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Eleni Mavrogonatou
Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR ‘‘Demokritos’’, 15310 Athens, Greece

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Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Antioxidants
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Skin health is heavily affected by ultraviolet irradiation from the sun. In addition, senile skin is characterized by major changes in the collagen, elastin and in the hyaluronan content. Natural products (NPs) have been shown to delay cellular senescence or in vivo aging by regulating age-related signaling pathways. Moreover, NPs are a preferable source of photoprotective agents and have been proven to be useful against the undesirable skin hyperpigmentation. Greek flora harvests great plant diversity with approximately 6000 plant species, as it has a wealth of NPs. Here, we report an extensive screening among hundreds of plant species. More than 440 plant species and subspecies were selected and evaluated. The extracts were screened for their antioxidant and anti-melanogenic properties, while the most promising were further subjected to various in vitro and cell-based assays related to skin aging. In parallel, their chemical profile was analyzed with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and/or Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). A variety of extracts were identified that can be of great value for the cosmetic industry, since they combine antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-melanogenic and anti-aging properties. In particular, the methanolic extracts of Sideritis scardica and Rosa damascena could be worthy of further attention, since they showed interesting chemical profiles and promising properties against specific targets involved in skin aging.

ACS Style

Aimilia Sklirou; Maria Angelopoulou; Aikaterini Argyropoulou; Eliza Chaita; Vasiliki Boka; Christina Cheimonidi; Katerina Niforou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Harris Pratsinis; Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis; Nektarios Aligiannis; Dimitris Kletsas; Ioannis Trougakos; Alexios Skaltsounis. Phytochemical Study and In Vitro Screening Focusing on the Anti-Aging Features of Various Plants of the Greek Flora. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1206 .

AMA Style

Aimilia Sklirou, Maria Angelopoulou, Aikaterini Argyropoulou, Eliza Chaita, Vasiliki Boka, Christina Cheimonidi, Katerina Niforou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Harris Pratsinis, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Nektarios Aligiannis, Dimitris Kletsas, Ioannis Trougakos, Alexios Skaltsounis. Phytochemical Study and In Vitro Screening Focusing on the Anti-Aging Features of Various Plants of the Greek Flora. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (8):1206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aimilia Sklirou; Maria Angelopoulou; Aikaterini Argyropoulou; Eliza Chaita; Vasiliki Boka; Christina Cheimonidi; Katerina Niforou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Harris Pratsinis; Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis; Nektarios Aligiannis; Dimitris Kletsas; Ioannis Trougakos; Alexios Skaltsounis. 2021. "Phytochemical Study and In Vitro Screening Focusing on the Anti-Aging Features of Various Plants of the Greek Flora." Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1206.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Cancers
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Down-regulation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin in the stroma is considered a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer progression. Ionizing radiation, an established treatment for breast cancer, provokes the premature senescence of the adjacent to the tumor stromal fibroblasts. Here, we showed that senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts are characterized by the down-regulation of decorin at the mRNA and protein level, as well as by its decreased deposition in the pericellular extracellular matrix in vitro. Senescence-associated decorin down-regulation is a long-lasting process rather than an immediate response to γ-irradiation. Growth factors were demonstrated to participate in an autocrine manner in decorin down-regulation, with bFGF and VEGF being the critical mediators of the phenomenon. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine reduced decorin mRNA levels, while autophagy activation using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced decorin transcription. Interestingly, the secretome from a series of both untreated and irradiated human breast cancer cell lines with different molecular profiles inhibited decorin expression in young and senescent stromal fibroblasts, which was annulled by SU5402, a bFGF and VEGF inhibitor. The novel phenotypic trait of senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts revealed here is added to their already described cancer-promoting role via the formation of a tumor-permissive environment.

ACS Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Adamantia Papadopoulou; Asimina Fotopoulou; Stathis Tsimelis; Heba Bassiony; Andreas Yiacoumettis; Petros Panagiotou; Harris Pratsinis; Dimitris Kletsas. Down-Regulation of the Proteoglycan Decorin Fills in the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Senescent Human Breast Stromal Fibroblasts. Cancers 2021, 13, 1987 .

AMA Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou, Adamantia Papadopoulou, Asimina Fotopoulou, Stathis Tsimelis, Heba Bassiony, Andreas Yiacoumettis, Petros Panagiotou, Harris Pratsinis, Dimitris Kletsas. Down-Regulation of the Proteoglycan Decorin Fills in the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Senescent Human Breast Stromal Fibroblasts. Cancers. 2021; 13 (8):1987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Adamantia Papadopoulou; Asimina Fotopoulou; Stathis Tsimelis; Heba Bassiony; Andreas Yiacoumettis; Petros Panagiotou; Harris Pratsinis; Dimitris Kletsas. 2021. "Down-Regulation of the Proteoglycan Decorin Fills in the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Senescent Human Breast Stromal Fibroblasts." Cancers 13, no. 8: 1987.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2020 in Toxins
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Marine cyanobacteria are considered a prolific source of bioactive natural products with a range of biotechnological and pharmacological applications. However, data on the production of natural compounds from sponge-associated cyanobacteria are scarce. This study aimed to assess the potential of sponge-associated cyanobacteria strains representing different taxonomic groups for the production of bioactive compounds and the biological activity of their extracts. Phylogenetic analysis of sponge-associated cyanobacteria and screening for the presence of genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) were performed. Methanol extracts of the sponge-associated strains were analyzed for cyanotoxin production and tested for antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines and pathogenic bacteria. PKS were detected in all sponge-associated strains examined, indicating the metabolic potential of the isolates. PKS genes were more ubiquitous than NRPS genes. Cyanotoxins (i.e., cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, nodularin, and microcystins) were not detected in any of the sponge-associated cyanobacterial strains. Strains belonging to Leptothoe, Pseudanabaena, and Synechococcus were found to have activity mainly against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, sponge-associated Leptothoe strains (TAU-MAC 0915, 1015, 1115, and 1215) were found to be highly cytotoxic and in most cases more effective against human cancer cell lines than against normal cells. Extracts with the most promising bioactivity deserve further investigation in order to isolate and identify the bioactive molecule(s).

