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Spices are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination which can cause gastrointestinal and adverse central nervous symptoms in humans, which highlights the importance of assessing the risk of their consumption on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of mycotoxin intake from spices in routinely prepared Lebanese dishes. 150 households were interviewed about their usage of 27 type of spices and 6 routinely prepared Lebanese dishes. Results showed a high variability in consumption levels. Among the investigated dishes, the minimum number of spices that were consumed in a dish was 13 while the maximum was 18. The mean intake of one spice ranged from 0.09 g/portion observed for sesame to 5.37 g/portion for cinnamon, with its intake per portion more than 1 g in 2/3 of dishes. 20% of portion sizes of coriander, cinnamon and fennel, had an intake exceeding 5 g/portion. Ochratoxin A (OTA) Probable Daily Intake (PDI) had a mean of 0.11 ng/kg-bw/day. Mean PDI of fumonisin B1 (FB1) was 79.3 ng/kg-bw/day. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) PDI had a mean of 1.55 ng/kg-bw/day. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) of AFB1 ranged from 108.10 to 4444.44. The present study showed that the risk of AFB1 from spices is a matter of concern while the risk of OTA and FB1 is limited with the exception of FB1 from garlic and onion.
Manar Al Ayoubi; Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Ian Watson; Nada El Darra. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 147, 111895 .
AMA StyleManar Al Ayoubi, Michele Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Ian Watson, Nada El Darra. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 147 ():111895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManar Al Ayoubi; Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Ian Watson; Nada El Darra. 2020. "Risk of exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 from spices used routinely in Lebanese cooking." Food and Chemical Toxicology 147, no. : 111895.
This review summarises developments on the analysis of various matrices for mycotoxins that have been published in the period from mid-2018 to mid-2019. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in sampling strategies are also discussed in a dedicated section. In addition, developments in multi-mycotoxin methods – including comprehensive mass spectrometric-based methods as well as simple immunoassays – are also reviewed. This critical review aims to briefly present the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
S.A. Tittlemier; B. Cramer; C. Dall’Asta; M.H. Iha; V.M.T. Lattanzio; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska; J. Stroka; M. Sumarah. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2018-19. World Mycotoxin Journal 2020, 13, 3 -24.
AMA StyleS.A. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, C. Dall’Asta, M.H. Iha, V.M.T. Lattanzio, C. Maragos, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Stranska, J. Stroka, M. Sumarah. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2018-19. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2020; 13 (1):3-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS.A. Tittlemier; B. Cramer; C. Dall’Asta; M.H. Iha; V.M.T. Lattanzio; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska; J. Stroka; M. Sumarah. 2020. "Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2018-19." World Mycotoxin Journal 13, no. 1: 3-24.
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites extensively produced by many different fungal species that may contaminate a wide range of agricultural food products. They have been studied extensively because of being associated with various chronic and acute diseases, especially immunosuppression and cancer, and their presence in food is strictly monitored and regulated worldwide. Aflatoxin detection and measurement rely mainly on chemical methods usually based on chromatography approaches, and recently developed immunochemical based assays that have advantages but also limitations, since these are expensive and destructive techniques. Nondestructive, optical approaches are recently being developed to assess presence of contamination in a cost and time effective way, maintaining acceptable accuracy and reproducibility. In this paper are presented the results obtained with a simple portable device for nondestructive detection of aflatoxins in almonds. The presented approach is based on the analysis of fluorescence spectra of slurried almonds under 375 nm wavelength excitation. Experiments were conducted with almonds contaminated in the range of 2.7–320.2 ng/g total aflatoxins B (AFB1 + AFB2) as determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC/FLD). After applying pre-processing steps, spectral analysis was carried out using a binary classification model based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. A majority vote procedure was then performed on the classification results. In this way we could achieve, as best result, a classification accuracy of 94% (and false negative rate 5%) with a threshold set at 6.4 ng/g. These results illustrate the feasibility of such approach in the great challenge of aflatoxin detection for food and feed safety.
