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Spices are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination which can cause gastrointestinal and adverse central nervous symptoms in humans, which highlights the importance of assessing the risk of their consumption on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of mycotoxin intake from spices in routinely prepared Lebanese dishes. 150 households were interviewed about their usage of 27 type of spices and 6 routinely prepared Lebanese dishes. Results showed a high variability in consumption levels. Among the investigated dishes, the minimum number of spices that were consumed in a dish was 13 while the maximum was 18. The mean intake of one spice ranged from 0.09 g/portion observed for sesame to 5.37 g/portion for cinnamon, with its intake per portion more than 1 g in 2/3 of dishes. 20% of portion sizes of coriander, cinnamon and fennel, had an intake exceeding 5 g/portion. Ochratoxin A (OTA) Probable Daily Intake (PDI) had a mean of 0.11 ng/kg-bw/day. Mean PDI of fumonisin B1 (FB1) was 79.3 ng/kg-bw/day. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) PDI had a mean of 1.55 ng/kg-bw/day. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) of AFB1 ranged from 108.10 to 4444.44. The present study showed that the risk of AFB1 from spices is a matter of concern while the risk of OTA and FB1 is limited with the exception of FB1 from garlic and onion.
Manar Al Ayoubi; Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Ian Watson; Nada El Darra. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 147, 111895 .
AMA StyleManar Al Ayoubi, Michele Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Ian Watson, Nada El Darra. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 147 ():111895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManar Al Ayoubi; Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Ian Watson; Nada El Darra. 2020. "Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking." Food and Chemical Toxicology 147, no. : 111895.
The determination of mycotoxin and metabolite concentrations in human and animal urine is currently used for risk assessment and mycotoxin intake measurement. In this study, pig urine (n = 195) was collected at slaughterhouses in 2012 by the Swedish National Food Agency in three counties representing East, South and West regions of Sweden. Urinary concentrations of four mycotoxins, (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA)), and four key metabolites, (deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1, biomarker of AFB1), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL)) were identified and measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Statistically significant regional differences were detected for both total DON (DON + DOM-1) and total ZEA (ZEA + α-ZOL + β-ZOL) concentrations in pig urine from the three regions. These regional differences were in good agreement with the occurrence of Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins (DON + ZEA) in cereal grains harvested in 2011 in Sweden. There were no statistically significant differences in FB1, AFM1 and OTA urinary concentrations in pigs from the three regions. The overall incidence of positive samples was high for total ZEA (99-100%), total DON (96-100%) and OTA (85-95%), medium for FB1 (30-61%) and low for AFM1 (0-13%) in the three regions. Urinary mycotoxin biomarker concentrations were used to estimate mycotoxin intake and the level of mycotoxins in feeds consumed by the monitored pigs. The back-calculated levels of mycotoxins in feeds were low with the exception of seven samples that were higher the European limits.
Lucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Michele Solfrizzo. Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations. Toxins 2019, 11, 378 .
AMA StyleLucia Gambacorta, Monica Olsen, Michele Solfrizzo. Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Michele Solfrizzo. 2019. "Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations." Toxins 11, no. 7: 378.
The emerging Alternaria mycotoxins tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT) and tentoxin (TTX) are not yet regulated worldwide awaiting for more data on their toxicity and natural occurrence. A total of 131 samples of spices (94) and herbs (37) were collected in Beirut (Lebanon) markets and analysed for TeA, AOH, AME, ALT and TTX by using a UPLC-MS/MS method based on ‘extract, dilute and shoot’ approach. High percentage (89%) of samples were contaminated by 1–5 mycotoxins whereas 14% of samples were contaminated with a mixture of TeA, AOH, AME and TTX. TeA was the predominant mycotoxin with the highest percentages of positive samples (76%), followed by AME (46%), TTX (37%), AOH (34%) and ALT (5%) with overall mean/max levels of 2453.2/106792.8, 17.1/306, 14.8/179.4, 35.0/636.4 and 2.8/22.1 μg/kg, respectively (middle bound approach). Higher percentage of positive samples and mean mycotoxin levels were observed in spices as compared to herbs. The spices with higher levels of mycotoxin contamination were, in descending order, red chili, paprika, caraway, coriander seeds, onion powder, white pepper and garlic powder whereas within the herbs they were corn silk, violets and marjoram. Based on the mean levels of TeA measured in different spices and herbs, the daily consumption of >3.3 g red chili, >3.7 g paprika, >16.7 g caraway or >36 g of corn silk will exceed the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of TeA (1,500 ng/kg bw per day). For AOH or AME the TTC (2.5 ng/kg bw/day) will be exceeded by a daily consumption >0.5 g of white pepper, >0.9 g of onion powder, > 1.4 g of garlic powder, >1.7 g of black pepper, >1.9 g of sage, >3.3 g of violets or > 4.4 g of thyme leaves. This study provide large information on the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs useful for the human exposure assessment and future regulation.