ACS Style

Despoina Konstantinou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou; Panagiotis Giannogonas; Spyros Gkelis. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Marine Cyanobacteria to Produce Bioactive Compounds. Toxins 2020, 12, 73 .

AMA Style

Despoina Konstantinou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Panagiotis Giannogonas, Spyros Gkelis. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Marine Cyanobacteria to Produce Bioactive Compounds. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Despoina Konstantinou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou; Panagiotis Giannogonas; Spyros Gkelis. 2020. "Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Marine Cyanobacteria to Produce Bioactive Compounds." Toxins 12, no. 2: 73.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
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Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are the joints of the spine, mainly consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM) with a low number of cells embedded therein. Low cellularity stems from nutrient deprivation due to the lack of blood supply, as well as from the hypoxic and hyperosmotic conditions prevailing in the tissue. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has been firmly connected with low back pain, a major age-related disease, whereas degenerated discs have been characterized by increased proteolytic activity and accumulation of senescent cells. While the catabolic phenotype of senescent IVD cells has been documented, whether this phenotype is preserved under the harsh conditions met in the IVD milieu has never been investigated. Here we showed that a combination of low glucose, hypoxia, high osmolality and absence of serum is anti-proliferative for young disc cells. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that classical senescence markers, namely p16, p21 and ICAM-1, remain up-regulated in senescent cells under these conditions. Finally, up-regulation of the main senescence-associated ECM degrading enzymes, i.e. MMP-1, -2 and -3 was maintained in this strict environment. Conservation of IVD cells' senescent phenotype under the actual conditions these cells are confronted with in vivo further supports their possible implication in IDD.

ACS Style

Anastasios Kouroumalis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Olga D. Savvidou; Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos; Harris Pratsinis; Dimitris Kletsas. Major traits of the senescent phenotype of nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells persist under the specific microenvironmental conditions of the tissue. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2019, 177, 118 -127.

AMA Style

Anastasios Kouroumalis, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Olga D. Savvidou, Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos, Harris Pratsinis, Dimitris Kletsas. Major traits of the senescent phenotype of nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells persist under the specific microenvironmental conditions of the tissue. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2019; 177 ():118-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anastasios Kouroumalis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Olga D. Savvidou; Panayiotis J. Papagelopoulos; Harris Pratsinis; Dimitris Kletsas. 2019. "Major traits of the senescent phenotype of nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells persist under the specific microenvironmental conditions of the tissue." Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 177, no. : 118-127.

Review
Published: 01 January 2019 in Matrix Biology
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Normal cells after a defined number of successive divisions or after exposure to genotoxic stresses are becoming senescent, characterized by a permanent growth arrest. In addition, they secrete increased levels of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators, collectively termed "senescence-associated secretory phenotype". Furthermore, senescent cells exhibit an altered expression and organization of many extracellular matrix components, leading to specific remodeling of their microenvironment. In this review we present the current knowledge on extracellular matrix alterations associated with cellular senescence and critically discuss certain characteristic examples, highlighting the ambiguous role of senescent cells in the homeostasis of various tissues under both normal and pathologic conditions.

ACS Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Harris Pratsinis; Adamantia Papadopoulou; Nikos Karamanos; Dimitris Kletsas. Extracellular matrix alterations in senescent cells and their significance in tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biology 2019, 75-76, 27 -42.

AMA Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou, Harris Pratsinis, Adamantia Papadopoulou, Nikos Karamanos, Dimitris Kletsas. Extracellular matrix alterations in senescent cells and their significance in tissue homeostasis. Matrix Biology. 2019; 75-76 ():27-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Harris Pratsinis; Adamantia Papadopoulou; Nikos Karamanos; Dimitris Kletsas. 2019. "Extracellular matrix alterations in senescent cells and their significance in tissue homeostasis." Matrix Biology 75-76, no. : 27-42.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 11 October 2018 in Biomedical Materials
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In this work, silicon substrates with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) patterns created by a simple, low cost and high fidelity photolithographic procedure were evaluated with respect to cell adhesion and alignment, viability, metabolic activity, proliferation and cell cycle progression using the human glioblastoma cell-line U87MG and human skin fibroblasts. In addition, rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12) were employed to evaluate a modified photolithographic protocol appropriate for adhesion of cells requiring extracellular matrix components to adhere on the surface and to demonstrate that the proposed patterned substrates could provide unhindered cell differentiation. Regarding U87MG cells and skin fibroblasts, it was found that as the stripes width increased from 10 to 50 μm, the percentage of cells attached to Si versus the total area (Si + PVA) increased from 78 and 72% to 98.5 and 94.5% (p95%) to collagen-coated Si stripes when the pattern width was equal to or wider than 10 μm. Following treatment with nerve growth factor, approximately 80% (p<0.05) of the adherent cells differentiated to neuron-like cells extending neurites exclusively within the pattern. Given that the proposed patterning procedure allows highly selective cell adhesion without affecting cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and differentiation it could serve as a useful tool in various fields including tissue engineering, cell-based sensors and analytical microsystems.

