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Saqib Bashir
Department of Soil and Environmental Science, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan

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Review
Published: 08 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution is a major abiotic stress, which reduces plant growth and affects food quality by entering the food chain, and ultimately poses hazards to human health. Currently, the use of slag in PTE-contaminated soils has been reported to reduce PTEs and toxicity in plants. This review highlights the role of slag used as a fertilizer for better crop production and sustainable agricultural development. The application of slag increased the growth, yield, and quality of crops under PTE toxicity. The mechanisms followed by slag are the immobilization of PTEs in the soil, enhancement of soil pH, changes in the redox state of PTEs, and positive changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties under PTE toxicity. Nevertheless, these processes are influenced by the plant species, growth conditions, imposition length of stress, and type of slag used. The current review provides an insight into improving plant tolerance to PTE toxicity by slag-based fertilizer application and highlights the theoretical basis for applying slag in PTE-contaminated environments worldwide.

ACS Style

Sajid Mehmood; Xiukang Wang; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Saqib Bashir; Qudsia Saeed; Adnan Mustafa; Weidong Li. Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5255 .

AMA Style

Sajid Mehmood, Xiukang Wang, Waqas Ahmed, Muhammad Imtiaz, Allah Ditta, Muhammad Rizwan, Sana Irshad, Saqib Bashir, Qudsia Saeed, Adnan Mustafa, Weidong Li. Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sajid Mehmood; Xiukang Wang; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Saqib Bashir; Qudsia Saeed; Adnan Mustafa; Weidong Li. 2021. "Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5255.

Journal article
Published: 23 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Due to the scarcity of water, raw sewage effluents are often used to irrigate arable suburban soils in developing countries, which causes soil contamination with toxic metals. Soil microorganisms involved in biochemical transformations are sensitive to heavy metals contamination. The study was designed to investigate the effect of organic amendments on the microbial activity of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) fractions and their bioavailability in soils contaminated with wastewater irrigation. Three metal contaminated soils under wastewater irrigation were collected, ground, sieved and added to incubation jars. Two organic amendments: wheat straw and chickpea straw, were applied (1% w/w) to the soil before incubation for 84 days at 25 °C. The CO2-C evolution after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days was measured and thereafter was also measured weekly. Soil samples collected at 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after incubation were analyzed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Sequential extraction for metal fractionation of samples was carried out collected at 0, 28, 56 and 84 days. Three soils differed significantly in evolved MBC and ∑CO2-C. Chickpea straw addition significantly increased soil MBC as compared to the wheat straw. Organic amendments significantly increased ∑CO2-C evolution from the soils, which was higher from chickpea straw. The addition of crop residues did not affect total Pb, Cd and Zn contents in soils. The concentration of exchangeable, carbonate bound and residual fractions of Pb, Cd and Zn decreased (6–27%), while the organic matter bound fraction increased (4–75%) with straw addition. Overall, the organic amendments improved microbial activity and reduce the bioavailability of toxic metals in wastewater irrigated soils. Furthermore, organic amendments not only reduce economic losses as they are cheap to produce but also minimize human health risks from heavy metals by hindering their entry into the food chain.

ACS Style

Kouser Malik; Khalid Khan; Shah Rukh; Ahmad Khan; Saba Akbar; Motsim Billah; Saqib Bashir; Subhan Danish; Mona Alwahibi; Mohamed Elshikh; Abdullah Al-Ghamdi; Abd Mustafa. Immobilization of Cd, Pb and Zn through Organic Amendments in Wastewater Irrigated Soils. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2392 .

AMA Style

Kouser Malik, Khalid Khan, Shah Rukh, Ahmad Khan, Saba Akbar, Motsim Billah, Saqib Bashir, Subhan Danish, Mona Alwahibi, Mohamed Elshikh, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Abd Mustafa. Immobilization of Cd, Pb and Zn through Organic Amendments in Wastewater Irrigated Soils. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kouser Malik; Khalid Khan; Shah Rukh; Ahmad Khan; Saba Akbar; Motsim Billah; Saqib Bashir; Subhan Danish; Mona Alwahibi; Mohamed Elshikh; Abdullah Al-Ghamdi; Abd Mustafa. 2021. "Immobilization of Cd, Pb and Zn through Organic Amendments in Wastewater Irrigated Soils." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2392.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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Soil amendment with two types of composts: animal manure (AC) and vegetable waste (VC) induced composts have potential to alleviate Cd toxicity to maize in contaminated soil. Therefore, Cd mobility in waste water irrigated soil can be addressed through eco-friendly and cost effective organic soil amendments AC and VC that eventually reduces its translocation from polluted soil to maize plant tissues. The comparative effectiveness of AC and VC at 3% rate were evaluated on Cd solubility, its accumulation in maize tissues, translocation from root to shoot, chlorophyll contents, plant biomass, yield and soil properties (pH, NPK, OM). Results revealed that the addition of organic soil amendments significantly minimized Cd mobility and leachability in soil by 58.6% and 47%, respectively in VC-amended soil over control. While, the reduction was observed by 61.7% and 57%, respectively when AC was added at 3% over control. Comparing the control soil, Cd uptake effectively reduced via plants shoots and roots by 50%, 46% respectively when VC was added in polluted soil. However, Cd uptake was decreased in maize shoot and roots by 58% and 52.4% in AC amended soil at 3% rate, respectively. Additionally, NPK contents were significantly improved in polluted soil as well as in plant tissues in both composts amended soil Comparative to control, the addition of composts significantly improved the maize dry biomass and chlorophyll contents at 3% rate. Thus, present study confirmed that the addition of animal manure derived compost (AC) at 3% rate performed well and might be consider the suitable approach relative to vegetable compost for maize growth in polluted soil.