F.R. Bertani; L. Businaro; L. Gambacorta; A. Mencattini; D. Brenda; D. Di Giuseppe; A. De Ninno; Michele Solfrizzo; E. Martinelli; A. Gerardino. Optical detection of aflatoxins B in grained almonds using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms. Food Control 2019, 112, 107073 .
AMA StyleF.R. Bertani, L. Businaro, L. Gambacorta, A. Mencattini, D. Brenda, D. Di Giuseppe, A. De Ninno, Michele Solfrizzo, E. Martinelli, A. Gerardino. Optical detection of aflatoxins B in grained almonds using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms. Food Control. 2019; 112 ():107073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.R. Bertani; L. Businaro; L. Gambacorta; A. Mencattini; D. Brenda; D. Di Giuseppe; A. De Ninno; Michele Solfrizzo; E. Martinelli; A. Gerardino. 2019. "Optical detection of aflatoxins B in grained almonds using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms." Food Control 112, no. : 107073.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the primary mycotoxin threat in wine and dried vine fruits. Its presence in grape and wine is strongly related to climatic conditions and the expected climate change could represent a risk of increasing fungal colonization and OTA contamination in grapes. In this regard, the interacting effect of i) different conditions of water availability (0.93 and 0.99aw) and ii) different 10 h/14 h dark/light alternating temperature conditions simulating a nowadays (18/31 °C) and climate change scenario (20/37 °C) in high OTA risk areas of Apulia region, were studied. Lag phases prior to growth, mycelial growth rate, the expression of biosynthesis, transcription factors and regulatory genes of OTA cluster and OTA production were analysed in Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010 under the combined effect of different climatic factors. At 18/31 °C and under water stress conditions (0.93 aw) the growth rate was slower than at 0.99 aw; on the contrary, at 20/37 °C a higher growth rate was observed at 0.93 aw. An over-expression of OTA genes and genes belonging to the global regulator Velvet complex was observed at 18/31 °C and 0.99 aw, with the specific OTA pathway transcription factor bZIP showing the highest expression level. The up-regulated transcription profile of the genes positively correlated with OTA production higher at 18/31 °C than at 20/37 °C and 0.99 aw; while no OTA production was detected at 0.93 aw at each of the temperature conditions tested. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the possible increase of the temperature, likely to happen in some areas of the Apulia region, may results in a reduction of both A. carbonarius spoilage and OTA production in grapes.
Carla Cervini; Antonia Gallo; Luca Piemontese; Donato Magistà; Antonio F. Logrieco; Massimo Ferrara; Michele Solfrizzo; Giancarlo Perrone. Effects of temperature and water activity change on ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius in field-simulating conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2019, 315, 108420 .
AMA StyleCarla Cervini, Antonia Gallo, Luca Piemontese, Donato Magistà, Antonio F. Logrieco, Massimo Ferrara, Michele Solfrizzo, Giancarlo Perrone. Effects of temperature and water activity change on ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius in field-simulating conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2019; 315 ():108420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Cervini; Antonia Gallo; Luca Piemontese; Donato Magistà; Antonio F. Logrieco; Massimo Ferrara; Michele Solfrizzo; Giancarlo Perrone. 2019. "Effects of temperature and water activity change on ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius in field-simulating conditions." International Journal of Food Microbiology 315, no. : 108420.