ACS Style

Athanasia Bourkoula; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Pagona Pavli; Panagiota Petrou; Antonios M Douvas; Panagiotis Argitis; Dimitris Kletsas; Sotirios E Kakabakos. Guided cell adhesion, orientation, morphology and differentiation on silicon substrates photolithographically micropatterned with a cell-repellent cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) film. Biomedical Materials 2018, 14, 014101 .

AMA Style

Athanasia Bourkoula, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Pagona Pavli, Panagiota Petrou, Antonios M Douvas, Panagiotis Argitis, Dimitris Kletsas, Sotirios E Kakabakos. Guided cell adhesion, orientation, morphology and differentiation on silicon substrates photolithographically micropatterned with a cell-repellent cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) film. Biomedical Materials. 2018; 14 (1):014101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athanasia Bourkoula; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Pagona Pavli; Panagiota Petrou; Antonios M Douvas; Panagiotis Argitis; Dimitris Kletsas; Sotirios E Kakabakos. 2018. "Guided cell adhesion, orientation, morphology and differentiation on silicon substrates photolithographically micropatterned with a cell-repellent cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) film." Biomedical Materials 14, no. 1: 014101.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Developmental Cell
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Summary Nrf2 is a key regulator of the antioxidant defense system, and pharmacological Nrf2 activation is a promising strategy for cancer prevention and promotion of tissue repair. Here we show, however, that activation of Nrf2 in fibroblasts induces cellular senescence. Using a combination of transcriptomics, matrix proteomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation and bioinformatics we demonstrate that fibroblasts with activated Nrf2 deposit a senescence-promoting matrix, with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 being a key inducer of the senescence program. In vivo, activation of Nrf2 in fibroblasts promoted re-epithelialization of skin wounds, but also skin tumorigenesis. The pro-tumorigenic activity is of general relevance, since Nrf2 activation in skin fibroblasts induced the expression of genes characteristic for cancer-associated fibroblasts from different mouse and human tumors. Therefore, activated Nrf2 qualifies as a marker of the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. These data highlight the bright and the dark sides of Nrf2 and the need for time-controlled activation of this transcription factor.

ACS Style

Paul Hiebert; Mateusz Wietecha; Michael Cangkrama; Eric Haertel; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Michael Stumpe; Heiko Steenbock; Serena Grossi; Hans-Dietmar Beer; Peter Angel; Jürgen Brinckmann; Dimitris Kletsas; Joern Dengjel; Sabine Werner. Nrf2-Mediated Fibroblast Reprogramming Drives Cellular Senescence by Targeting the Matrisome. Developmental Cell 2018, 46, 145 -161.e10.

AMA Style

Paul Hiebert, Mateusz Wietecha, Michael Cangkrama, Eric Haertel, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Michael Stumpe, Heiko Steenbock, Serena Grossi, Hans-Dietmar Beer, Peter Angel, Jürgen Brinckmann, Dimitris Kletsas, Joern Dengjel, Sabine Werner. Nrf2-Mediated Fibroblast Reprogramming Drives Cellular Senescence by Targeting the Matrisome. Developmental Cell. 2018; 46 (2):145-161.e10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Hiebert; Mateusz Wietecha; Michael Cangkrama; Eric Haertel; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Michael Stumpe; Heiko Steenbock; Serena Grossi; Hans-Dietmar Beer; Peter Angel; Jürgen Brinckmann; Dimitris Kletsas; Joern Dengjel; Sabine Werner. 2018. "Nrf2-Mediated Fibroblast Reprogramming Drives Cellular Senescence by Targeting the Matrisome." Developmental Cell 46, no. 2: 145-161.e10.

Review
Published: 12 April 2018 in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
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An essential element of tissue homeostasis is the response to injuries, cutaneous wound healing being the most studied example. In the adults, wound healing aims at quickly restoring the barrier function of the skin, leading however to scar, a dysfunctional fibrotic tissue. On the other hand, in fetuses a scarless tissue regeneration takes place. During ageing, the wound healing capacity declines; however, in the absence of comorbidities a higher quality in tissue repair is observed. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate in chronic unhealed wounds, but more recent reports indicate that their transient presence may be beneficial for tissue repair. In this review data on skin wound healing and scarring are presented, covering the whole spectrum from early embryonic development to adulthood, and furthermore until ageing of the organism.

