3D printing is used to produce individual objects or to print on different substrates to produce multi-component products. In the textile industry, we encounter various 3D printing technologies in fashion design, functional apparel manufacturing (protective, military, sports, etc.), including wearable electronics, where textile material is functionalized. 3D printing enables the personalization of the product, which in the apparel industry can be transformed into the production of clothing or parts of clothing or custom accessories. Additive technology allows a more rational use of the material than traditional technologies. In the textile industry we meet different uses of it, one is the printing of flexible structures based on rigid materials, another is the printing with flexible materials and the third is the printing directly on textile substrate. All rigid, hard and soft or flexible materials can be integrated into the final design using 3D printing directly on the textile substrate. We speak of so-called multi-material objects and systems, which have many advantages, mainly in the increasing customization and functionalization of textiles or clothing. The article gives a broader overview of 3D printing on textiles and focuses mainly on the influence of different parameters of printing and woven fabric properties on the adhesion of 3D printed objects on the textile substrate. In our research we investigated the influence of twill weave and its derivate as well as different weft densities of the woven fabric on the adhesion of printed objects on textile substrate. Therefore, five samples of twill polyester/cotton fabrics were woven and their physical properties measured for this research. 3D objects were printed on textile substrates using the extrusion based additive manufacturing technique with polylactic acid (PLA) filament. Preliminary tests were carried out to define printing parameters and different methods of attaching the fabric to a printing bed were tested. T - Peel adhesion tests were performed on the Instron dynamometer to measure the adhesion between 3D printed objects and textile substrates.

Studies in the field of elasticised woven fabrics made of Co/ PBT yarns indicate great potential of PBT use in woven fabrics. Weaving experiments demonstrate that elasticity of Co/PBT fabrics gained after treatment depends not only on woven fabric settings but also on onloom settings. Therefore, it is difficult to predict precisely the degree of shrinkage of the Co/PBT fabric after treatment. Six samples of woven fabrics were produced, three samples with the pretreated core spun Co/PBT weft, each in a different weave. Other three samples were woven with untreated core spun Co/PBT weft, in the same weaves and afterwards the samples were treated. The results indicated big differences between samples with pre-treated Co/PBT yarns in weft direction and samples treated after weaving.

The double-weave structure of a fabric allows for the use of different materials and weave structures for the upper and lower layer, which can be advantageous in the functionalization of 3D printed textiles. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of simple and double-weave structures on the adhesion of 3D printed fabrics. From this perspective, we investigated the influence of different twill derivates and weft densities on the adhesion force. We produced fabrics specifically for this study and printed them with a polylactic acid filament using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. The T-peel test was performed to measure the adhesion, and the results were statistically analyzed. A morphological study of the surfaces and cross-sections of the 3D printed fabrics helped us interpret the results. We found that adhesion was higher for double fabrics when printed with a smaller z-distance, where the molten polymer reached the lower layer of the fabric and adhered to it. The opposite was confirmed when printing with a larger z-distance, where adhesion was higher for simple fabrics. Both weave and density had a significant effect on adhesion in all cases. Surprisingly, different twill derivatives generally had a greater influence on adhesion than density.

Para-aramid fibers, known for their remarkable strength and thermal stability, are frequently employed in protective textiles for military and aerospace applications. However, continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage their protective characteristics. This study analyzes the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and UV transmittance of woven fabrics produced from 30/2 Ne spun para-aramid yarns in the warp and 10 Ne core-spun yarns in the weft. The weft yarns consisted of three sheath fibers—para-aramid, meta-aramid, and polyester—in combination with different specialty core materials. The results show significant differences in UPF before and after UV exposure, with para-aramid sheaths giving the highest improvement. UV exposure caused structural changes in the fibers, resulting in increased UV protection, particularly in fabrics with para-aramid sheaths. This study concludes that the combination of para-aramid fibers with specific core materials significantly enhances UV protection, making them well-suited for applications in high UV exposure environments.

Elasticity and recovery are important for clothing comfort, especially in the manufacture of apparel and sportswear. Recently, yarns containing PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), which are able to develop good elastic properties with high recovery after a finishing process (e.g., thermal treatment), have been used for this purpose. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive overview of the use of PBT yarns in woven structure, with the aim of improving the elastic properties of cotton-like fabrics. The experimental part was divided into three main sequences to investigate the fabric properties (physical, elastic, UPF, comfort) influenced by (1) PBT-containing yarn structure, (2) weave and fabric structure (basic weaves and complex weaves) with PBT in weft direction, and (3) processing sequence—thermal treatment of PBT yarns or fabrics after weaving. According to the results, PBT-containing yarns have great potential for the production of lightweight elastic fabrics. The advantages of improving the elastic properties of fabrics by incorporating a relatively small amount of PBT yarns into the fabric only in certain areas, thereby minimally affecting the production costs, are demonstrated by a product with partially elastic areas obtained after thermal treatment.

This work presents the advantages of using ultrasound (US) in the procedure of antimicrobial functionalization of cotton knitwear. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive components from plant material reduced the extraction time by 40% and increased the degree of utilization by 12.5% in comparison with conventional extraction. By optimizing the H₂O₂ bleaching process, it was found that the application of ultrasound resulted in reducing the temperature from 100 °C to 60 °C, the processing time by 30 min and the H₂O₂ concentration from 4% to 2%, while retaining the same weight loss, the appropriate degree of whiteness with preserved mechanical properties compared with treatment carried out without using ultrasound. Dyeing with the plant extract of Achillea millefolium L. using the ultrasonic atomization resulted in even coloration and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with using minimum quantities of extract and 6.67 times shorter processing time in comparison with the bath exhaustion method.