Space-planning decisions of two sports and entertainment arenas with large crowds—the Roman Colosseum (Italy) and the modern Gazprom Arena stadium (St. Petersburg, Russia)— were analyzed to compare the flow of people during evacuation by simulation. It was shown that the space-planning decisions of the Colosseum seem more advantageous compared with the Gazprom Arena in calculation of evacuation time and evacuation organization process: the capacity of the stairs of the Colosseum with a width of 2.8 m is comparable with the capacity of the Gazprom Arena’s stairs (4 m). In the Colosseum the average specific flow is q_average = 1.14 person/s/m, while in the Gazprom Arena the average specific flow is q_average = 0.65 (with a march width of 2.6 m) and q_average = 0.8 person/s/m (with a march width of 4 m). It was found that the Colosseum complies with current standards for on-time evacuation; while modern sports and entertainment arenas are currently designed with additional services, infrastructure, comfort and, in general, high commercialization. The antique arenas are currently being reborn and used for concerts and other public events, so the obtained results have practical significance.

The manuscript is focused on the problems of evacuation in case of fire from the buildings of museums as places with a mass presence of people. Features specific to museums and how they affect safe evacuation conditions are discussed. Most attention is paid to evacuation management, since the vast majority of museum visitors are not familiar with the layout of the building. In this case, the actions of staff in evacuation management are decisive. The paper considers the development of evacuation schemes, taking into account the spread of fire hazards in the building and the development of instructions on their basis for the staff. Using the example of the Winter Palace of the State Hermitage Museum, the solution of the marked tasks with the use of computer simulation of evacuation during a fire is given. The analysis of the simulation results showed the vulnerabilities of the museum. In this work, the evacuation schemes for the scenarios are considered. The maximum number of visitors at a single time in the Winter Palace has been set at 4000. The principles of making evacuation schemes are formulated, including taking into account the peculiarities of space-planning solutions inherent in museums, such as enfilades and the connections of rooms.

The designs of two large arenas of different epochs are discussed, which are the most famous antique amphitheater the Roman Colosseum (Italy) and the modern Gazprom Arena stadium (St. Petersburg, Russia). 3D-computer models of the arenas have been built and evacuation of people has been simulated in the Sigma FS software (Russia). The arena designs are analyzed in terms of organizing pedestrian evacuation, a comparative analysis is made, and the specific characteristics affecting the evacuation time are established.

Проведено исследование динамического пространства человека при различных сценариях движения: нормальное и соревновательное, движение в прямом коридоре без проема и с проемом. Под динамическим понимается пространство, которое необходимо человеку при движении. В качестве динамического пространства рассматривается площадь проекции тела человека на плоскость. В качестве исходных использовались данные с покадровой записью координат людей в эксперименте. На каждом кадре строились диаграммы Вороного. Предполагается, что площадь ячейки Вороного соответствует площади динамического пространства. Найдены площади динамического пространства для каждого рассмотренного сценария. Построены графики изменения площади от времени для всех участников экспериментов. Показано, что при соревновательном сценарии движение возможно в достаточно стесненных условиях. Наблюдается колебательное изменение площади динамического пространства. Purpose. The article investigates the space occupied by a person (personal space) under moving in various scenarios: normal and competitive movement, movement in a straight corridor both with and without bottleneck. Methodology. An open access data archive with a series of well-controlled laboratory experiments was used. These data include people’s coordinates during movement, which provides high accuracy of the observations. Four experiments with a large number of participants were selected for the study. A Voronoi diagram was constructed on each frame. The people’s coordinates in the frame were used as the set of seeds for the Voronoi diagram. It is assumed that the area of the Voronoi cell corresponds to the area of the personal space. Findings. Time series and histograms of the Voronoi cell area were constructed for the all considered experiments. The average personal space during movement ranges from 0.12 to 0.125 m2 in bottleneck scenarios under competitive conditions, slightly exceeding the average body size of 0.1 m2. During competitive movement, people can move in relatively limited conditions. Personal space can be momentarily reduced to 0.05 m2 during movement, this value does not have longterm stability. The compressive forces that a person encounters in a crowd manifest themselves in waves. Compression can occur not only in front of the opening, but also at a distance from it. When moving in a straight corridor with an opening under normal conditions, people retain a space around themselves estimated at 0.23 m2 on average. Under the same conditions in a straight corridor without an opening, the size of the dynamic space increases to 0.4 m2. It has been shown that transient modes require more space for movement compared to steady-state ones. Originality/value. The findings of this research contribute to enhancing computer simulations of people movement and assessing the precision of calculations in different scenarios.