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Hak-Jun Song
Department of Hotel & Convention Management, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Republic of Korea

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Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in International Journal of Hospitality Management
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The study employed two theories, the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the Attention-Interest-Desire-Action (AIDA) model, to provide an understanding of the process of consumers accepting an on-demand food-delivery app, and to establish the effect of marketing communication on outcomes related to consumer behavior. A conceptual model and hypotheses were developed by combining the key constructs of the two models to predict behavioral intentions. Findings revealed the attention and interest in the AIDA model related strongly to the salient behavioral beliefs of TAM, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Thus, it can be concluded that marketing communication acts as an external element in the process of accepting new innovations. Besides, it was confirmed that attitude towards the adoption of new technology acts as a mediator that promotes desire for the app. From the disciplines of information system and marketing communication, the study suggests an innovative approach to incorporating models.

ACS Style

Hakjun Song; Wenjia Jasmine Ruan; Yu Jung Jennifer Jeon. An integrated approach to the purchase decision making process of food-delivery apps: Focusing on the TAM and AIDA models. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2021, 95, 102943 .

AMA Style

Hakjun Song, Wenjia Jasmine Ruan, Yu Jung Jennifer Jeon. An integrated approach to the purchase decision making process of food-delivery apps: Focusing on the TAM and AIDA models. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2021; 95 ():102943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hakjun Song; Wenjia Jasmine Ruan; Yu Jung Jennifer Jeon. 2021. "An integrated approach to the purchase decision making process of food-delivery apps: Focusing on the TAM and AIDA models." International Journal of Hospitality Management 95, no. : 102943.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc in Korean society since the end of 2019. Unlike prior to the pandemic, when online and offline activities were conducted side-by-side, many aspects of consumers’ daily lives are only conducted online, especially shopping and meetings. This study analysed the characteristics of consumers who have used offline shopping channels during the pandemic. In addition, participants were asked how often they will use online and offline shopping channels after society stabilizes from COVID-19 in order to analyse what determinants will be used to select either online or offline shopping channels after the pandemic. This study will contribute to provide a deeper understanding of the consumption patterns of consumers (online vs. offline) during times of deep external impact, such as a pandemic.

ACS Style

Jihyo Moon; Yunseon Choe; Hakjun Song. Determinants of Consumers’ Online/Offline Shopping Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1593 .

AMA Style

Jihyo Moon, Yunseon Choe, Hakjun Song. Determinants of Consumers’ Online/Offline Shopping Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jihyo Moon; Yunseon Choe; Hakjun Song. 2021. "Determinants of Consumers’ Online/Offline Shopping Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1593.

Research article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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Despite the declaration of the end of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS) outbreak in December 2015 in South Korea that the epidemic lasted for 2 months, the depressed domestic economy and tourism sector did not immediately restore. Thus, it is important to explore how much of an impact the disease had and how long the damage lasted. Using quantitative time-series models, the present study explored the influence of MERS on inbound tourism in South Korea and estimates the concrete impact of MERS on the market in 2015. Monthly international tourist arrival data were provided by the Korea Tourism Organization from January 2009 to December 2015. The results showed that the contagious disease was statistically and negatively significant for inbound tourists visiting South Korea. During the time of MERS, from June 2015 to September 2015, the total effect was estimated to be −1,968,765 tourists with a loss of 3.1 billion USD in receipts. This study can not only better estimate the impact on tourism number of inbound tourist arrivals, but also supports policy-makers in their attempts to establish proper policies to assure tourists of their safety in such crises.

ACS Style

Yunseon Choe; Junhui Wang; Hakjun Song. The impact of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus on inbound tourism in South Korea toward sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2020, 29, 1117 -1133.

AMA Style

Yunseon Choe, Junhui Wang, Hakjun Song. The impact of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus on inbound tourism in South Korea toward sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2020; 29 (7):1117-1133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunseon Choe; Junhui Wang; Hakjun Song. 2020. "The impact of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus on inbound tourism in South Korea toward sustainable tourism." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29, no. 7: 1117-1133.