Lucia Gambacorta; Nada El Darra; Rajaa Fakhoury; Antonio F. Logrieco; Michele Solfrizzo. Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control 2019, 106, 106724 .
AMA StyleLucia Gambacorta, Nada El Darra, Rajaa Fakhoury, Antonio F. Logrieco, Michele Solfrizzo. Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control. 2019; 106 ():106724.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Gambacorta; Nada El Darra; Rajaa Fakhoury; Antonio F. Logrieco; Michele Solfrizzo. 2019. "Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon." Food Control 106, no. : 106724.
Biomarker-based methods are being more and more used to assess dietary exposure of mycotoxins in a population. The aim of the present study was to perform an extended analysis of urinary multiple mycotoxin levels and associations with background characteristics and food groups. Exposure assessment calculations were performed on three urine mycotoxins as described below and the probable daily intake (PDI) was compared with the established tolerable daily intake (TDI) to uncover potential exposure risks. The study population consisted of 250 adults and 50 school children in grade five from two surveys conducted by the Swedish National Food Agency. Six mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and nivalenol (NIV) and four metabolites (deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) were measured by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based method (LC-MS/MS). OTA and DON were the most commonly occurring mycotoxins in urine of both adults and children, 51 and 63%, respectively in adults and 96 and 94%, respectively in children. A positive correlation was found between urinary NIV and total cereal consumption among adults. ZEA, α-ZOL, β-ZOL and FB2 were significantly higher in females than males (P1] were below the TDI values except for DON exposure in adults, as reported previously, 1.3% of the volunteers were above the TDI.
A. Mitropoulou; Lucia Gambacorta; E. Warensjö Lemming; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children. World Mycotoxin Journal 2018, 11, 647 -659.
AMA StyleA. Mitropoulou, Lucia Gambacorta, E. Warensjö Lemming, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Olsen. Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2018; 11 (4):647-659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Mitropoulou; Lucia Gambacorta; E. Warensjö Lemming; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. 2018. "Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 4: 647-659.
Pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme for lipid absorption, is one of the most important targets for the treatment of obesity, while natural compounds have recently attracted much interest as potential inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, in an attempt to find new effective agents, the methanolic extract from Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. and its sub-extracts were investigated for their potential inhibitory activity. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase was verified through the in vitro evaluation of the prevention of p-nitrophenyl caprylate hydrolysis. The antioxidant activity was also verified by means of DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests. Compositional profiling revealed that flavonoid glycosides were the main specialized metabolites present in the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of the plant with kaempferol and quercetin representing the two O-glycosylated aglycones. Kaempferol-3-O-β-(2″-O-glucosyl)-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-a-arabinosyl-7-O-rhamnoside were the most abundant flavonols. The crude methanolic extract and the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sub-extracts showed a strong lipase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 2.06 ± 0.02, 1.52 ± 0.02 and 1.31 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. The best capacity to scavenge DPPH radical was detected for the ethyl acetate sub-extract (IC50 = 171.9 ± 1.0 µg/mL), which was also effective in protecting linoleic acid from peroxidation (IC50 = 35.69 ± 2.30 µg/mL). Obtained results support the hypothesis that M. arvensis can be a source of bioactive phytochemicals for the pharmacological inhibition of dietary lipids absorption.
Mariangela Marrelli; Federica Morrone; Maria Pia Argentieri; Lucia Gambacorta; Filomena Conforti; Pinarosa Avato. Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.: An Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase. Molecules 2018, 23, 2829 .
AMA StyleMariangela Marrelli, Federica Morrone, Maria Pia Argentieri, Lucia Gambacorta, Filomena Conforti, Pinarosa Avato. Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.: An Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase. Molecules. 2018; 23 (11):2829.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariangela Marrelli; Federica Morrone; Maria Pia Argentieri; Lucia Gambacorta; Filomena Conforti; Pinarosa Avato. 2018. "Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.: An Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase." Molecules 23, no. 11: 2829.