The determination of mycotoxin and metabolite concentrations in human and animal urine is currently used for risk assessment and mycotoxin intake measurement. In this study, pig urine (n = 195) was collected at slaughterhouses in 2012 by the Swedish National Food Agency in three counties representing East, South and West regions of Sweden. Urinary concentrations of four mycotoxins, (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA)), and four key metabolites, (deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1, biomarker of AFB1), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL)) were identified and measured by UPLC-MS/MS. Statistically significant regional differences were detected for both total DON (DON + DOM-1) and total ZEA (ZEA + α-ZOL + β-ZOL) concentrations in pig urine from the three regions. These regional differences were in good agreement with the occurrence of Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins (DON + ZEA) in cereal grains harvested in 2011 in Sweden. There were no statistically significant differences in FB1, AFM1 and OTA urinary concentrations in pigs from the three regions. The overall incidence of positive samples was high for total ZEA (99-100%), total DON (96-100%) and OTA (85-95%), medium for FB1 (30-61%) and low for AFM1 (0-13%) in the three regions. Urinary mycotoxin biomarker concentrations were used to estimate mycotoxin intake and the level of mycotoxins in feeds consumed by the monitored pigs. The back-calculated levels of mycotoxins in feeds were low with the exception of seven samples that were higher the European limits.
Lucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Michele Solfrizzo. Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations. Toxins 2019, 11, 378 .
AMA StyleLucia Gambacorta, Monica Olsen, Michele Solfrizzo. Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Gambacorta; Monica Olsen; Michele Solfrizzo. 2019. "Pig Urinary Concentration of Mycotoxins and Metabolites Reflects Regional Differences, Mycotoxin Intake and Feed Contaminations." Toxins 11, no. 7: 378.
The emerging Alternaria mycotoxins tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT) and tentoxin (TTX) are not yet regulated worldwide awaiting for more data on their toxicity and natural occurrence. A total of 131 samples of spices (94) and herbs (37) were collected in Beirut (Lebanon) markets and analysed for TeA, AOH, AME, ALT and TTX by using a UPLC-MS/MS method based on ‘extract, dilute and shoot’ approach. High percentage (89%) of samples were contaminated by 1–5 mycotoxins whereas 14% of samples were contaminated with a mixture of TeA, AOH, AME and TTX. TeA was the predominant mycotoxin with the highest percentages of positive samples (76%), followed by AME (46%), TTX (37%), AOH (34%) and ALT (5%) with overall mean/max levels of 2453.2/106792.8, 17.1/306, 14.8/179.4, 35.0/636.4 and 2.8/22.1 μg/kg, respectively (middle bound approach). Higher percentage of positive samples and mean mycotoxin levels were observed in spices as compared to herbs. The spices with higher levels of mycotoxin contamination were, in descending order, red chili, paprika, caraway, coriander seeds, onion powder, white pepper and garlic powder whereas within the herbs they were corn silk, violets and marjoram. Based on the mean levels of TeA measured in different spices and herbs, the daily consumption of >3.3 g red chili, >3.7 g paprika, >16.7 g caraway or >36 g of corn silk will exceed the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of TeA (1,500 ng/kg bw per day). For AOH or AME the TTC (2.5 ng/kg bw/day) will be exceeded by a daily consumption >0.5 g of white pepper, >0.9 g of onion powder, > 1.4 g of garlic powder, >1.7 g of black pepper, >1.9 g of sage, >3.3 g of violets or > 4.4 g of thyme leaves. This study provide large information on the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs useful for the human exposure assessment and future regulation.
Lucia Gambacorta; Nada El Darra; Rajaa Fakhoury; Antonio F. Logrieco; Michele Solfrizzo. Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control 2019, 106, 106724 .
AMA StyleLucia Gambacorta, Nada El Darra, Rajaa Fakhoury, Antonio F. Logrieco, Michele Solfrizzo. Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control. 2019; 106 ():106724.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Gambacorta; Nada El Darra; Rajaa Fakhoury; Antonio F. Logrieco; Michele Solfrizzo. 2019. "Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon." Food Control 106, no. : 106724.
This review summarises developments that have been published in the period from mid-2017 to mid-2018 on the analysis of various matrices for mycotoxins. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices, and newly developed comprehensive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
S.A. Tittlemier; B. Cramer; Chiara Dall'Asta; M.H. Iha; V.M.T. Lattanzio; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2017-2018. World Mycotoxin Journal 2019, 12, 3 -29.
