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Chris Margules
James Cook University, Tolga, Australia

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Perspective
Published: 10 February 2021 in Ambio
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Fifty years have elapsed since the first publication of Ambio. Throughout this period, fundamental changes have occurred in societal attitudes to biodiversity conservation. Ambio has published numerous papers that have aligned with these new approaches. High citations numbers suggest that Ambio papers have had a significant impact on conservation strategies. We review these publications and find that they align well with changed societal perspectives on biodiversity. Ambio papers have called for greater contributions of local and indigenous peoples and for conservation in multi-functional landscapes. The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity built on these principles. Negotiations are now underway for a post-2020 framework for biodiversity. Ambio papers have argued for a stronger scientific basis for conservation and for the need to adapt to changing conditions and to the rich diversity of societal preferences for conservation. International processes favor simple, generalizable approaches to conservation but we call for recognition of the diversity of ecological and human conditions in which conservation occurs. There is a need to build capacity to support a diversity of conservation approaches that are adapted to changing local conditions and to the priorities of diverse human societies.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Christopher Margules; Jeffrey A. McNeely. People and biodiversity in the 21st century. Ambio 2021, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Christopher Margules, Jeffrey A. McNeely. People and biodiversity in the 21st century. Ambio. 2021; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Christopher Margules; Jeffrey A. McNeely. 2021. "People and biodiversity in the 21st century." Ambio , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Indonesia’s annual area of forest degradation is equal to deforestation. Numerous forest restoration initiatives exist but with varying levels of success. Government control provides a disincentive to restoration initiatives. Partnerships across multiple scales can enhance FLR learning opportunities.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; James Douglas Langston; Chris Margules; Rebecca Anne Riggs; Dwi Amalia Sari. Governance challenges to landscape restoration in Indonesia. Land Use Policy 2020, 104, 104857 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, James Douglas Langston, Chris Margules, Rebecca Anne Riggs, Dwi Amalia Sari. Governance challenges to landscape restoration in Indonesia. Land Use Policy. 2020; 104 ():104857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; James Douglas Langston; Chris Margules; Rebecca Anne Riggs; Dwi Amalia Sari. 2020. "Governance challenges to landscape restoration in Indonesia." Land Use Policy 104, no. : 104857.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Integrated approaches to natural resource management are often undermined by fundamental governance weaknesses. We studied governance of a forest landscape in East Lombok, Indonesia. Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH) are an institutional mechanism used in Indonesia for coordinating the management of competing sectors in forest landscapes, balancing the interests of government, business, and civil society. Previous reviews of KPHs indicate they are not delivering their potential benefits due to an uncertain legal mandate and inadequate resources. We utilized participatory methods with a broad range of stakeholders in East Lombok to examine how KPHs might improve institutional arrangements to better meet forest landscape goals. We find that KPHs are primarily limited by insufficient integration with other actors in the landscape. Thus, strengthened engagement with other institutions, as well as civil society, is required. Although new governance arrangements that allow for institutional collaboration and community engagement are needed in the long term, there are steps that the East Lombok KPH can take now. Coordinating institutional commitments and engaging civil society to reconcile power asymmetries and build consensus can help promote sustainable outcomes. Our study concludes that improved multi-level, polycentric governance arrangements between government, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society are required to achieve sustainable landscapes in Lombok. The lessons from Lombok can inform forest landscape governance improvements throughout Indonesia and the tropics.

ACS Style

Rebecca Riggs; James Langston; Chris Margules; Agni Boedhihartono; Han Lim; Dwi Sari; Yazid Sururi; Jeffrey Sayer. Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape. Sustainability 2018, 10, 169 .

AMA Style

Rebecca Riggs, James Langston, Chris Margules, Agni Boedhihartono, Han Lim, Dwi Sari, Yazid Sururi, Jeffrey Sayer. Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Riggs; James Langston; Chris Margules; Agni Boedhihartono; Han Lim; Dwi Sari; Yazid Sururi; Jeffrey Sayer. 2018. "Governance Challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 169.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2017 in Land
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Decentralizing natural resource management to local people, especially in tropical countries, has become a trend. We review recent evidence for the impacts of decentralization on the biodiversity values of forests and forested landscapes, which encompass most of the biodiversity of the tropics. Few studies document the impact of decentralized management on biodiversity. We conclude that there may be situations where local management is a good option for biodiversity but there are also situations where this is not the case. We advocate increased research to document the impact of local management on biodiversity. We also argue that locally managed forests should be seen as components of landscapes where governance arrangements favor the achievement of a balance between the local livelihood values and the global public goods values of forests.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules. Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands. Land 2017, 6, 41 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules. Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands. Land. 2017; 6 (2):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules. 2017. "Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands." Land 6, no. 2: 41.