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are regulated in Europe for some spices (Capsicum spp., Piper spp., Myristica fragrans, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa) and mixtures of spices containing one or more of these spices. No mycotoxin limits are in force for herbs. A total of 132 samples of spices (94) and herbs (38) purchased from Beirut in Lebanon were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, FB1, FB2, HT-2, T-2, ZEA, DON, NIV) by using a UPLC-MS/MS method based on ‘dilute and shoot’ approach. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.1 μg/kg (ZEA) to 20.5 μg/kg (DON) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.3 μg/kg (ZEA) to 68.2 μg/kg (DON). 80% of analysed samples were contaminated by 1 to 11 mycotoxins. Total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were detected in 19 and 30% of spices, 8 and 11% of herbs, respectively. Mean levels of total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were 168.1 and 7.1 μg/kg in positive spices, 36.1 and 7.0 μg/kg in positive herbs, respectively. 78 and 10% of positive spice samples contained aflatoxin and ochratoxin A at levels higher than the limits, respectively. Total aflatoxin levels higher than the European limits were also measured in some non-regulated spices (allspice, cloves, coriander, fenugreek) and some herbs (rosemary, sage and oregano). Within the non-regulated mycotoxins FB1 was the most occurring (60% in spices, 55% in herbs) followed by FB2 (35% in spices, 18% in herbs), ZEA (30% in spices, 3% in herbs), DON (12% in spices, 3% in herbs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (3-5%), whereas NIV and AFG2 were never detected. Mean levels of FB1, FB2, ZEA and DON in positive samples of spices were 6432.3, 203.2, 30.6, 1751.4 μg/kg, respectively; in positive samples of herbs they were 2826.3, 214.9, 2.8, 589.7 μg/kg, respectively. The whole results demonstrate the higher susceptibility of spices to mycotoxin contamination with respect to herbs. Comparison of results obtained for samples produced with (81) and without (51) HACCP and GMP showed that the implementation of HACCP and GMP practices seems to be effective in reducing the occurrence of regulated mycotoxins but was ineffective for the non-regulated ones. The samples analysed in this study originated from at least 15 Countries and the results obtained gives indications about the occurrence of mycotoxins in relation to the Country of origin of the samples. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study highlight the problem of mycotoxin contamination in spices and herbs consumed in Lebanon. The occurrence of high levels of aflatoxins and OTA in some non-regulated spices and herbs suggests the addition of these matrices in the list of regulated ones. The high number of positive samples and the high levels of fumonisins observed in this study suggest the inclusions of these mycotoxins in the list of regulated mycotoxins for these matrices.
Nada El Darra; Lucia Gambacorta; Michele Solfrizzo. Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control 2018, 95, 63 -70.
AMA StyleNada El Darra, Lucia Gambacorta, Michele Solfrizzo. Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control. 2018; 95 ():63-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNada El Darra; Lucia Gambacorta; Michele Solfrizzo. 2018. "Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon." Food Control 95, no. : 63-70.
Twelve different approaches commonly used for the simultaneous LC tandem MS (MS/MS) determination of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone) were tested in cereals and feed materials. They comprised different extraction solvents, types of cleanup [solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, and immunoaffinity (IMA)], and calibration approaches (external or matrix-matched). The percentage of mycotoxins with acceptable recovery, according to Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006, ranged from 9 to 100%. The approach giving the highest percentage of acceptable results was selected and further tested for corn, rice, and feed spiked at three different mycotoxin levels (low, medium, and high). The method is based on extraction with MeOH–water (70 + 30, v/v) and cleanup with two multiantibody IMA columns. For corn and rice spiked at low mycotoxin levels, a significant matrix effect was observed and was compensated by using 13C calibration. At higher mycotoxin levels (medium and high), matrix effects were negligible as no significant differences were observed for the majority of recovery results calculated by 13C calibration and external calibration. Although the proposed method still needs improvement in terms of accuracy and, to a lesser extent, precision, it was successfully tested with four proficiency tests in buckwheat, corn, rice, and feed, giving acceptable z-scores for 97% (34 out of 35) of results.
Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Rita Bibi; Martina Ciriaci; Angela Paoloni; Ivan Pecorelli. Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 2018, 101, 647 -657.
AMA StyleMichele Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Rita Bibi, Martina Ciriaci, Angela Paoloni, Ivan Pecorelli. Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. 2018; 101 (3):647-657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Rita Bibi; Martina Ciriaci; Angela Paoloni; Ivan Pecorelli. 2018. "Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 3: 647-657.
Forty-five samples of a landrace of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) widely cultivated in Basilicata (Italy) were screened for 17 mycotoxins and potential toxigenic fungal species. Two different LC-MS/MS methods were used for the determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria mycotoxins altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Frequency of potential toxigenic fungal species occurrence was: 87% Aspergillus Sect. Nigri; 58% Aspergillus Sect. Flavi; 38% Aspergillus Sect. Circumdati; 42% Alternaria spp.; 33% Penicillium spp. and 20% Fusarium spp. Frequency of mycotoxin occurrence and mean of positives were: 51% OTA, 29.5 µg/kg, 5 samples above the EU limit of 20 µg/kg; 31% aflatoxins, 12.8 µg/kg, two samples above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1; 91% ZEA, 1.4 µg/kg; 78% FB2, 7.6 µg/kg; 58% FB1, 22.8 µg/kg; 38% NIV, 39.5 µg/kg; 36% DON, 6.9 µg/kg; 20% T-2 toxin, 5.6 µg/kg and 22% HT-2 toxin, 13.8 µg/kg. For the Alternaria mycotoxins, 100% of samples contained TeA, 4817.9 µg/kg; 93% TTX, 29.7 µg/kg; 56% AOH, 114.4 µg/kg; 33% AME, 13.0 µg/kg and 9% ALT, 61.7 µg/kg. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in each sample ranged from 2 to 16 mycotoxins (mean 7). No statistical correlation was found between moulds and their mycotoxins occurrence. Within the four groups of peppers collected herein (fresh, dried, grounded and fried) higher percentages of contamination and mycotoxin levels were measured in grounded peppers, whereas much lower values were observed for fried peppers. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study confirm the susceptibility of peppers to mycotoxin contamination and claims for an improvement of the conditions used during production and drying process.