AMA StyleS.A. Tittlemier, B. Cramer, Chiara Dall'Asta, M.H. Iha, V.M.T. Lattanzio, R.J. Malone, C. Maragos, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Stranska-Zachariasova, J. Stroka. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2017-2018. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2019; 12 (1):3-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS.A. Tittlemier; B. Cramer; Chiara Dall'Asta; M.H. Iha; V.M.T. Lattanzio; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka. 2019. "Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2017-2018." World Mycotoxin Journal 12, no. 1: 3-29.
Biomarker-based methods are being more and more used to assess dietary exposure of mycotoxins in a population. The aim of the present study was to perform an extended analysis of urinary multiple mycotoxin levels and associations with background characteristics and food groups. Exposure assessment calculations were performed on three urine mycotoxins as described below and the probable daily intake (PDI) was compared with the established tolerable daily intake (TDI) to uncover potential exposure risks. The study population consisted of 250 adults and 50 school children in grade five from two surveys conducted by the Swedish National Food Agency. Six mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and nivalenol (NIV) and four metabolites (deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) were measured by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based method (LC-MS/MS). OTA and DON were the most commonly occurring mycotoxins in urine of both adults and children, 51 and 63%, respectively in adults and 96 and 94%, respectively in children. A positive correlation was found between urinary NIV and total cereal consumption among adults. ZEA, α-ZOL, β-ZOL and FB2 were significantly higher in females than males (P1] were below the TDI values except for DON exposure in adults, as reported previously, 1.3% of the volunteers were above the TDI.
A. Mitropoulou; Lucia Gambacorta; E. Warensjö Lemming; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children. World Mycotoxin Journal 2018, 11, 647 -659.
AMA StyleA. Mitropoulou, Lucia Gambacorta, E. Warensjö Lemming, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Olsen. Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2018; 11 (4):647-659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Mitropoulou; Lucia Gambacorta; E. Warensjö Lemming; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Olsen. 2018. "Extended evaluation of urinary multi-biomarker analyses of mycotoxins in Swedish adults and children." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 4: 647-659.
A few symptomatic drugs are currently available for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) therapy, but these molecules are only able to temporary improve the cognitive capacity of the patients if administered in the first stages of the pathology. Recently, important advances have been achieved about the knowledge of this complex condition, which is now considered a multi-factorial disease. Researchers are, thus, more oriented toward the preparation of molecules being able to contemporaneously act on different pathological features. To date, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation as well as the antioxidant activity and the removal and/or redistribution of metal ions at the level of the nervous system are the most common investigated targets for the treatment of AD. Since many natural compounds show multiple biological properties, a series of secondary metabolites of plants or fungi with suitable structural characteristics have been selected and assayed in order to evaluate their potential role in the preparation of multi-target agents. Out of six compounds evaluated, 1 showed the best activity as an antioxidant (EC50 = 2.6 ± 0.2 μmol/µmol of DPPH) while compound 2 proved to be effective in the inhibition of AChE (IC50 = 6.86 ± 0.67 μM) and Aβ1–40 aggregation (IC50 = 74 ± 1 μM). Furthermore, compound 6 inhibited BChE (IC50 = 1.75 ± 0.59 μM) with a good selectivity toward AChE (IC50 = 86.0 ± 15.0 μM). Moreover, preliminary tests on metal chelation suggested a possible interaction between compounds 1, 3 and 4 and copper (II). Molecules with the best multi-target profiles will be used as starting hit compounds to appropriately address future studies of Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs).
Luca Piemontese; Gabriele Vitucci; Marco Catto; Antonio Laghezza; Filippo Maria Perna; Mariagrazia Rullo; Fulvio Loiodice; Vito Capriati; Michele Solfrizzo. Natural Scaffolds with Multi-Target Activity for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules 2018, 23, 2182 .