ACS Style

Saqib Bashir; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Arif Husain; Mona S Alwahibi; Jawaher Alkahtani; Yheni Dwiningsih; Ali Bakhsh; Niaz Ahmed; Muhammad Jamal Khan; Muhammad Ibrahim; Zeng-Hui Diao. Comparative role of animal manure and vegetable waste induced compost for polluted soil restoration and maize growth. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 2534 -2539.

AMA Style

Saqib Bashir, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Javaid Iqbal, Arif Husain, Mona S Alwahibi, Jawaher Alkahtani, Yheni Dwiningsih, Ali Bakhsh, Niaz Ahmed, Muhammad Jamal Khan, Muhammad Ibrahim, Zeng-Hui Diao. Comparative role of animal manure and vegetable waste induced compost for polluted soil restoration and maize growth. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (4):2534-2539.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saqib Bashir; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Arif Husain; Mona S Alwahibi; Jawaher Alkahtani; Yheni Dwiningsih; Ali Bakhsh; Niaz Ahmed; Muhammad Jamal Khan; Muhammad Ibrahim; Zeng-Hui Diao. 2021. "Comparative role of animal manure and vegetable waste induced compost for polluted soil restoration and maize growth." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 4: 2534-2539.

Original article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
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Producing biochar from various agricultural and industrial biowastes through pyrolysis is recognized as an eco-friendly approach for solid waste management and remediation of contaminated soils. However, it remains debatable which type of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature could create biochar with better surface functionality and more suitable specific end use. Biochars prepared from rapeseed residue and rice straw at different pyrolysis temperatures (300 and 550 °C) were characterized using various chemical, physical, and spectroscopic techniques. Rapeseed residue and rice straw biochars produced at 550 °C had high pH (9.98 and 10.85, respectively), due to the decrease in total surface acidity with increasing temperature as demonstrated by Boehm titration data, and their high ash contents (18.70% and 24.21%, respectively). The negative charge on high-temperature biochar particles increased with pH, which was confirmed by the reduced zeta potential values (− 42.33 mV for rice straw biochar and − 31.86 mV for rapeseed residue biochar). The mineral phase of both biochars was dominated by sylvite and a small amount of dolomite and calcite, whereas quartz was only found in rice straw biochars. A pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C is suggested for producing biochars that can potentially immobilize toxic elements in the soil.

ACS Style

Abdus Salam; Saqib Bashir; Imran Khan; Hongqing Hu. Biochar production and characterization as a measure for effective rapeseed residue and rice straw management: an integrated spectroscopic examination. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2020, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Abdus Salam, Saqib Bashir, Imran Khan, Hongqing Hu. Biochar production and characterization as a measure for effective rapeseed residue and rice straw management: an integrated spectroscopic examination. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdus Salam; Saqib Bashir; Imran Khan; Hongqing Hu. 2020. "Biochar production and characterization as a measure for effective rapeseed residue and rice straw management: an integrated spectroscopic examination." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Metals that contaminate soil are one of the major problems seriously affecting sustainable agriculture worldwide. Cadmium (Cd) toxicity to agricultural crops is a global problem. Mobility of Cd in contaminated soil can be minimized by the amendment of soil passivators which will ultimately reduce its movement from soil to plants. A pot study was performed to evaluate the impact of sepiolite from 1% to 5% on Cd solubility and its accumulation in spinach tissues. Soil pH, Cd fractionation, Cd accumulation in spinach tissue and Cd adsorption mechanism were determined. Results were recorded that soil pH was increased from 0.3 to 1.0 units with the increasing rate of sepiolite from 1% to 5%. Similarly, Cd contents in acid soluble phase was decreased by 42.8% and increased in residual phase by 35.8% at 5% rate, relative to control. Moreover, the significant reduction in Cd uptake by spinach shoots and roots was occurred by 26.2% and 30.6% at 5% rate, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum Cd adsorption capacity 37.35 mg g−1 was recorded at 5% rate relative to control. The analysis of FTIR, XRD and SEM also confirm the ability of sepiolite for Cd polluted soil restoration and thereby, reduces its phytoavailability in polluted soil to alleviate food security challenges.