L. Gambacorta; D. Magistà; Giancarlo Perrone; S. Murgolo; A.F. Logrieco; M. Solfrizzo. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. World Mycotoxin Journal 2018, 11, 159 -174.
AMA StyleL. Gambacorta, D. Magistà, Giancarlo Perrone, S. Murgolo, A.F. Logrieco, M. Solfrizzo. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2018; 11 (1):159-174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Gambacorta; D. Magistà; Giancarlo Perrone; S. Murgolo; A.F. Logrieco; M. Solfrizzo. 2018. "Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1: 159-174.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium. It occurs often in wheat grain and is frequently associated with significant levels of its modified form DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc). Ozone (O3) is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant, classified as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe), that reacts easily with specific compounds including the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and zearalenone. It degrades DON in aqueous solution and can be effective for decontamination of grain. This study reports the efficacy of gaseous ozone treatments in reducing DON, DON-3-Glc, bacteria, fungi and yeasts in naturally contaminated durum wheat. A prototype was used to dispense ozone continuously and homogeneously at different concentrations and exposure time, in 2 kg aliquots of durum wheat. The optimal conditions, which do not affect chemical and rheological parameters of durum wheat, semolina and pasta, were identified (55 g O3 h-1 for 6 h). The measured mean reductions of DON and DON-3-Glc in ozonated wheat were 29% and 44%, respectively. Ozonation also produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of total count (CFU/g) of bacteria, fungi and yeasts in wheat grains.
Luca Piemontese; Maria Cristina Messia; Emanuele Marconi; Luisa Falasca; Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35, 761 -772.
AMA StyleLuca Piemontese, Maria Cristina Messia, Emanuele Marconi, Luisa Falasca, Rosanna Zivoli, Lucia Gambacorta, Giancarlo Perrone, Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018; 35 (4):761-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Piemontese; Maria Cristina Messia; Emanuele Marconi; Luisa Falasca; Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. 2018. "Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 4: 761-772.
Metabolic profile of urine from piglets administered with single boluses contaminated with mycotoxin mixture (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A) were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics (PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA). The mycotoxin levels were close to the established maximum and guidance levels for animal feed (2003/100/EC and 2006/576/EC). Urine samples were obtained from four groups of four piglets before (control, C) or within 24 h (treated, T) after receiving a contaminated boluses with increasing doses of mycotoxins (boluses 1–4). For the two highest dose groups, the urines were collected also after one week of wash out (W). For the two lowest doses groups no significant differences between the C and T samples were observed. By contrast, for the two highest doses groups the T urines separated from the controls for a higher relative content of creatinine, p-cresol glucuronide and phenyl acetyl glycine and lower concentration of betaine and TMAO. Interestingly, a similar profile was found for both W and T urines suggesting, at least for the highest doses used, serious alteration after a single bolus of mycotoxin mixture.
Sandra A. De Pascali; Lucia Gambacorta; Isabelle P. Oswald; Laura Del Coco; Michele Solfrizzo; Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 2017, 11, 9 -18.
AMA StyleSandra A. De Pascali, Lucia Gambacorta, Isabelle P. Oswald, Laura Del Coco, Michele Solfrizzo, Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2017; 11 ():9-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra A. De Pascali; Lucia Gambacorta; Isabelle P. Oswald; Laura Del Coco; Michele Solfrizzo; Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 2017. "1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins." Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 11, no. : 9-18.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure is estimated by the combined measures of urinary DON and DON-glucuronides. In this study, data from single-mycotoxin (SM) and a multimycotoxin (MM) methods were compared for 256 Swedish adult urine samples. Both methods included β-glucuronidase predigestion, immunoaffinity enrichment, and LC-MS/MS. However, the specific reagents, apparatus, and conditions were not identical in part because the MM method measures additional mycotoxins. DON was detected in 88 and 63% of samples using the SM and MM methods, respectively, with the following mean and median concentrations: SM, mean = 5.0 ng/mL, SD = 7.4, range of positives = 0.5–60.2 ng/mL, median = 2.5 ng/mL, IQR = 1.0–5.5 ng/mL; MM, mean = 4.4 ng/mL, SD = 12.9, range of positives = 0.5–135.2 ng/mL, median = 0.8 ng/mL, IQR = 0.3–3.5. Linear regression showed a significant, albeit modest, correlation between the two measures (p = 0.0001, r = 0.591). The differences observed may reflect subtle handling differences in DON extraction and quantitation between the methods.