AMA StyleLuca Piemontese, Gabriele Vitucci, Marco Catto, Antonio Laghezza, Filippo Maria Perna, Mariagrazia Rullo, Fulvio Loiodice, Vito Capriati, Michele Solfrizzo. Natural Scaffolds with Multi-Target Activity for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules. 2018; 23 (9):2182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Piemontese; Gabriele Vitucci; Marco Catto; Antonio Laghezza; Filippo Maria Perna; Mariagrazia Rullo; Fulvio Loiodice; Vito Capriati; Michele Solfrizzo. 2018. "Natural Scaffolds with Multi-Target Activity for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease." Molecules 23, no. 9: 2182.
Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are regulated in Europe for some spices (Capsicum spp., Piper spp., Myristica fragrans, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa) and mixtures of spices containing one or more of these spices. No mycotoxin limits are in force for herbs. A total of 132 samples of spices (94) and herbs (38) purchased from Beirut in Lebanon were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, FB1, FB2, HT-2, T-2, ZEA, DON, NIV) by using a UPLC-MS/MS method based on ‘dilute and shoot’ approach. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.1 μg/kg (ZEA) to 20.5 μg/kg (DON) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.3 μg/kg (ZEA) to 68.2 μg/kg (DON). 80% of analysed samples were contaminated by 1 to 11 mycotoxins. Total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were detected in 19 and 30% of spices, 8 and 11% of herbs, respectively. Mean levels of total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were 168.1 and 7.1 μg/kg in positive spices, 36.1 and 7.0 μg/kg in positive herbs, respectively. 78 and 10% of positive spice samples contained aflatoxin and ochratoxin A at levels higher than the limits, respectively. Total aflatoxin levels higher than the European limits were also measured in some non-regulated spices (allspice, cloves, coriander, fenugreek) and some herbs (rosemary, sage and oregano). Within the non-regulated mycotoxins FB1 was the most occurring (60% in spices, 55% in herbs) followed by FB2 (35% in spices, 18% in herbs), ZEA (30% in spices, 3% in herbs), DON (12% in spices, 3% in herbs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (3-5%), whereas NIV and AFG2 were never detected. Mean levels of FB1, FB2, ZEA and DON in positive samples of spices were 6432.3, 203.2, 30.6, 1751.4 μg/kg, respectively; in positive samples of herbs they were 2826.3, 214.9, 2.8, 589.7 μg/kg, respectively. The whole results demonstrate the higher susceptibility of spices to mycotoxin contamination with respect to herbs. Comparison of results obtained for samples produced with (81) and without (51) HACCP and GMP showed that the implementation of HACCP and GMP practices seems to be effective in reducing the occurrence of regulated mycotoxins but was ineffective for the non-regulated ones. The samples analysed in this study originated from at least 15 Countries and the results obtained gives indications about the occurrence of mycotoxins in relation to the Country of origin of the samples. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study highlight the problem of mycotoxin contamination in spices and herbs consumed in Lebanon. The occurrence of high levels of aflatoxins and OTA in some non-regulated spices and herbs suggests the addition of these matrices in the list of regulated ones. The high number of positive samples and the high levels of fumonisins observed in this study suggest the inclusions of these mycotoxins in the list of regulated mycotoxins for these matrices.
Nada El Darra; Lucia Gambacorta; Michele Solfrizzo. Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control 2018, 95, 63 -70.
AMA StyleNada El Darra, Lucia Gambacorta, Michele Solfrizzo. Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control. 2018; 95 ():63-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNada El Darra; Lucia Gambacorta; Michele Solfrizzo. 2018. "Multimycotoxins occurrence in spices and herbs commercialized in Lebanon." Food Control 95, no. : 63-70.