ACS Style

Harris Pratsinis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. Scarless wound healing: From development to senescence. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2018, 146, 325 -343.

AMA Style

Harris Pratsinis, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas. Scarless wound healing: From development to senescence. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2018; 146 ():325-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harris Pratsinis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. 2018. "Scarless wound healing: From development to senescence." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 146, no. : 325-343.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in International Journal of Food Microbiology
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In the present study, 49 yeast strains previously isolated from cv. Kalamata table olive fermentation were assessed for their probiotic potential and technological characteristics. The probiotic assays included the in vitro survival in simulated gastric and pancreatic digestions, surface adhesion to the intestinal cell line Caco-2, hydrophobicity, autoaggregation and haemolytic activity. The technological features of the strains were also elucidated in terms of enzymatic activity and susceptibility to diverse salt levels (0–250 g/L) and pH values (3.5, 5.0, and 6.5). The obtained results indicated that during the simulated gastric and pancreatic digestions, 42 out of the 49 yeast strains presented overall survival rate higher than 50%, while 24 strains showed survival percentage higher than 70% at the end of the digestions. Furthermore, the majority of the assayed strains presented hydrophobicity percentage higher than 75%, while the autoaggregation ability ranged between 72 and 91%. None of the strains showed haemolytic activity. The majority of the strains presented high tolerance to salt with some strains exhibiting tolerance even at salt concentrations higher than 200 g/L. Concerning the enzymatic activity, 45 strains presented valine and cystine arylamidase activity, while positive reactions for the enzymes β- and α-glucosidase were observed for 27 and 14 strains, respectively. Moreover, 11 strains presented α-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase activity. From the total number of studied yeasts, the strain Y34 belonging to Saccharomyces cerevisiae presented positive results in the majority of both probiotic and technological assays and thus it could be considered a potential starter either as single or as combined culture with lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of Greek-style natural black olives.

ACS Style

Stamatoula Bonatsou; Marina Karamouza; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou; George-John E. Nychas; Efstathios Ζ. Panagou. Evaluating the probiotic potential and technological characteristics of yeasts implicated in cv. Kalamata natural black olive fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2018, 271, 48 -59.

AMA Style

Stamatoula Bonatsou, Marina Karamouza, Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas, Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Effie Tsakalidou, George-John E. Nychas, Efstathios Ζ. Panagou. Evaluating the probiotic potential and technological characteristics of yeasts implicated in cv. Kalamata natural black olive fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018; 271 ():48-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stamatoula Bonatsou; Marina Karamouza; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou; George-John E. Nychas; Efstathios Ζ. Panagou. 2018. "Evaluating the probiotic potential and technological characteristics of yeasts implicated in cv. Kalamata natural black olive fermentation." International Journal of Food Microbiology 271, no. : 48-59.

Research article
Published: 26 March 2018 in Biogerontology
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Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is an inflammatory mediator overexpressed in the skin as a response to ultraviolet radiation, as well as in chronic non-healing wounds. On the other hand, senescent fibroblasts have been shown to accumulate in the skin under these stressful conditions. Accordingly, here we assessed the putative implication of TNF-α in the induction of premature senescence of human adult dermal fibroblasts. We showed that TNF-α led to a rapid transient p38 MAPK activation, while elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) only occurred after a chronic exposure to TNF-α. Furthermore, in contrast to the majority of previous reports using various cell models and experimental settings, it was a long-term treatment with TNF-α that resulted in the premature senescence of human dermal fibroblasts, as shown by the reduced proliferative potential and the increased senescence associated β-galactosidase staining of the cells. TNF-α-senescent cells displayed a permanent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and an inflammatory and catabolic phenotype. Increased ROS levels were also observed, possibly attributed to the weakened anti-oxidative response evidenced by the underexpression of the Nrf2-regulated genes encoding HO-1 and NQO1. These traits and the overall senescent phenotype were significantly reversed using the known anti-oxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine or a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, suggesting the participation of oxidative stress and of the p38 MAPK pathway in TNF-α-triggered premature senescence. Even more, the observed blockade of ROS accumulation in senescent skin fibroblasts by p38 MAPK inhibition indicates a possible link between these two separate events during the manifestation of TNF-α-induced senescence.

ACS Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Angeliki Konstantinou; Dimitris Kletsas. Long-term exposure to TNF-α leads human skin fibroblasts to a p38 MAPK- and ROS-mediated premature senescence. Biogerontology 2018, 19, 237 -249.

AMA Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou, Angeliki Konstantinou, Dimitris Kletsas. Long-term exposure to TNF-α leads human skin fibroblasts to a p38 MAPK- and ROS-mediated premature senescence. Biogerontology. 2018; 19 (3-4):237-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleni Mavrogonatou; Angeliki Konstantinou; Dimitris Kletsas. 2018. "Long-term exposure to TNF-α leads human skin fibroblasts to a p38 MAPK- and ROS-mediated premature senescence." Biogerontology 19, no. 3-4: 237-249.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2018 in Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
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Telomerase is the enzyme that maintains telomere length by adding telomeric repeats after each cell division. Numerous metabolic factors such as obesity, insulin resistance or physical inactivity have been associated with shortened telomeres. In the present study, we assessed telomerase activity in diabetic patients having or not foot ulcer. A total of 90 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were studied. Patients were allocated into two groups according to the absence or presence of active foot ulcers as follows: Νon-ulcer group (N=58) and ulcer group (N=32). Our data revealed that the patients with diabetic ulcers had significantly greater waist circumference and neuropathy disability score, while exhibiting lower telomerase activity, indicating the possible existence of a common clinical profile among ulcer-bearing diabetic patients. Validation of our findings by extending the study in larger patient groups may contribute to the understanding of T2DM pathophysiology and its main clinical implications.