Paul C. Turner; Michele Solfrizzo; Allison Gost; Lucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Stina Wallin; Natalia Kotova. Comparison of Data from a Single-Analyte and a Multianalyte Method for Determination of Urinary Total Deoxynivalenol in Human Samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 65, 7115 -7120.
AMA StylePaul C. Turner, Michele Solfrizzo, Allison Gost, Lucia Gambacorta, Monica Olsen, Stina Wallin, Natalia Kotova. Comparison of Data from a Single-Analyte and a Multianalyte Method for Determination of Urinary Total Deoxynivalenol in Human Samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016; 65 (33):7115-7120.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul C. Turner; Michele Solfrizzo; Allison Gost; Lucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Stina Wallin; Natalia Kotova. 2016. "Comparison of Data from a Single-Analyte and a Multianalyte Method for Determination of Urinary Total Deoxynivalenol in Human Samples." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 33: 7115-7120.
Aspergillus carbonarius is the main responsible fungus of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products. To date, the biosynthetic mechanism of this mycotoxin has been partially elucidated. Availability of genome sequence of A. carbonarius has allowed the identification of a putative gene cluster involved in OTA biosynthesis. This region hosts the previously characterized AcOTAnrps and AcOTApks genes encoding two key enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway. At about 4,400 nucleotides downstream of these loci, a gene encoding a putative flavin dependent-halogenase came out from the annotation data. Its proximity to OTA biosynthetic genes and its sequence analysis have suggested a role in the biosynthesis of OTA, directed to the introduction of the chlorine atom in the C-5 position of the final molecular structure of this mycotoxin. The deduced protein sequence of the halogenase gene, we designated AcOTAhal , shows a high similarity to a halogenase that is located in the OTA cluster of A. niger . The deletion of the halogenase gene completely eliminated the production of ochratoxin A in A. carbonarius and determined a significant increase of ochratoxin B, as confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, its expression profile was similar to the two biosynthetic genes previously identified, AcOTApks and AcOTAnrps , indicating a strong correlation of the AcOTAhal gene with the kinetics of OTA accumulation in A. carbonarius. Therefore, experimental evidence confirmed that the chlorination step which converts OTB in OTA represents the final stage of the biosynthetic pathway, supporting our earlier hypothesis on the order of enzymatic steps of OTA biosynthesis in A. carbonarius . IMPORTANCE Ochratoxin A is a potent mycotoxin classified as a possible carcinogen for humans, and Aspergillus carbonarius is the main agent responsible for OTA accumulation in grapes. We demonstrate here that a flavin-halogenase is implicated in the biosynthesis of OTA in A. carbonarius . The encoding gene, AcOTAhal , is contiguous to biosynthetic genes that we have already described ( nrps and pks ), resulting as part of the biosynthetic cluster. The encoded protein is responsible of the introduction of chlorine atom in the final molecular structure and acts at the last step in the pathway. This study can be considered a continuation of an earlier study wherein we started to clarify the molecular basis of OTA biosynthesis in A. carbonarius , which has not been completely elucidated until now. This research represents an important step forward to a better understanding of the production mechanism, which will contribute to the development of improved control strategies to reduce the risk of OTA contamination in food products.
Massimo Ferrara; Giancarlo Perrone; Lucia Gambacorta; Filomena Epifani; Michele Solfrizzo; Antonia Gallo. Identification of a Halogenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 82, 5631 -5641.
AMA StyleMassimo Ferrara, Giancarlo Perrone, Lucia Gambacorta, Filomena Epifani, Michele Solfrizzo, Antonia Gallo. Identification of a Halogenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2016; 82 (18):5631-5641.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimo Ferrara; Giancarlo Perrone; Lucia Gambacorta; Filomena Epifani; Michele Solfrizzo; Antonia Gallo. 2016. "Identification of a Halogenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 18: 5631-5641.
The efficacy of four agricultural byproducts (ABPs) and two commercial binders (CBs) to reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of a mixture of mycotoxins was tested in piglets using urinary mycotoxin biomarkers as indicator of the absorbed mycotoxins. Twenty-eight piglets were administered a bolus contaminated with the mycotoxin mixture containing or not ABP or CB. Twenty-four hour urine was collected and analyzed for mycotoxin biomarkers by using a multiantibody immunoaffinity-based LC-MS/MS method. Each bolus contained 769 μg of fumonisin B1 (FB1), 275 μg of deoxynivalenol (DON), 29 μg of zearalenone (ZEN), 6.5 μg of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 6.6 μg of ochratoxin A (OTA) corresponding to 2.2, 0.8, 0.08, 0.02, and 0.02 μg/g in the daily diet, respectively. The percentage of ABP in each bolus was 50%, whereas for the two CBs the percentages were 5.2 and 17%, corresponding to 2.8, 0.3, and 0.9% in the daily diet, respectively. The reduction of mycotoxin absorption was up to 69 and 54% for ABPs and CBs, respectively. White grape pomace of Malvasia was the most effective material as it reduced significantly (p < 0.05) urinary mycotoxin biomarker of AFB1 (67%) and ZEN (69%), whereas reductions statistically not significant were observed for FB1 (57%), DON (40%), and OTA (27%). This study demonstrates that grape pomace reduces the gastrointestinal absorption of mycotoxins. This agricultural byproduct can be considered an alternative to commercial products and used in the feed industries as an effective, cheap, and natural binder for multiple mycotoxins.