Twelve different approaches commonly used for the simultaneous LC tandem MS (MS/MS) determination of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone) were tested in cereals and feed materials. They comprised different extraction solvents, types of cleanup [solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, and immunoaffinity (IMA)], and calibration approaches (external or matrix-matched). The percentage of mycotoxins with acceptable recovery, according to Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006, ranged from 9 to 100%. The approach giving the highest percentage of acceptable results was selected and further tested for corn, rice, and feed spiked at three different mycotoxin levels (low, medium, and high). The method is based on extraction with MeOH–water (70 + 30, v/v) and cleanup with two multiantibody IMA columns. For corn and rice spiked at low mycotoxin levels, a significant matrix effect was observed and was compensated by using 13C calibration. At higher mycotoxin levels (medium and high), matrix effects were negligible as no significant differences were observed for the majority of recovery results calculated by 13C calibration and external calibration. Although the proposed method still needs improvement in terms of accuracy and, to a lesser extent, precision, it was successfully tested with four proficiency tests in buckwheat, corn, rice, and feed, giving acceptable z-scores for 97% (34 out of 35) of results.
Michele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Rita Bibi; Martina Ciriaci; Angela Paoloni; Ivan Pecorelli. Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 2018, 101, 647 -657.
AMA StyleMichele Solfrizzo, Lucia Gambacorta, Rita Bibi, Martina Ciriaci, Angela Paoloni, Ivan Pecorelli. Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. 2018; 101 (3):647-657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Solfrizzo; Lucia Gambacorta; Rita Bibi; Martina Ciriaci; Angela Paoloni; Ivan Pecorelli. 2018. "Multimycotoxin Analysis by LC-MS/MS in Cereal Food and Feed: Comparison of Different Approaches for Extraction, Purification, and Calibration." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 3: 647-657.
Forty-five samples of a landrace of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) widely cultivated in Basilicata (Italy) were screened for 17 mycotoxins and potential toxigenic fungal species. Two different LC-MS/MS methods were used for the determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria mycotoxins altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Frequency of potential toxigenic fungal species occurrence was: 87% Aspergillus Sect. Nigri; 58% Aspergillus Sect. Flavi; 38% Aspergillus Sect. Circumdati; 42% Alternaria spp.; 33% Penicillium spp. and 20% Fusarium spp. Frequency of mycotoxin occurrence and mean of positives were: 51% OTA, 29.5 µg/kg, 5 samples above the EU limit of 20 µg/kg; 31% aflatoxins, 12.8 µg/kg, two samples above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1; 91% ZEA, 1.4 µg/kg; 78% FB2, 7.6 µg/kg; 58% FB1, 22.8 µg/kg; 38% NIV, 39.5 µg/kg; 36% DON, 6.9 µg/kg; 20% T-2 toxin, 5.6 µg/kg and 22% HT-2 toxin, 13.8 µg/kg. For the Alternaria mycotoxins, 100% of samples contained TeA, 4817.9 µg/kg; 93% TTX, 29.7 µg/kg; 56% AOH, 114.4 µg/kg; 33% AME, 13.0 µg/kg and 9% ALT, 61.7 µg/kg. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in each sample ranged from 2 to 16 mycotoxins (mean 7). No statistical correlation was found between moulds and their mycotoxins occurrence. Within the four groups of peppers collected herein (fresh, dried, grounded and fried) higher percentages of contamination and mycotoxin levels were measured in grounded peppers, whereas much lower values were observed for fried peppers. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study confirm the susceptibility of peppers to mycotoxin contamination and claims for an improvement of the conditions used during production and drying process.
L. Gambacorta; D. Magistà; Giancarlo Perrone; S. Murgolo; A.F. Logrieco; M. Solfrizzo. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. World Mycotoxin Journal 2018, 11, 159 -174.
AMA StyleL. Gambacorta, D. Magistà, Giancarlo Perrone, S. Murgolo, A.F. Logrieco, M. Solfrizzo. Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2018; 11 (1):159-174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Gambacorta; D. Magistà; Giancarlo Perrone; S. Murgolo; A.F. Logrieco; M. Solfrizzo. 2018. "Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1: 159-174.