ACS Style

Dimitrios Baltzis; Evangelia Meimeti; Maria G. Grammatikopoulou; Matthieu Roustit; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Smaragda Efraimidou; Christos Manes; Taxiarchis K. Nikolouzakis; John Tsiaoussis; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Demetrios Spandidos; Christina-Maria Trakatelli; Nikolaos Drakoulis. Assessment of telomerase activity in leukocytes of type�2 diabetes mellitus patients having or not foot ulcer: Possible correlation with other clinical parameters. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2018, 15, 3420 -3424.

AMA Style

Dimitrios Baltzis, Evangelia Meimeti, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Matthieu Roustit, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas, Smaragda Efraimidou, Christos Manes, Taxiarchis K. Nikolouzakis, John Tsiaoussis, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Demetrios Spandidos, Christina-Maria Trakatelli, Nikolaos Drakoulis. Assessment of telomerase activity in leukocytes of type�2 diabetes mellitus patients having or not foot ulcer: Possible correlation with other clinical parameters. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2018; 15 (4):3420-3424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dimitrios Baltzis; Evangelia Meimeti; Maria G. Grammatikopoulou; Matthieu Roustit; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Smaragda Efraimidou; Christos Manes; Taxiarchis K. Nikolouzakis; John Tsiaoussis; Aristidis Tsatsakis; Demetrios Spandidos; Christina-Maria Trakatelli; Nikolaos Drakoulis. 2018. "Assessment of telomerase activity in leukocytes of type�2 diabetes mellitus patients having or not foot ulcer: Possible correlation with other clinical parameters." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4: 3420-3424.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in International Dairy Journal
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ACS Style

Marina Georgalaki; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Gonzalez Van Driessche; Voula Alexandraki; Rania Anastasiou; Marina Papadelli; Maria Kazou; Eugenia Manolopoulou; Dimitris Kletsas; Bart Devreese; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou. Evaluation of the antihypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and other probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Greek dairy products. International Dairy Journal 2017, 75, 10 -21.

AMA Style

Marina Georgalaki, Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Gonzalez Van Driessche, Voula Alexandraki, Rania Anastasiou, Marina Papadelli, Maria Kazou, Eugenia Manolopoulou, Dimitris Kletsas, Bart Devreese, Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Effie Tsakalidou. Evaluation of the antihypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and other probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Greek dairy products. International Dairy Journal. 2017; 75 ():10-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Georgalaki; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Gonzalez Van Driessche; Voula Alexandraki; Rania Anastasiou; Marina Papadelli; Maria Kazou; Eugenia Manolopoulou; Dimitris Kletsas; Bart Devreese; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou. 2017. "Evaluation of the antihypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and other probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Greek dairy products." International Dairy Journal 75, no. : 10-21.

Brief report
Published: 07 September 2017 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Autophagy is a catabolic process that preserves cellular homeostasis. Its exact role during carcinogenesis is not completely defined. Specifically in head and neck cancer, such information from clinical settings that comprise the whole spectrum of human carcinogenesis is very limited. Towards this direction, we examined the in situ status of the autophagy-related factors, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, member B (LC3B) and sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) in clinical material covering all histopathological stages of human head and neck carcinogenesis. This material is unique as each panel of lesions is derived from the same patient and moreover we have previously assessed it for the DNA damage response (DDR) activation status. Since Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 reflect the nucleation, elongation and degradation stages of autophagy, respectively, their combined immunohistochemical (IHC) expression profiles could grossly mirror the autophagic flux. This experimental approach was further corroborated by ultrastructural analysis, applying transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observed Beclin-1/LC3B/p62 IHC patterns, obtained from serial sections analysis, along with TEM findings are suggestive of a declined authophagic activity in preneoplastic lesions that was restored in full blown cancers. Correlating these findings with DDR status in the same pathological stages are indicative of: (i) an antitumor function of autophagy in support to that of DDR, possibly through energy deprivation in preneoplastic stages, thus preventing incipient cancer cells from evolving; and (ii) a tumor-supporting role in the cancerous stage.

ACS Style

Sophia Havaki; Vassiliki Vlachou; Christos P. Zampetidis; Platonas Selemenakis; Athanassios Kotsinas; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Sophia V. Rizou; Efthymios Kyrodimos; Konstantinos Evangelou; Dimitris Kletsas; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Vassilis G. Gorgoulis. Monitoring Autophagy Immunohistochemically and Ultrastructurally during Human Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. Relationship with the DNA Damage Response Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18, 1920 .