Lucia Gambacorta; Philippe Pinton; Giuseppina Avantaggiato; Isabelle P. Oswald; Michele Solfrizzo. Grape Pomace, an Agricultural Byproduct Reducing Mycotoxin Absorption: In Vivo Assessment in Pig Using Urinary Biomarkers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64, 6762 -6771.
AMA StyleLucia Gambacorta, Philippe Pinton, Giuseppina Avantaggiato, Isabelle P. Oswald, Michele Solfrizzo. Grape Pomace, an Agricultural Byproduct Reducing Mycotoxin Absorption: In Vivo Assessment in Pig Using Urinary Biomarkers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016; 64 (35):6762-6771.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Gambacorta; Philippe Pinton; Giuseppina Avantaggiato; Isabelle P. Oswald; Michele Solfrizzo. 2016. "Grape Pomace, an Agricultural Byproduct Reducing Mycotoxin Absorption: In Vivo Assessment in Pig Using Urinary Biomarkers." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 35: 6762-6771.
The efficacy of color sorting on reducing aflatoxin levels in shelled apricot kernels was assessed. Naturally-contaminated kernels were submitted to an electronic optical sorter or blanched, peeled, and manually sorted to visually identify and sort discolored kernels (dark and spotted) from healthy ones. The samples obtained from the two sorting approaches were ground, homogenized, and analysed by HPLC-FLD for their aflatoxin content. A mass balance approach was used to measure the distribution of aflatoxins in the collected fractions. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 were identified and quantitated in all collected fractions at levels ranging from 1.7 to 22,451.5 µg/kg of AFB1 + AFB2, whereas AFG1 and AFG2 were not detected. Excellent results were obtained by manual sorting of peeled kernels since the removal of discolored kernels (2.6%–19.9% of total peeled kernels) removed 97.3%–99.5% of total aflatoxins. The combination of peeling and visual/manual separation of discolored kernels is a feasible strategy to remove 97%–99% of aflatoxins accumulated in naturally-contaminated samples. Electronic optical sorter gave highly variable results since the amount of AFB1 + AFB2 measured in rejected fractions (15%–18% of total kernels) ranged from 13% to 59% of total aflatoxins. An improved immunoaffinity-based HPLC-FLD method having low limits of detection for the four aflatoxins (0.01–0.05 µg/kg) was developed and used to monitor the occurrence of aflatoxins in 47 commercial products containing apricot kernels and/or almonds commercialized in Italy. Low aflatoxin levels were found in 38% of the tested samples and ranged from 0.06 to 1.50 μg/kg for AFB1 and from 0.06 to 1.79 μg/kg for total aflatoxins.
Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Luca Piemontese; Michele Solfrizzo. Reduction of Aflatoxins in Apricot Kernels by Electronic and Manual Color Sorting. Toxins 2016, 8, 26 .
AMA StyleRosanna Zivoli, Lucia Gambacorta, Luca Piemontese, Michele Solfrizzo. Reduction of Aflatoxins in Apricot Kernels by Electronic and Manual Color Sorting. Toxins. 2016; 8 (1):26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Luca Piemontese; Michele Solfrizzo. 2016. "Reduction of Aflatoxins in Apricot Kernels by Electronic and Manual Color Sorting." Toxins 8, no. 1: 26.
Mycotoxin producing moulds may contaminate numerous agricultural commodities either before harvest or during storage. A varied diet consisting of different foods may therefore be contaminated with a range of mycotoxins. The aim of the present study was to study concurrent exposure to mycotoxins through urinary multi-biomarker analysis, as well as its possible associations with the diet. Urinary samples from 252 adults, participating in the Swedish national dietary survey Riksmaten 2010–11, were collected together with a 4-day diet record. Concurrent mycotoxin exposure was studied using a multi-biomarker LC-MS/MS method. The results revealed that exposure to mycotoxins is common and concurrent exposure to more than one toxin was found in 69% of the study population. However, when comparing the number of toxins detected with the reported consumption data it was difficult to distinguish food patterns which would indicate an increased risk of exposure to many mycotoxins simultaneously. This is the first study to investigate concurrent mycotoxin exposure and urinary levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) and de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1) among adults in Sweden.
S. Wallin; Lucia Gambacorta; N. Kotova; E. Warensjö Lemming; C. Nälsén; M. Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2015, 83, 133 -139.