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2016 and mid-2017. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
F. Berthiller; B. Cramer; M.H. Iha; R. Krska; V.M.T. Lattanzio; S. Macdonald; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka; S.A. Tittlemier. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. World Mycotoxin Journal 2018, 11, 5 -32.
AMA StyleF. Berthiller, B. Cramer, M.H. Iha, R. Krska, V.M.T. Lattanzio, S. Macdonald, R.J. Malone, C. Maragos, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Stranska-Zachariasova, J. Stroka, S.A. Tittlemier. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2018; 11 (1):5-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Berthiller; B. Cramer; M.H. Iha; R. Krska; V.M.T. Lattanzio; S. Macdonald; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka; S.A. Tittlemier. 2018. "Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1: 5-32.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium. It occurs often in wheat grain and is frequently associated with significant levels of its modified form DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc). Ozone (O3) is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant, classified as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe), that reacts easily with specific compounds including the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and zearalenone. It degrades DON in aqueous solution and can be effective for decontamination of grain. This study reports the efficacy of gaseous ozone treatments in reducing DON, DON-3-Glc, bacteria, fungi and yeasts in naturally contaminated durum wheat. A prototype was used to dispense ozone continuously and homogeneously at different concentrations and exposure time, in 2 kg aliquots of durum wheat. The optimal conditions, which do not affect chemical and rheological parameters of durum wheat, semolina and pasta, were identified (55 g O3 h-1 for 6 h). The measured mean reductions of DON and DON-3-Glc in ozonated wheat were 29% and 44%, respectively. Ozonation also produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of total count (CFU/g) of bacteria, fungi and yeasts in wheat grains.
Luca Piemontese; Maria Cristina Messia; Emanuele Marconi; Luisa Falasca; Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35, 761 -772.
AMA StyleLuca Piemontese, Maria Cristina Messia, Emanuele Marconi, Luisa Falasca, Rosanna Zivoli, Lucia Gambacorta, Giancarlo Perrone, Michele Solfrizzo. Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018; 35 (4):761-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Piemontese; Maria Cristina Messia; Emanuele Marconi; Luisa Falasca; Rosanna Zivoli; Lucia Gambacorta; Giancarlo Perrone; Michele Solfrizzo. 2018. "Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 4: 761-772.
The objective of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Ochratoxin α (OTα) in poultry tissues and eggs. The two toxins were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile/water, purified with a reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction column (SPE) and determined by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS method performances were evaluated in terms of linearity in solvent and in matrix (ranged from 0.5 to 15.10 µg L−1 for OTA and from 0.60 to 17.85 µg L−1 for OTα), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), specificity, accuracy and precision in repeatability conditions. Recovery experiments were performed by spiking poultry liver, kidney, muscle and eggs around 1 µg kg−1 and 10 µg kg−1. LODs were 0.27 and 0.26 µg kg−1 while LOQs were fixed at 1.0 and 1.2 µg kg−1 for OTA and OTα, respectively. Main recoveries for OTA ranged from 82 to 109% and for OTα ranged from 55 to 89%. The values of within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSDr) were equal to or below 20%. Considering the results obtained and that all analytical performance criteria were fulfilled, the new extraction and purification method developed for OTA and OTα determination in animal tissues and eggs was found appropriate for control laboratories and research activities designed to ensure food safety.
Angela Paoloni; Michele Solfrizzo; Rita Bibi; Ivan Pecorelli. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin α in poultry tissues and eggs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 2018, 53, 327 -333.
AMA StyleAngela Paoloni, Michele Solfrizzo, Rita Bibi, Ivan Pecorelli. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin α in poultry tissues and eggs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 2018; 53 (5):327-333.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngela Paoloni; Michele Solfrizzo; Rita Bibi; Ivan Pecorelli. 2018. "Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin α in poultry tissues and eggs." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 53, no. 5: 327-333.