Articles
Published: 21 March 2020 in Current Issues in Tourism
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Air pollution represents a major concern for the tourism industry worldwide; however, few studies have investigated the influence of smog pollution on international tourists’ behavioural intentions. Protection motivation theory was taken as the theoretical foundation of this study, and ‘perceived government support’ was integrated as a new construct into the research model. Using data collected from international tourists visiting Beijing, China, structural equation modelling was employed to identify significant variables that could predict and explain international tourists’ protective behavioural intentions. Results reveal that severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy significantly and positively influenced protective behavioural intention, whereas perceived government support exerted a significant and negative effect. Among significant and positive variables, the influence of the severity of threat appraisal was largest. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications related to protection motivation theory are discussed in a tourism context.

ACS Style

Wenjia Ruan; Sanghoon Kang; Hakjun Song. Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism 2020, 23, 2027 -2041.

AMA Style

Wenjia Ruan, Sanghoon Kang, Hakjun Song. Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism. 2020; 23 (16):2027-2041.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenjia Ruan; Sanghoon Kang; Hakjun Song. 2020. "Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China." Current Issues in Tourism 23, no. 16: 2027-2041.

Journal article
Published: 20 September 2019 in Sustainability
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An in-depth discussion of place attachment in the relationship between residents’ perceived tourism impacts and their support for tourism is still lacking. The predictor of tourism involvement in this relationship has also been underestimated and little attention has been paid to industrial heritage tourism in relation to residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. To fill this gap, we extend upon the existing studies of residents’ attitudes toward tourism with place attachment (both place identity and place dependence) and tourism involvement based on social exchange theory, attitude theory, and the theory of planned behavior. A self-administered survey was completed by 336 residents of Huangshi, a city undergoing a transition to industrial heritage tourism in China. The findings show that residents’ support for tourism is the result of a complete behavior generation process. This has gradually formed through tourism involvement, cognition, affection, and behavior intention, emphasizing the importance of participation and affective attitude in determining residents’ attitudes toward tourism. To maintain the sustainable development of industrial heritage tourism in the economic transition from an old industrial region to new sectors, local authorities should attach more importance to strengthening residents’ native emotional bonds and concentrate on how to encourage local residents to participate in tourism activities.

ACS Style

Qing Yuan; Hakjun Song; Nan Chen; Wenwen Shang. Roles of Tourism Involvement and Place Attachment in Determining Residents’ Attitudes Toward Industrial Heritage Tourism in a Resource-Exhausted City in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5151 .

AMA Style

Qing Yuan, Hakjun Song, Nan Chen, Wenwen Shang. Roles of Tourism Involvement and Place Attachment in Determining Residents’ Attitudes Toward Industrial Heritage Tourism in a Resource-Exhausted City in China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qing Yuan; Hakjun Song; Nan Chen; Wenwen Shang. 2019. "Roles of Tourism Involvement and Place Attachment in Determining Residents’ Attitudes Toward Industrial Heritage Tourism in a Resource-Exhausted City in China." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5151.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2019 in Sustainability
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With the continuously increasing demand for air travel, competition among airlines has increased as well. The purpose of this study is to examine empirically the causal relationships among the perceived service quality, corporate image, customer trust, and corporate reputation of Asiana Airline in South Korea using SERVQUAL measures. An onsite survey of Korean passengers was conducted. The results of this study reveal that responsiveness and reliability of service quality significantly affect corporate image and customer trust, whereas tangibles, empathy, and assurance of service quality are not significant antecedents of corporate image and customer trust. It is also found that corporate image and customer trust significantly affect corporate reputation. Based on these findings, theoretical importance and practical implications are discussed in this paper.

ACS Style

Hakjun Song; Wenjia Ruan; Yunmi Park. Effects of Service Quality, Corporate Image, and Customer Trust on the Corporate Reputation of Airlines. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3302 .

AMA Style

Hakjun Song, Wenjia Ruan, Yunmi Park. Effects of Service Quality, Corporate Image, and Customer Trust on the Corporate Reputation of Airlines. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hakjun Song; Wenjia Ruan; Yunmi Park. 2019. "Effects of Service Quality, Corporate Image, and Customer Trust on the Corporate Reputation of Airlines." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3302.