AMA StyleS. Wallin, Lucia Gambacorta, N. Kotova, E. Warensjö Lemming, C. Nälsén, M. Solfrizzo, M. Olsen. Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2015; 83 ():133-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Wallin; Lucia Gambacorta; N. Kotova; E. Warensjö Lemming; C. Nälsén; M. Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. 2015. "Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis." Food and Chemical Toxicology 83, no. : 133-139.
Grape pomaces are increasingly being used as starting material in the industrial production of plant food supplements (PFS), food coloring, and tartrates, but they are at risk of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination, a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. We analyzed 24 commercial PFS and 13 food coloring samples derived from Vitis vinifera, mainly pomaces, using a HPLC–FLD method for OTA determination. OTA was found in 75% of PFS samples and 69% of food coloring samples at levels of <1.16–20.23 μg/kg and <1.16–32.00 μg/kg, respectively. The four commercial leavening agents containing tartrates were found to be negative for OTA. All eight samples collected in two distilleries that use grape pomaces and wine lees to produce tartrates and other byproducts contained OTA at levels of <1.16–240.93 μg/kg. The high incidence of OTA contamination in PFS and food coloring agents derived from V. vinifera suggests that maximum permitted level(s) should be established for this mycotoxin in these products.
Michele Solfrizzo; Luca Piemontese; Lucia Gambacorta; Rosanna Zivoli; Francesco Longobardi. Food Coloring Agents and Plant Food Supplements Derived fromVitis vinifera: A New Source of Human Exposure to Ochratoxin A. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63, 3609 -3614.
AMA StyleMichele Solfrizzo, Luca Piemontese, Lucia Gambacorta, Rosanna Zivoli, Francesco Longobardi. Food Coloring Agents and Plant Food Supplements Derived fromVitis vinifera: A New Source of Human Exposure to Ochratoxin A. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015; 63 (13):3609-3614.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Solfrizzo; Luca Piemontese; Lucia Gambacorta; Rosanna Zivoli; Francesco Longobardi. 2015. "Food Coloring Agents and Plant Food Supplements Derived fromVitis vinifera: A New Source of Human Exposure to Ochratoxin A." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, no. 13: 3609-3614.
The fate of aflatoxins during processing of contaminated almonds into nougat, pastries, and almond syrup was evaluated by testing the effect of each processing step (blanching, peeling, roasting, caramelization, cooking, and water infusion) on the distribution and levels of aflatoxins. Blanching and peeling did not reduce total aflatoxins that were distributed between peeled almonds (90–93%) and skins (7–10%). Roasting of peeled almonds reduced up to 50% of aflatoxins. Up to 70% reduction of aflatoxins was observed during preparation and cooking of almond nougat in caramelized sugar. Aflatoxins were substantially stable during preparation and cooking of almond pastries. The whole process of almond syrup preparation produced a marked increase of total aflatoxins (up to 270%) that were distributed between syrup (18–25%) and spent almonds (75–82%). The increase of total aflatoxins was probably due to the activation of almond enzymes during the infusion step that released free aflatoxins from masked aflatoxins.
Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of Almond Processing on Levels and Distribution of Aflatoxins in Finished Products and Byproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2014, 62, 5707 -5715.
AMA StyleRosanna Zivoli, Lucia Gambacorta, Giancarlo Perrone, Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of Almond Processing on Levels and Distribution of Aflatoxins in Finished Products and Byproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014; 62 (24):5707-5715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. 2014. "Effect of Almond Processing on Levels and Distribution of Aflatoxins in Finished Products and Byproducts." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 24: 5707-5715.
Human exposure assessment to deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) can be performed by measuring their urinary biomarkers. Suitable biomarkers of exposure for these mycotoxins are DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), FB1, ZEA + α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) + β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) and OTA, respectively. An UPLC-MS/MS multi-biomarker method was used to detect and measure incidence and levels of these biomarkers in urine samples of 52 volunteers resident in Apulia region in Southern Italy. The presence of ZEA + ZOLs, OTA, DON, FB1 and AFM1were detected in 100%, 100%, 96%, 56% and 6%, of samples, respectively. All samples contained biomarkers of two or more mycotoxins. The mean concentrations of biomarkers ranged from 0.055 ng/mL (FB1) to 11.89 ng/mL (DON). Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to estimate human exposure to multiple mycotoxin. For OTA and DON, 94% and 40% of volunteers, respectively exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for these mycotoxins. The estimated human exposure to FB1 and ZEA was largely below the TDI for these mycotoxins for all volunteers.
Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Angelo Visconti. Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Southern Italy by Urinary Multi-Biomarker Determination. Toxins 2014, 6, 523 -538.
AMA StyleMichele Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Angelo Visconti. Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Southern Italy by Urinary Multi-Biomarker Determination. Toxins. 2014; 6 (2):523-538.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Angelo Visconti. 2014. "Assessment of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Southern Italy by Urinary Multi-Biomarker Determination." Toxins 6, no. 2: 523-538.
