Finally, a Multilayer Perceptron is implemented over the shared representation for the classification of fake news. EFND is evaluated using a group of standard fake news datasets known as “FakeNewsNet”. EFND has outperformed the baseline and state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning models. Furthermore, the results of ablation studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed framework. For the PolitiFact and GossipCop datasets, the EFND has achieved an accuracy of 0.988% and 0.990%, respectively.

News media always pursue informing the public at large. It is impossible to overestimate the significance of understanding the semantics of news coverage. Traditionally, a news text is assigned to a single category; however, a piece of news may contain information from more than one domain. A multi-label text classification model for news is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is an automated expert system designed to optimize CNN’s classification of multi-label news items. The performance of a CNN is highly dependent on its hyperparameters, and manually tweaking their values is a cumbersome and inefficient task. A high-level metaheuristic optimization algorithm, spotted hyena optimizer (SHO), has higher advanced exploration and exploitation capabilities. SHO generates a collection of solutions as a group of hyperparameters to be optimized, and the process is repeated until the desired optimal solution is achieved. SHO is integrated to automate the tuning of the hyperparameters of a CNN, including learning rate, momentum, number of epochs, batch size, dropout, number of nodes, and activation function. Four publicly available news datasets are used to evaluate the proposed model. The tuned hyperparameters and higher convergence rate of the proposed model result in higher performance for multi-label news classification compared to a baseline CNN and other optimizations of CNNs. The resulting accuracies are 93.6%, 90.8%, 68.7%, and 95.4% for RCV1-v2, Reuters-21578, Slashdot, and NELA-GT-2019, respectively.

Numerous studies have been conducted to meet the growing need for analytic tools capable of processing increasing amounts of textual data available online, and sentiment analysis has emerged as a frontrunner in this field. Current studies are focused on the English language, while minority languages, such as Roman Urdu, are ignored because of their complex syntax and lexical varieties. In recent years, deep neural networks have become the standard in this field. The entire potential of DL models for text SA has not yet been fully explored, despite their early success. For sentiment analysis, CNN has surpassed in accuracy, although it still has some imperfections. To begin, CNNs need a significant amount of data to train. Second, it presumes that all words have the same impact on the polarity of a statement. To fill these voids, this study proposes a CNN with an attention mechanism and transfer learning to improve SA performance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed model appears to have achieved greater classification accuracy in experiments.

Neural machine translation (NMT) plays a vital role in modern communication by bridging language barriers and enabling effective information exchange across diverse linguistic communities. Due to the limited availability of data in low-resource languages, NMT faces significant translation challenges. Data sparsity limits NMT models’ ability to learn, generalize, and produce accurate translations, which leads to low coherence and poor context awareness. This paper proposes a transformer-based approach incorporating an encoder–decoder structure, bilingual curriculum learning, and contrastive re-ranking mechanisms. Our approach enriches the training dataset using back-translation and enhances the model’s contextual learning through BERT embeddings. An incomplete-trust (in-trust) loss function is introduced to replace the traditional cross-entropy loss during training. The proposed model effectively handles out-of-vocabulary words and integrates named entity recognition techniques to maintain semantic accuracy. Additionally, the self-attention layers in the transformer architecture enhance the model’s syntactic analysis capabilities, which enables better context awareness and more accurate translations. Extensive experiments are performed on a diverse Chinese–Urdu parallel corpus, developed using human effort and publicly available datasets such as OPUS, WMT, and WiLi. The proposed model demonstrates a BLEU score improvement of 1.80% for Zh→Ur and 2.22% for Ur→Zh compared to the highest-performing comparative model. This significant enhancement indicates better translation quality and accuracy.