AMA Style

Sophia Havaki, Vassiliki Vlachou, Christos P. Zampetidis, Platonas Selemenakis, Athanassios Kotsinas, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Sophia V. Rizou, Efthymios Kyrodimos, Konstantinos Evangelou, Dimitris Kletsas, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis. Monitoring Autophagy Immunohistochemically and Ultrastructurally during Human Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. Relationship with the DNA Damage Response Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18 (9):1920.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sophia Havaki; Vassiliki Vlachou; Christos P. Zampetidis; Platonas Selemenakis; Athanassios Kotsinas; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Sophia V. Rizou; Efthymios Kyrodimos; Konstantinos Evangelou; Dimitris Kletsas; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Vassilis G. Gorgoulis. 2017. "Monitoring Autophagy Immunohistochemically and Ultrastructurally during Human Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. Relationship with the DNA Damage Response Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 9: 1920.

Chapter
Published: 22 August 2017 in Healthy Ageing and Longevity
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Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of a growth factor family playing central roles in a wide variety of functions both at the tissue and the organismal levels, ranging from the regulation of cell proliferation, and the enhancement of extracellular matrix accumulation to immunosuppression and a dual role in cancer development. Here, we present a brief description of TGF-β in terms of structural and functional aspects, including the major signal transduction pathways activated by it. The role of TGF-β as an inducer of cellular senescence in normal, malignant and stem cells is documented, as well as, its ability to induce or reinforce senescence when acting in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The interplay of TGF-β with the two major intracellular protein degradation systems, i.e. autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, is also discussed, given their associations with senescence and age-related pathologies. The importance of the TGF-β signaling axis in organismal development is documented through the presentation of a variety of knock out approaches. Furthermore, we present its contribution to the programmed cellular senescence during development, as a newly recognized means for tissue patterning and remodeling. Finally, the role of TGF-β in age-related diseases and in longevity is discussed, based on data regarding gene polymorphisms, as well as, the plasma levels of this growth factor.

ACS Style

Harris Pratsinis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. TGF-? in Development and Ageing. Healthy Ageing and Longevity 2017, 6, 127 -148.

AMA Style

Harris Pratsinis, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas. TGF-? in Development and Ageing. Healthy Ageing and Longevity. 2017; 6 ():127-148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harris Pratsinis; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. 2017. "TGF-? in Development and Ageing." Healthy Ageing and Longevity 6, no. : 127-148.

Article
Published: 31 July 2017 in Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
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The increased consumers' interest on the positive role of food in wellbeing and health underscores the need to determine new probiotic microorganisms. Triggered by the fact that artisanal food products can be a valuable source of novel probiotic strains, 106 lactic acid bacteria, all isolated from traditional Greek dairy products, namely Feta, Kasseri, Xynotyri, Graviera, Formaela, Galotyri, and Kefalotyri cheeses as well as yogurt and milk, were studied for probiotic properties. Based on their survival at pH 2.5 and their stability in the presence of bile salts, 20 strains were selected for further analysis. These strains exhibited diverse susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics, while none was hemolytic. Seven out of the 20 strains produced functional bile salt hydrolases in vitro. The only antimicrobial activity detected of Streptococcus thermophilus ACA-DC 26 against the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans LMG 14558(T) was attributed to compound(s) of proteinaceous nature. Two Lactobacillus plantarum strains, namely ACA-DC 2640 and ACA-DC 4039, displayed the highest adhesion according to a collagen-based microplate assay and by using ΗΤ-29 and Caco-2 cells. Co-cultivation of THP-1 cells with selected strains indicated a tendency for anti-inflammatory modulation by Lactobacillus plantarum ACA-DC 2640 as well as Streptococcus thermophilus ACA-DC 26 and ACA-DC 170, as shown by an increase in IL10 mRNA levels. Moreover, milk cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus plantarum ACA-DC 2640 and ACA-DC 4039 exhibited strong angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition. To conclude, new isolates presenting interesting probiotic features were described and should be further investigated as health-promoting factors.

ACS Style

Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Alexandra Tzouvanou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Voula Alexandraki; Marina Georgalaki; Rania Anastasiou; Marina Papadelli; Eugenia Manolopoulou; Maria Kazou; Dimitris Kletsas; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou. Probiotic Features of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Diverse Pool of Traditional Greek Dairy Products Regarding Specific Strain-Host Interactions. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 2017, 10, 313 -322.

AMA Style

Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Alexandra Tzouvanou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Voula Alexandraki, Marina Georgalaki, Rania Anastasiou, Marina Papadelli, Eugenia Manolopoulou, Maria Kazou, Dimitris Kletsas, Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Effie Tsakalidou. Probiotic Features of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Diverse Pool of Traditional Greek Dairy Products Regarding Specific Strain-Host Interactions. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2017; 10 (2):313-322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Alexandra Tzouvanou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Voula Alexandraki; Marina Georgalaki; Rania Anastasiou; Marina Papadelli; Eugenia Manolopoulou; Maria Kazou; Dimitris Kletsas; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Effie Tsakalidou. 2017. "Probiotic Features of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Diverse Pool of Traditional Greek Dairy Products Regarding Specific Strain-Host Interactions." Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 10, no. 2: 313-322.