ACS Style

Saqib Bashir; Umeed Ali; Muhammad Shaaban; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Shahbaz Khan; Arif Husain; Niaz Ahmed; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Kamran; Hongqing Hu. Role of sepiolite for cadmium (Cd) polluted soil restoration and spinach growth in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 258, 110020 .

AMA Style

Saqib Bashir, Umeed Ali, Muhammad Shaaban, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Javaid Iqbal, Shahbaz Khan, Arif Husain, Niaz Ahmed, Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Kamran, Hongqing Hu. Role of sepiolite for cadmium (Cd) polluted soil restoration and spinach growth in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 258 ():110020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saqib Bashir; Umeed Ali; Muhammad Shaaban; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Shahbaz Khan; Arif Husain; Niaz Ahmed; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Kamran; Hongqing Hu. 2020. "Role of sepiolite for cadmium (Cd) polluted soil restoration and spinach growth in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil." Journal of Environmental Management 258, no. : 110020.

Review
Published: 01 September 2019 in Environmental Engineering Science
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Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a major threat to all life forms in the environment due to its harmful effects. Cd is very reactive at low concentrations and can easily transfer in the food chain. Immobilization using chemical amendments has garnered much attention in recent times as superior to instead of conventional and physical methods. Use of organic (biochar) and inorganic (zeolite, kaolinite, sepiolite, bentonite, and CaCO3) and chemical fertilizer (SSP, TSP, and DAP) is eco-friendly and cost effective; thus, it is an effective substitute for the remediation of Cd-contaminated environments. These immobilizing agents have the ability to reduce the translocation of Cd from polluted soils to plants and leaching to ground water. These amendments have various Cd immobilization mechanisms such as adsorption, complexation, and precipitation capacities. This review also discusses the sources of Cd and describes its mobility factors in contaminated soil. In addition, further research directions are also highlighted in this review to ensure safe and sustainable use of these immobilizing materials for the remediation of Cd in contaminated soil.

ACS Style

Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Adeel; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Shahbaz Khan; Muzammal Rehman; Muhammad Azeem. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Passivators on the Immobilization of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils: A Review. Environmental Engineering Science 2019, 36, 986 -998.

AMA Style

Saqib Bashir, Muhammad Adeel, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Javaid Iqbal, Shahbaz Khan, Muzammal Rehman, Muhammad Azeem. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Passivators on the Immobilization of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils: A Review. Environmental Engineering Science. 2019; 36 (9):986-998.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Adeel; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Shahbaz Khan; Muzammal Rehman; Muhammad Azeem. 2019. "Effects of Organic and Inorganic Passivators on the Immobilization of Cadmium in Contaminated Soils: A Review." Environmental Engineering Science 36, no. 9: 986-998.

Articles
Published: 15 May 2019 in International Journal of Phytoremediation
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Biochar is considered a novel soil amendment for cadmium (Cd) stabilization in contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse induced biochar on Cd mobility in soil and its bioavailability to spinach in contaminated soil. Soil pH, Cd contents in plant tissues and microbial biomass were examined. Results showed that Cd was significantly decreased by 30.95% and 20.83% with wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar at 2% application rate respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, Cd contents were decreased in plants shoots by 15.41 and 14.33%, while in roots by 48.3 and 35.54%, when wheat straw and sugarcane biochar were added at 2% application rate respectively. Moreover, soil microbial biomass was significantly increased with the application of all biochar types and their applications rates. Finally, wheat straw biochar at 2% application rate can be considered as an effective approach for Cd stabilization in contaminated soils.

ACS Style

Saqib Bashir; Muzammal Rehman; Muhammad Yousaf; Abdus Salam; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Irum Aziz; Muhammad Azeem; Shah Rukh; Rana Muhammad Ammar Asghar. Comparative efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar reduces the cadmium bioavailability to spinach and enhances the microbial activity in contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation 2019, 21, 1098 -1103.