Subsistence farmers are exposed to a range of mycotoxins. This study applied novel urinary multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS methods to determine multiple exposure biomarkers in the high oesophageal cancer region, Transkei, South Africa. Fifty-three female participants donated part of their maize-based evening meal and first void morning urine, which was analysed both with sample clean-up (single and multi-biomarker) and by a 'dilute-and-shoot' multi-biomarker method. Results were corrected for recovery with LOD for not detected. A single biomarker method detected fumonisin B1 (FB1) (87% incidence; mean±standard deviation 0.342±0.466 ng/mg creatinine) and deoxynivalenol (100%; mean 20.4±49.4 ng/mg creatinine) after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The multi-biomarker 'dilute-and-shoot' method indicated deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was predominantly present. A multi-biomarker method with β-glucuronidase and immunoaffinity clean-up determined zearalenone (100%; 0.529±1.60 ng/mg creatinine), FB1 (96%; 1.52±2.17 ng/mg creatinine), α-zearalenol (92%; 0.614±1.91 ng/mg creatinine), deoxynivalenol (87%; 11.3±27.1 ng/mg creatinine), β-zearalenol (75%; 0.702±2.95 ng/mg creatinine) and ochratoxin A (98%; 0.041±0.086 ng/mg creatinine). These demonstrate the value of multi-biomarker methods in measuring exposures in populations exposed to multiple mycotoxins. This is the first finding of urinary deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, their conjugates, ochratoxin A and zearalenols in Transkei.
Gordon S. Shephard; Hester-Mari Burger; Lucia Gambacorta; Yun Yun Gong; Rudolf Krska; John P. Rheeder; Michele Solfrizzo; Chou Srey; Michael Sulyok; Angelo Visconti; Benedikt Warth; Liana van der Westhuizen. Multiple mycotoxin exposure determined by urinary biomarkers in rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 62, 217 -225.
AMA StyleGordon S. Shephard, Hester-Mari Burger, Lucia Gambacorta, Yun Yun Gong, Rudolf Krska, John P. Rheeder, Michele Solfrizzo, Chou Srey, Michael Sulyok, Angelo Visconti, Benedikt Warth, Liana van der Westhuizen. Multiple mycotoxin exposure determined by urinary biomarkers in rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; 62 ():217-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGordon S. Shephard; Hester-Mari Burger; Lucia Gambacorta; Yun Yun Gong; Rudolf Krska; John P. Rheeder; Michele Solfrizzo; Chou Srey; Michael Sulyok; Angelo Visconti; Benedikt Warth; Liana van der Westhuizen. 2013. "Multiple mycotoxin exposure determined by urinary biomarkers in rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa." Food and Chemical Toxicology 62, no. : 217-225.
The performances of four LC-MS/MS methodologies for determination of up to eight mycotoxin biomarkers in human urines were compared by involving three laboratories that analysed common urine samples spiked at two levels of each biomarker. Each laboratory received a calibration solution, spiked urines and the corresponding unspiked urine. The two spiking levels for each biomarker were chosen by considering the levels naturally occurring in human urines and the limits of quantification of the LC-MS/MS methodologies used by the participating laboratories. The results of each laboratory were evaluated for their z-score values. The percentage of satisfactory z-scores (| z | < 2) were: 100% for deoxynivalenol, de-epoxy deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin M1, β-zearalenol and zearalenone, 87% for α-zearalenol, 50% for ochratoxin A and 42% for fumonisin B1. Good method performances were obtained for most biomarkers at the levels tested in this study, as demonstrated by the overall percentage of satisfactory z-scores for all analytes (87%). Unsatisfactory/questionable z-scores (| z | ≯2) were obtained for fumonisin B1 (7/12 results), ochratoxin A (4/8 results) and ?-zearalenol (1/8 results). The percentage of satisfactory z-scores for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A increased from 42 to 83% for fumonisin B1 and from 50 to 62% for ochratoxin A when laboratories 1 and 2 used own calibrants. Factors that could explain the different results obtained for fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A with provided and own calibration solutions could not be identified in this study and should be carefully investigated in future studies.
M. Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Benedikt Warth; K. White; C. Srey; Michael Sulyok; R. Krska; Y.Y. Gong; C. Ey. Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine. World Mycotoxin Journal 2013, 6, 355 -366.
AMA StyleM. Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Benedikt Warth, K. White, C. Srey, Michael Sulyok, R. Krska, Y.Y. Gong, C. Ey. Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2013; 6 (4):355-366.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Benedikt Warth; K. White; C. Srey; Michael Sulyok; R. Krska; Y.Y. Gong; C. Ey. 2013. "Comparison of single and multi-analyte methods based on LC-MS/MS for mycotoxin biomarker determination in human urine." World Mycotoxin Journal 6, no. 4: 355-366.