To investigate the effect of adding Nordic exercise as post-training in decreasing hamstring initial, recurrent injuries rates, and their severity. In this randomly controlled trial study, 34 professional football players aged 21 to 35 years were randomly assigned into two groups (17 players each) from Sporting clubs at Alexandria, Egypt. For group one, Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) was performed pre-training and post-training. For group two, NHE was only performed pre-training. The control group was the same team during the previous season. Length of the trial was 12 weeks. The Australian football association injury form was used to collect incidence of injuries for each subject in both groups. Pooled results based on total injuries showed that group one had significantly less hamstring initial injuries (92% less) than the previous season, while group two had 80% less initial injuries and 85% less recurrent injuries than previous season. Regarding the severity of injuries in term of mean number of absent days, it was 1 day for group one and 2.7 days for group two while it was 7.95 days for the previous season during total risk time of 116.3±13.2 and 117.6±5.7 exposure hours for group one and group two, respectively. The use of NHE as a prevention protocol was effective in reducing all hamstring injuries with the use of NHE during pre-training and post-training having the greatest effect.

Obese women were more susceptible to myalgia because of their significantly lower vitamin D concentrations; the present study investigated the efficacy of vitamin D in addition to an aerobic interval training in the management of obese women with myalgia. Forty-five obese women with vitamin D deficiency and myalgia (30 to 40 years old) were assigned randomly into three equal groups. Group A received an aerobic interval training with vitamin D supplementation, Group B received vitamin D supplementation only, and Group C received aerobic interval training only; participants in all groups were on calorie deficient diets. The study outcomes were the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Pain Evaluation, serum vitamin D level, and Cooper 12-Minute Walk Test for Functional Capacity Evaluation, while the Short-Form Health Survey (SF) was used for assessment of quality of life. We detected a significant improvement in pain intensity level, serum vitamin D level, and quality of life in all groups with significant difference between Group A and groups B and C. We also detected a significant improvement in functional capacity in groups A and C, with no significant change in Group B. Aerobic interval training with vitamin D supplementation was more effective for the management of obese women with perceived myalgia.

Frozen shoulder is a major musculoskeletal illness in diabetic patients. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of shock wave and corticosteroid injection in the management of diabetic frozen shoulder patients. Fifty subjects with diabetic frozen shoulder were divided randomly into group A (the intra-articular corticosteroid injection group) and group B that received 12 sessions of shock wave therapy, while each patient in both groups received the traditional physiotherapy program. The level of pain and disability, the range of motion, as well as the glucose triad were evaluated before patient assignment to each group, during the study and at the end of the study. Compared to the pretreatment evaluations there were significant improvements of shoulder pain and disability and in shoulder flexion and abduction range of motion in both groups (p < 0.05). The shock wave group revealed a more significant improvement the intra-articular corticosteroid injection group, where p was 0.001 for shoulder pain and disability and shoulder flexion and abduction. Regarding the effect of both interventions on the glucose triad, there were significant improvements in glucose control with group B, where p was 0.001. Shock waves provide a more effective and safer treatment modality for diabetic frozen shoulder treatment than corticosteroid intra-articular injection.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) and shock wave therapy (SWT) on pain levels, shoulder mobility, and function in individuals with diabetic frozen shoulder (DFS). A total of 84 patients (aged 40-60 years) were randomly assigned into two groups: the shock wave group (G1; n = 41) and the HILT group (G2; n = 43). Shoulder functionality was measured using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), and shoulder flexion ROM was assessed with a goniometer. The participants in group 1 received one session per week of shock wave therapy for 8 weeks (at 5 Hz, 1.5 bar), while group 2 received two HILT sessions per week for 8 weeks, delivering a total energy of 1,080 J across three phases. Both groups also followed a prescribed exercise program. No significant differences were found between groups before the study. Post-treatment results showed a significant reduction in pain in both groups-49.38% in group 1 (P = 0.00) and 60.09% in group 2 (P = 0.00). ROM improvements were also significant: 25.74% in group 1 (P = 0.00) and 19.29% in group 2 (P = 0.00). Shoulder function improved significantly in both groups-96.66% in group 1 (P = 0.00) and 104.58% in group 2 (P = 0.00). When comparing the groups post-study, group 2 showed a significantly greater reduction in pain (VAS, P = 0.0001), and group 1 had a significantly greater improvement in shoulder ROM (P = 0.04), but there was no significant difference in shoulder function (P = 0.19). Overall, shock wave therapy was more effective for ROM improvement, while HILT proved superior for pain relief and shoulder function enhancement.