AMA Style

Saqib Bashir, Muzammal Rehman, Muhammad Yousaf, Abdus Salam, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Javaid Iqbal, Irum Aziz, Muhammad Azeem, Shah Rukh, Rana Muhammad Ammar Asghar. Comparative efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar reduces the cadmium bioavailability to spinach and enhances the microbial activity in contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2019; 21 (11):1098-1103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saqib Bashir; Muzammal Rehman; Muhammad Yousaf; Abdus Salam; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Irum Aziz; Muhammad Azeem; Shah Rukh; Rana Muhammad Ammar Asghar. 2019. "Comparative efficiency of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse biochar reduces the cadmium bioavailability to spinach and enhances the microbial activity in contaminated soil." International Journal of Phytoremediation 21, no. 11: 1098-1103.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2019 in Applied Geochemistry
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Biochar continues to gain significant interest in remediation and revegetation of agricultural soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements. Two-year impacts of rapeseed residue and rice straw biochars on Pb and Cu immobilization and revegetation of naturally co-contaminated soil were studied. The extraction techniques namely European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), and CaCl2 extraction were performed to assess Pb and Cu mobility following biochar incorporation. The obtained results revealed that soil pH mostly sustained, with a slight increase of 0.2 units on average. Sequential extraction results exhibited a substantial reduction in the acid soluble forms of Pb and Cu by 57.56% and 54.18% respectively in two years. The immobilized Pb and Cu were effectively transformed into residual (stable) forms; accordingly, the phytoavailable pools of Pb and Cu were reduced after adding biochar. The concentration of Pb and Cu in plants were significantly decreased by 40.81% and 56.14% respectively, with no noticeable variations observed in dry wheat biomass. Due to their stability, rapeseed residue and rice straw biochars produced at high temperature were more effective in immobilizing Pb and Cu as compared to low-temperature biochars. The varying efficiencies of the biochars to immobilize Pb and Cu were attributed to the composition and the degree of ageing of biochars in the amended soils.

ACS Style

Abdus Salam; Saqib Bashir; Imran Khan; Hongqing Hu. Two years impacts of rapeseed residue and rice straw biochar on Pb and Cu immobilization and revegetation of naturally co-contaminated soil. Applied Geochemistry 2019, 105, 97 -104.

AMA Style

Abdus Salam, Saqib Bashir, Imran Khan, Hongqing Hu. Two years impacts of rapeseed residue and rice straw biochar on Pb and Cu immobilization and revegetation of naturally co-contaminated soil. Applied Geochemistry. 2019; 105 ():97-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdus Salam; Saqib Bashir; Imran Khan; Hongqing Hu. 2019. "Two years impacts of rapeseed residue and rice straw biochar on Pb and Cu immobilization and revegetation of naturally co-contaminated soil." Applied Geochemistry 105, no. : 97-104.

Article
Published: 18 February 2019 in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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Remediation of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soils is considered a complicated task of environmental safety. A column leaching experiment was planned to estimate the influence of biochar (BC), zeolite (ZE) and steel slag (SL) at 1.5% and 3% application rate on Cd leaching behavior and chemical fractionation in contaminated soil. A sequential extraction procedure, the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and NH4NO3 were performed after leaching was completed. The soluble portion of Cd was decreased by 36.3%, 18.4% and 28.7% and Cd contents in leachate were decreased by 44.8%, 30% and 31.3% after BC, ZE and SL addition at 3% rate, respectively over control soil. The greater reduction in TCLP extractable Cd was observed by 29.6% with BC and 22.4% with ZE and 25.7% with SL at 3% application rate. Overall, biochar can be considered an efficient soil amendment to reduce Cd leaching as well as increased its stabilization within soil profile.

ACS Style

Saqib Bashir; Abdus Salam; Muzammal Rehman; Shahbaz Khan; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Muhammad Shaaban; Sajid Mehmood; Anaam Zahra; Hongqing Hu. Effective Role of Biochar, Zeolite and Steel Slag on Leaching Behavior of Cd and Its Fractionations in Soil Column Study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2019, 102, 567 -572.

AMA Style

Saqib Bashir, Abdus Salam, Muzammal Rehman, Shahbaz Khan, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, Javaid Iqbal, Muhammad Shaaban, Sajid Mehmood, Anaam Zahra, Hongqing Hu. Effective Role of Biochar, Zeolite and Steel Slag on Leaching Behavior of Cd and Its Fractionations in Soil Column Study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2019; 102 (4):567-572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saqib Bashir; Abdus Salam; Muzammal Rehman; Shahbaz Khan; Allah Bakhsh Gulshan; Javaid Iqbal; Muhammad Shaaban; Sajid Mehmood; Anaam Zahra; Hongqing Hu. 2019. "Effective Role of Biochar, Zeolite and Steel Slag on Leaching Behavior of Cd and Its Fractionations in Soil Column Study." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 102, no. 4: 567-572.