Original article
Published: 23 June 2017 in European Spine Journal
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Chronic low back pain has been associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, which is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases and inflammatory molecules in the degenerate tissue. IVD degeneration could be the outcome of natural organismal ageing and/or of the exposure of the disc to cumulative stressful environmental stimuli and is accompanied by an increased population of senescent cells in the tissue. On the other hand, senescent cells are known to secrete proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules, which can contribute to ECM catabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional profile of selected metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators in human nucleus pulposus IVD cells that became senescent using three different approaches: serial subculturing, exposure to ionizing radiation and p16INK4a overexpression. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR and protein levels were determined by western blot analysis. The proliferative potential of the cells, as well as the percentage of senescent cells in the population were estimated by nuclear BrdU incorporation and by senescence-associated β galactosidase staining, respectively. All senescent cells showed a similar regulation of MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, interleukin (IL) 6, IL8 and interferon γ at the level of transcription, with only some quantitative differentiations observed in p16INK4a-overexpressing cells. Data described here suggest that senescent cells may have similar functions in IVD homeostasis, irrespective of the origin of senescence induction.

ACS Style

Sotirios-Spyridon Vamvakas; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. Human nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells becoming senescent using different treatments exhibit a similar transcriptional profile of catabolic and inflammatory genes. European Spine Journal 2017, 26, 2063 -2071.

AMA Style

Sotirios-Spyridon Vamvakas, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas. Human nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells becoming senescent using different treatments exhibit a similar transcriptional profile of catabolic and inflammatory genes. European Spine Journal. 2017; 26 (8):2063-2071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sotirios-Spyridon Vamvakas; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas. 2017. "Human nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells becoming senescent using different treatments exhibit a similar transcriptional profile of catabolic and inflammatory genes." European Spine Journal 26, no. 8: 2063-2071.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2017 in Current Microbiology
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Survival during transit through the gastrointestinal track, intestinal mucosa adhesion, and a potential immunomodulatory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strains 2035 and ACA-DC 2640 were investigated in a rat model. According to microbiological and multiplex PCR analysis, both strains were detected in feces 24 h after either single-dose or daily administration for 7 days. Intestinal mucosa adhesion of L. plantarum 2035 was noted in the large intestine at 24 h after single-dose administration, while it was not detected at 48 h. Daily dosing, prolonged detection of the strain up to 48 h post-administration, and expanded adhesion to the small intestine. Adhesion of L. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 to the intestinal mucosa after single-dose administration was prolonged and more extended compared to L. plantarum 2035. Daily dosing increased both the levels and the rate of positive cultures of the strains compared to those of the single-dose scheme. In addition, both strains increased total IgG while decreased IgM and IgA serum levels. In conclusion, L. plantarum 2035 and L. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 survived transit through the gastrointestinal track, exhibited transient distinct adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and modulated the systemic immune response.

ACS Style

Valentini Santarmaki; Yiannis Kourkoutas; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Mikis Kiourtzidis; Nikos Chorianopoulos; Chrysoula Tassou; Effie Tsakalidou; Constantinos Simopoulos; Petros Ypsilantis. Survival, Intestinal Mucosa Adhesion, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains. Current Microbiology 2017, 74, 1061 -1067.

AMA Style

Valentini Santarmaki, Yiannis Kourkoutas, Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Mikis Kiourtzidis, Nikos Chorianopoulos, Chrysoula Tassou, Effie Tsakalidou, Constantinos Simopoulos, Petros Ypsilantis. Survival, Intestinal Mucosa Adhesion, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains. Current Microbiology. 2017; 74 (9):1061-1067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valentini Santarmaki; Yiannis Kourkoutas; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Mikis Kiourtzidis; Nikos Chorianopoulos; Chrysoula Tassou; Effie Tsakalidou; Constantinos Simopoulos; Petros Ypsilantis. 2017. "Survival, Intestinal Mucosa Adhesion, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains." Current Microbiology 74, no. 9: 1061-1067.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Various Listeria monocytogenes strains may contaminate a single food product, potentially resulting in simultaneous exposure of consumers to multiple strains. However, due to bias in strain recovery, L. monocytogenes strains isolated from foods by selective enrichment (SE) might not always represent those that can better survive the immune system of a patient. We investigated the effect of cocultivation in tryptic soy broth with 0.6% yeast extract (TSB-Y) at 10°C for 8 days on (i) the detection of L. monocytogenes strains during SE with the ISO 11290-1:1996/Amd 1:2004 protocol and (ii) the in vitro virulence of strains toward the Caco-2 human colon epithelial cancer cell line following exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF; pH 2.0)-HCl (37°C). We determined whether the strains which were favored by SE would be effective competitors under the conditions of challenges related to gastrointestinal passage of the pathogen. Interstrain competition of L. monocytogenes in TSB-Y determined the relative population of each strain at the beginning of SE. This in turn impacted the outcome of SE (i.e., favoring survival of competitors with better fitness) and the levels exposed subsequently to SGF. However, strong growth competitors could be outcompeted after SGF exposure and infection of Caco-2 cells by strains outgrown in TSB-Y and underdetected (or even missed) during enrichment. Our data demonstrate a preferential selection of certain L. monocytogenes strains during enrichments, often not reflecting a selective advantage of strains during infection. These findings highlight a noteworthy scenario associated with the difficulty of matching the source of infection (food) with the L. monocytogenes isolate appearing to be the causative agent during listeriosis outbreak investigations. IMPORTANCE This report is relevant to understanding the processes involved in selection and prevalence of certain L. monocytogenes strains in different environments (i.e., foods or sites of humans exposed to the pathogen). It highlights the occurrence of multiple strains in the same food as an important aspect contributing to mismatches between clinical isolates and infection sources during listeriosis outbreak investigations.