Articles
Published: 04 June 2015 in Current Issues in Tourism
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This study's core purpose is to understand the behavioural intention (BI) of wine tourists using the Extended Model of Goal-directed Behaviour (EMGB). Specifically, the Model of Goal-directed Behaviour (MGB), an advanced version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), is extended to EMGB by incorporating experience and involvement towards wine tourism to better understand wine tourists' intention to participate in a tour. The sample was 211 Korean wine tourists. Results revealed that two constructs related to wine tourism, namely, experience of a wine tour and wine tourism involvement, formed positive and significant relationships with attitude towards participating in such a tour. Attitude, subjective norm, and positive anticipated emotion influenced tourists' desire to participate in a wine tour, which, in turn, influenced their BI. Contrary to expectations, the frequency of past behaviour does not have a significant effect on desire and BI, and perceived behavioural control has no significant effects on BI.

ACS Style

Sanggun Lee; Johan Bruwer; Hakjun Song. Experiential and involvement effects on the Korean wine tourist's decision-making process. Current Issues in Tourism 2015, 20, 1215 -1231.

AMA Style

Sanggun Lee, Johan Bruwer, Hakjun Song. Experiential and involvement effects on the Korean wine tourist's decision-making process. Current Issues in Tourism. 2015; 20 (12):1215-1231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanggun Lee; Johan Bruwer; Hakjun Song. 2015. "Experiential and involvement effects on the Korean wine tourist's decision-making process." Current Issues in Tourism 20, no. 12: 1215-1231.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in International Journal of Hospitality Management
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical philosophy and a strategy that affects both internal (i.e., employee) and external (i.e., customer) attitudes. The importance of CSR extends to the casino industry, especially when it pertains to compulsory and supplementary responsible gambling (RG) strategies. To this end, this study surveys casino employees in South Korea to examine the impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation. Results indicate that legal CSR and supplementary RG have a positive effect on organizational trust, whereas compulsory RG strategies have a negative effect on organizational trust. Also, it appears that organizational trust positively influences job satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer orientation. In building off of these findings, this study provides practical implications for casino managers when implementing CSR and RG strategies.

ACS Style

Choong-Ki Lee; Hak-Jun Song; Hye-Mi Lee; Seoki Lee; Bo Jason Bernhard. The impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2012, 33, 406 -415.

AMA Style

Choong-Ki Lee, Hak-Jun Song, Hye-Mi Lee, Seoki Lee, Bo Jason Bernhard. The impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2012; 33 ():406-415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Choong-Ki Lee; Hak-Jun Song; Hye-Mi Lee; Seoki Lee; Bo Jason Bernhard. 2012. "The impact of CSR on casino employees’ organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies." International Journal of Hospitality Management 33, no. : 406-415.

Original articles
Published: 01 January 2012 in International Journal of Tourism Sciences
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As companies have an increasing impact on society, their social activities have been focused on numerous studies. However, many studies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) did not consider that CSR can be appeared differently depending on the nature of industry. In this regard, responsible gambling (RG) is very important concept as one of the CSR to minimize negative social effects in casino setting. A corporate which implements RG has a significant impact on attitude of employees who are member of the corporate company in terms of social identity theory. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine relationships among responsible gambling (RG), organizational trust, job satisfaction, and job loyalty to casino employees.As a result of structural equation modeling for the relationships, each RG (compulsory RG, supplementary RG) had significant impacts on organizational trust, which influenced both job satisfaction and job loyalty. Also, job satisfaction had an effect on job loyalty. Based on the result, academic and practical implications were provided.

ACS Style

Hak-Jun Song; Hye-Mi Lee; Jin-Young Lee. Investigating the Role of Responsible Gambling Strategy in Perspective of Employees. International Journal of Tourism Sciences 2012, 12, 107 -126.

AMA Style

Hak-Jun Song, Hye-Mi Lee, Jin-Young Lee. Investigating the Role of Responsible Gambling Strategy in Perspective of Employees. International Journal of Tourism Sciences. 2012; 12 (2):107-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hak-Jun Song; Hye-Mi Lee; Jin-Young Lee. 2012. "Investigating the Role of Responsible Gambling Strategy in Perspective of Employees." International Journal of Tourism Sciences 12, no. 2: 107-126.