Review
Published: 13 January 2017 in Land
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Recent decades have seen a rapid movement towards decentralising forest rights and tenure to local communities and indigenous groups in both developing and developed nations. Attribution of local and community rights to forests appears to be gathering increasing momentum in many tropical developing countries. Greater local control of forest resources is a response to the failure of government agencies to exercise adequate stewardship over forests and to ensure that the values of all stakeholders are adequately protected. We reviewed evidence of the impact of decentralised forest management on the biodiversity values of forests and conclude that special measures are needed to protect these values. There are trade-offs between shorter-term local needs for forest lands and products and longer-term global needs for biodiversity and other environmental values. We present evidence of local forest management leading to declining forest integrity with negative impacts on both local forest users and the global environment. We advocate greater attention to measures to ensure protection of biodiversity in locally-managed forests.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests? Land 2017, 6, 6 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests? Land. 2017; 6 (1):6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono. 2017. "Will Biodiversity Be Conserved in Locally-Managed Forests?" Land 6, no. 1: 6.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2015 in Land
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Initiatives to manage landscapes for both biodiversity protection and sustainable development commonly employ participatory methods to exploit the knowledge of citizens. We review five examples of citizen groups engaging with landscape scale conservation initiatives to contribute their knowledge, collect data for monitoring programs, study systems to detect patterns, and test hypotheses on aspects of landscape dynamics. Three are from landscape interventions that deliberately target biodiversity conservation and aim to have sustainable development as a collateral outcome. The other two are driven primarily by concerns for agricultural sustainability with biodiversity conservation as a collateral outcome. All five include programs in which, management agencies support data collection by citizen groups to monitor landscape changes. Situations where citizen groups self-organise to collect data and interpret data to aid in landscape scale decision making are less common and are restricted to landscapes where the inhabitants have a high level of scientific literacy. Given the complexity of landscape processes and the multiple decision makers who influence landscape outcomes we argue that citizen science broadly defined should be an essential element of landscape scale initiatives. Conservation managers should create space for citizen engagement in science and should empower citizen groups to experiment, learn, and adapt their decision-making to improve landscape scale outcomes.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Iris Bohnet; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Ray Pierce; Allan Dale; Kate Andrews. The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development. Land 2015, 4, 1200 -1212.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Iris Bohnet, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Ray Pierce, Allan Dale, Kate Andrews. The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development. Land. 2015; 4 (4):1200-1212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Iris Bohnet; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Ray Pierce; Allan Dale; Kate Andrews. 2015. "The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development." Land 4, no. 4: 1200-1212.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2015 in Geographical Research
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This paper draws on the literature on agroforestry, disaster risk reduction, and livelihoods of people on small islands as it applies to a community prospering in conditions of adversity in Kinali village on Siau Island, Indonesia. Siau Island produces between one-third and one-half of all nutmeg and mace exported from Indonesia. The Kinali community has adopted strategies that enable it to prosper in spite of the risks of living on a small island with an active volcano. The paper charts the sociocultural dynamics of the village and examines how local coping mechanisms based on an agroforestry economy have assisted villagers in dealing with the multiple hazards and constraints arising from the biophysical characteristics of their island. The paper thus contributes to more informed responses to managing volcanic risk.

ACS Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Chris Margules; Jeffrey Sayer; Lisa Law; Jean-Christophe Gaillard; Ong Thi Ngan Tien; Tran Thi My Linh. Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity. Geographical Research 2015, 54, 19 -34.