ACS Style

Evangelia Zilelidou; Christina-Vasiliki Karmiri; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Effie Tsakalidou; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Eleftherios Drosinos; Panagiotis Skandamis. Listeria monocytogenes Strains Underrepresented during Selective Enrichment with an ISO Method Might Dominate during Passage through Simulated Gastric Fluid and In Vitro Infection of Caco-2 Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 82, 6846 -6858.

AMA Style

Evangelia Zilelidou, Christina-Vasiliki Karmiri, Georgia Zoumpopoulou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas, Effie Tsakalidou, Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Eleftherios Drosinos, Panagiotis Skandamis. Listeria monocytogenes Strains Underrepresented during Selective Enrichment with an ISO Method Might Dominate during Passage through Simulated Gastric Fluid and In Vitro Infection of Caco-2 Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2016; 82 (23):6846-6858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evangelia Zilelidou; Christina-Vasiliki Karmiri; Georgia Zoumpopoulou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; Effie Tsakalidou; Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Eleftherios Drosinos; Panagiotis Skandamis. 2016. "Listeria monocytogenes Strains Underrepresented during Selective Enrichment with an ISO Method Might Dominate during Passage through Simulated Gastric Fluid and In Vitro Infection of Caco-2 Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 23: 6846-6858.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2016 in Genome Announcements
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It is well recognized that Streptococcus macedonicus can populate artisanal fermented foods, especially those of dairy origin. However, the safety of S. macedonicus remains to be established. Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of strain 679, which was isolated from a French uncooked semihard cheese made with cow milk.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Alexander Bolotin; Effie Tsakalidou; Pierre Renault. Whole-Genome Sequence of the Cheese Isolate Streptococcus macedonicus 679. Genome Announcements 2016, 4, e01025-16 .

AMA Style

Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Alexander Bolotin, Effie Tsakalidou, Pierre Renault. Whole-Genome Sequence of the Cheese Isolate Streptococcus macedonicus 679. Genome Announcements. 2016; 4 (5):e01025-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Papadimitriou; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Alexander Bolotin; Effie Tsakalidou; Pierre Renault. 2016. "Whole-Genome Sequence of the Cheese Isolate Streptococcus macedonicus 679." Genome Announcements 4, no. 5: e01025-16.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2016 in FEBS Open Bio
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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be isolated from several regions of human umbilical cords, including Wharton's jelly (WJ), artery, vein or cord lining. These MSC appear to be immune privileged and are promising candidates for cell therapy. However, isolating MSC from WJ, artery, vein or cord lining requires time-consuming tissue dissection. MSC can be obtained easily via briefly digesting complete segments of the umbilical cord, likely containing heterogenous or mixed populations of MSC (MC-MSC). MC-MSC are generally less well characterised than WJ-MSC, but nevertheless represent a potentially valuable population of MSC. This study aimed to further characterise MC-MSC in comparison to WJ-MSC and also the better-characterised bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC). MC-MSC proliferated faster; with significantly faster doubling times reaching passage one 8.8 days sooner and surviving longer in culture than WJ-MSC. All MSC retained the safety aspect of reducing telomere length with increasing passage number. MSC were also assessed for their ability to suppress T cell proliferation and for the production of key markers of pluripotency, embryonic stem cells, tolerogenicity (CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR) and immunomodulation (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [IDO] and HLA-G). The MC-MSC population displayed all of the positive attributes of WJ-MSC and BM-MSC, but they were more efficient to obtain and underwent more population doublings than from WJ, suggesting that MC-MSC are promising candidates for allogeneic cell therapy in regenerative medicine.

ACS Style

Claire Mennan; Sharon Owen (Nee Brown); Helen McCarthy; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; John Garcia; Birender Balain; James Richardson; Sally Roberts. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from whole human umbilical cord exhibit similar properties to those derived from Wharton's jelly and bone marrow. FEBS Open Bio 2016, 6, 1054 -1066.

AMA Style

Claire Mennan, Sharon Owen (Nee Brown), Helen McCarthy, Eleni Mavrogonatou, Dimitris Kletsas, John Garcia, Birender Balain, James Richardson, Sally Roberts. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from whole human umbilical cord exhibit similar properties to those derived from Wharton's jelly and bone marrow. FEBS Open Bio. 2016; 6 (11):1054-1066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claire Mennan; Sharon Owen (Nee Brown); Helen McCarthy; Eleni Mavrogonatou; Dimitris Kletsas; John Garcia; Birender Balain; James Richardson; Sally Roberts. 2016. "Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from whole human umbilical cord exhibit similar properties to those derived from Wharton's jelly and bone marrow." FEBS Open Bio 6, no. 11: 1054-1066.