Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop that is grown worldwide to supply the world’s expanding food demand. In the current study, the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil fertility and rice growth were explored. Rice plants were inoculated to evaluate how AMF fungi and PGPR affect various aspects of soil and plants, implicating abiotic stress tolerances. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replicates under the controlled conditions. Results depicted that the plants that were inoculated with a mixture of AMF and PGPR had better yields and nutritional concentrations, while both AMF and PGPR lowered soil pH and organic matter differently. Similarly, AMF and PGPR treatments significantly increased the amount of N, P, K, and B in the post-harvest soil. The PGPR-inoculated plants had a 10–40% higher buildup of N in their tissues. Similarly, when they were compared with non-infected plants, AMF-inoculated treatments demonstrated a greater N accumulation in the rice tissue. The maximum P content in plant tissues was 0.149% in PGPR5-infected plants, either alone or in combination with AMF. In T12, AMF + PGPR5 inoculated rice plants, the maximum K uptake was 1.98%, which was 54% higher than the control treatment. The sole application of AMF raised K buildup in rice tissues by 38% compared with the control treatment. The improved productivity of plants with AMF and PGPR (especially with PGPR5) was attributed to the increased availability of nutrients in the soil. As a result, rice plant growth, yield, and essential element uptakes were boosted significantly. The present study’s results suggested using the combined application of AMF + PGPR5 for improving the rice yield and for sustaining the soil health.

Various rapid propagation strategies have been discovered, which has facilitated large-scale plant reproduction and cultivar development. These methods, in many plant species, are used to rapidly generate large quantities (900 mini-tubers/m²) of high-quality propagule (free from contamination) at a relatively low cost in a small space. They are also used for plant preservation. This review article aims to provide potential applications for regeneration and clonal propagation. Plant propagation using advanced agrotechnology, such as aeroponics, is becoming increasingly popular among academics and industrialists. The advancement of asexual aeroponic propagation has been achieved through advancements in monitoring and control systems using IoT and smart sensor technology. New sensor technology systems have gained substantial interest in agriculture in recent years. It is used in agriculture to precisely arrange various operations and objectives while harnessing limited resources with minimal human intervention. Modern intelligent technologies and control systems simplify sensor data collection, making it more efficient than manual data collection, which can be slow and prone to errors. Specific ambient variables like temperature, humidity, light intensity, stock solution concentrations (nutrient water), EC (electrical conductivity), pH values, CO₂ content, and atomization parameters (frequency and interval) are collected more effectively through these systems. The use of intelligent technologies provides complete control over the system. When combined with IoT, it aids in boosting crop quality and yield while also lowering production costs and providing data directly to tablets and smartphones in aeroponic propagation systems. It can potentially increase the system’s productivity and usefulness compared to the older manual monitoring and operating methods.

Insect-vectored plant viruses pose a serious threat to sustainable production of economically important crops worldwide. This demands a continuous search for environmentally-friendly, sustainable and efficient approaches based on biological agents to address the mounting challenges of viral disease management. To date, the efficacy of actinomycetes bacteria against DNA plant viruses remains unknown. Here, through comparative analyses, we demonstrate that the RFS-23 strain of Streptomyces cellulase possesses protective activity as it positively regulated the plant growth and development. and diminished the severity, of disease symptoms, together with reduced accumulation of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) DNA. The RFS-23 strain maintained relative chlorophyll contents by promoting the expression of genes (CLH1, HEMA1 and PORA) associated with chlorophyll biogenesis. As compared to another strain, CTF-20, the RSF-23 induced a significantly higher expression of plant defense-related genes (NbCIS and NbNCED) associated with biogenesis and accumulation of salicylic acid and abscisic acid. Additionally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD and MDA) was significantly enhanced by RSF-23 treatment, despite the presence of viral infection. These findings suggest that RSF-23 is a novel biocontrol agent with protective activity, and it could be a potential candidate for the management of plant viral infections.

| Agriculture is the basic source of national income and food of all developing countries of the world, but land manager and farmers face the main problem when and where to cultivate. The present study was aims to analyze the efficiency of the parametric and fuzzy set methods in the land assessment for wheat production of Tando Allahyar district of Sindh Province. The present study able to provide grade performance suitability of lands for agricultural purposes; it could be more helpful for farmers of the research area. Fuzzy AHP methods could be beneficial for future studies for land suitability. The study finding have capabilities of different methods combined with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the potential time and cost saving methods can assess the suitability of land. Finding shows that the fuzzy set method is different from parametric method. The influence of explicit weight on land characteristics is combined with the evaluation of land characteristics. The correlation coefficient is high for both indices, but results obtained with fuzzy set method (r=0.97) showed a higher accuracy with yields than those obtained with the parametric method (r=0.86). Furthermore, finally formed the suitability grade or suitability index. Besides a dominant suitability class, the fuzzy set method equally provides information on the degree of belonging of the land unit to each of the suitability classes discerned. The good results obtained by using the fuzzy set method are helpful further development and application of the land evaluation field.

The effects of instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) drying, and blanching-assisted DIC (B + DIC) on texture, volume ratio (VR), colour, microstructures of different tissues, and cell-morphology of fruit and vegetable chips was examined. Results revealed that B + DIC had a significant effect on fruits and vegetable chips as compared with DIC treated. The DIC dried mango chips were observed to have low hardness (26.12 N) and maximum crispness (10.43) that were also observed in mango chips under B + DIC treated (14.66), exhibiting a puffy structure and crispy texture. Well expanded structure which reflected by VR was found in the mango (0.46 mL) and king oyster mushroom (KOM) (0.36 mL) chips under both treatments. The maximum total colour changes (∆E) were also obtained in the mango (30.40) and carrot (42.87) chips under B + DIC. The microstructures of the apple, carrot, KOM and potato chips products, which corresponded to its well expanded appearances, showed a honeycomb-like pores structure, observed for DIC treated apple, fresh potato, B + DIC dried KOM as well as in sweet potato. In addition, the B + DIC-treated carrot chips, pores size, increased the cell wall and expanded. Moreover, the mushroom chips mostly were shrunken after hot water blanching.