AMA Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Chris Margules, Jeffrey Sayer, Lisa Law, Jean-Christophe Gaillard, Ong Thi Ngan Tien, Tran Thi My Linh. Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity. Geographical Research. 2015; 54 (1):19-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercy Maggy Franky Rampengan; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Chris Margules; Jeffrey Sayer; Lisa Law; Jean-Christophe Gaillard; Ong Thi Ngan Tien; Tran Thi My Linh. 2015. "Agroforestry on an Active Volcanic Small Island in Indonesia: Prospering with Adversity." Geographical Research 54, no. 1: 19-34.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in The Extractive Industries and Society
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We assess the opportunities and threats posed by small and large-scale mining in Eastern Indonesia. Here, both activities coexist in one landscape: in the Bitung and North Minahasa Districts of North Sulawesi. Each is associated with different development pathways. Both scales of mining have been controversial and are criticized for their environmental and socio-economic impacts. Small-scale mining contributes more to the local economy encouraging local entrepreneurship but yields a lower total financial return. Large-scale mining provides better job security and safer working conditions for employees, but any benefits of capital transformation do not accrue locally. Policy should focus on the formalization of small-scale mining and pay closer attention to the impact of large-scale mining on local communities. The governance of both scales of mining would benefit from a 'landscapes approach' to negotiating conservation and development trade-offs

ACS Style

James Langston; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks. Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society 2015, 2, 434 -444.

AMA Style

James Langston, Muhammad Lubis, Jeffrey A. Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Paul H.G.M. Dirks. Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2015; 2 (3):434-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Langston; Muhammad Lubis; Jeffrey A. Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Paul H.G.M. Dirks. 2015. "Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia." The Extractive Industries and Society 2, no. 3: 434-444.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in The Extractive Industries and Society
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A new model of small-scale mineral exploitation is being driven by Asian investors in East Cameroon and may be representative of trends elsewhere in Africa. The mines employ nationals of Asian countries and create small Asian communities in remote areas. There is evidence of widespread failure to comply with national mining regulations and few benefits are flowing either to the national government or to local communities. If existing government regulations were enforced, this form of mining could improve livelihoods and living conditions in remote areas. Without good governance it risks facilitating enclaves of uncontrolled resource exploitation

ACS Style

Lingfei Weng; Dominique Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Patrice Levang; Chris R. Margules; Jeffrey A. Sayer. Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon. The Extractive Industries and Society 2015, 2, 64 -72.

AMA Style

Lingfei Weng, Dominique Endamana, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Patrice Levang, Chris R. Margules, Jeffrey A. Sayer. Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2015; 2 (1):64-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lingfei Weng; Dominique Endamana; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Patrice Levang; Chris R. Margules; Jeffrey A. Sayer. 2015. "Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon." The Extractive Industries and Society 2, no. 1: 64-72.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2014 in Sustainability Science
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Landscape approaches are widely applied in attempts to reconcile tradeoffs amongst different actors with conflicting demands on land and water resources. Key principles for landscape approaches have been endorsed by inter-governmental processes dealing with climate change mitigation and adaptation and biodiversity conservation. We review experiences from seven landscapes located in the Congo Basin, Eastern Indonesia and Northern Australia. Landscape initiatives were applied in situations where large-scale extractive industries, local peoples’ livelihoods and global biodiversity objectives were in conflict. We found that common published principles for landscape approaches are not applied systematically in the areas studied. Practitioners draw upon landscape approach principles selectively and adapt them to deal with local conditions. We consider that landscape approaches do not provide silver bullet solutions to these situations nor do they provide an operational framework for large-scale land management. Landscape approaches do, however, provide an organising framework for disentangling the complexity of the landscape and facilitating the investigation of impacts of different courses of action. They enable alternative scenarios for what future landscapes might look like to be investigated and they create the space for multi-stakeholder negotiations. Outcomes from landscape scale approaches are determined by the power differentials amongst stakeholders and the existence, or otherwise, of functional institutions to take decisions and enforce agreements. Landscape approaches cannot overcome disparities in power or entrenched interests nor can they substitute for institutions with authority to establish and legitimise property and resource rights. They can, however, provide a mechanism around which civil society can be mobilised to achieve better land use outcomes. Landscape approaches are successful when they have strong leadership, sustained long-term and facilitated processes, good governance, adequate budgets and adequate metrics for assessing progress. Private sector engagement is necessary and all parties must have sufficient shared interest in outcomes to motivate their participation.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Allan Dale; Terry Sunderland; Jatna Supriatna; Ria Saryanthi. Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success? Sustainability Science 2014, 10, 345 -355.

AMA Style

Jeffrey Sayer, Chris Margules, Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono, Allan Dale, Terry Sunderland, Jatna Supriatna, Ria Saryanthi. Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success? Sustainability Science. 2014; 10 (2):345-355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Sayer; Chris Margules; Agni Klintuni Boedhihartono; Allan Dale; Terry Sunderland; Jatna Supriatna; Ria Saryanthi. 2014. "Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success?" Sustainability Science 10, no. 2: 345-355.