Michele Solfrizzo. Recent advances on Alternaria mycotoxins. Current Opinion in Food Science 2017, 17, 57 -61.
AMA StyleMichele Solfrizzo. Recent advances on Alternaria mycotoxins. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2017; 17 ():57-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichele Solfrizzo. 2017. "Recent advances on Alternaria mycotoxins." Current Opinion in Food Science 17, no. : 57-61.
Metabolic profile of urine from piglets administered with single boluses contaminated with mycotoxin mixture (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A) were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics (PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA). The mycotoxin levels were close to the established maximum and guidance levels for animal feed (2003/100/EC and 2006/576/EC). Urine samples were obtained from four groups of four piglets before (control, C) or within 24 h (treated, T) after receiving a contaminated boluses with increasing doses of mycotoxins (boluses 1–4). For the two highest dose groups, the urines were collected also after one week of wash out (W). For the two lowest doses groups no significant differences between the C and T samples were observed. By contrast, for the two highest doses groups the T urines separated from the controls for a higher relative content of creatinine, p-cresol glucuronide and phenyl acetyl glycine and lower concentration of betaine and TMAO. Interestingly, a similar profile was found for both W and T urines suggesting, at least for the highest doses used, serious alteration after a single bolus of mycotoxin mixture.
Sandra A. De Pascali; Lucia Gambacorta; Isabelle P. Oswald; Laura Del Coco; Michele Solfrizzo; Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 2017, 11, 9 -18.
AMA StyleSandra A. De Pascali, Lucia Gambacorta, Isabelle P. Oswald, Laura Del Coco, Michele Solfrizzo, Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2017; 11 ():9-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra A. De Pascali; Lucia Gambacorta; Isabelle P. Oswald; Laura Del Coco; Michele Solfrizzo; Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. 2017. "1 H NMR and MVA metabolomic profiles of urines from piglets fed with boluses contaminated with a mixture of five mycotoxins." Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 11, no. : 9-18.
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
F. Berthiller; C. Brera; Maria Helena Iha; R. Krska; V.M.T. Lattanzio; S. Macdonald; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka; S.A. Tittlemier. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. World Mycotoxin Journal 2017, 10, 5 -29.
AMA StyleF. Berthiller, C. Brera, Maria Helena Iha, R. Krska, V.M.T. Lattanzio, S. Macdonald, R.J. Malone, C. Maragos, Michele Solfrizzo, M. Stranska-Zachariasova, J. Stroka, S.A. Tittlemier. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2017; 10 (1):5-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Berthiller; C. Brera; Maria Helena Iha; R. Krska; V.M.T. Lattanzio; S. Macdonald; R.J. Malone; C. Maragos; Michele Solfrizzo; M. Stranska-Zachariasova; J. Stroka; S.A. Tittlemier. 2017. "Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016." World Mycotoxin Journal 10, no. 1: 5-29.
An unprecedented, environmentally friendly, and faster method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) (a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and largely widespread in nature, in wheat and derived products) has, for the first time, been set up and validated using choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) (e.g., ChCl/glycerol (1:2) and ChCl/ urea (1:2) up to 40% (w/w) water) as privileged, green, and biodegradable extraction solvents. This also reduces worker exposure to toxic chemicals. Results are comparable to those obtained using conventional, hazardous and volatile organic solvents (VOCs) typical of the standard and official methods. OTA recovery from spiked durum wheat samples, in particular, was to up to 89% versus 93% using the traditional acetonitrile-water mixture with a repeatability of the results (RSDr) of 7%. Compatibility of the DES mixture with the antibodies of the immunoaffinity column was excellent as it was able to retain up to 96% of the OTA. Recovery and repeatability for durum wheat, bread crumbs, and biscuits proved to be within the specifications required by the current European Commission (EC) regulation. Good results in terms of accuracy and precision were achieved with mean recoveries between 70% (durum wheat) and 88% (bread crumbs) and an RSDr between 2% (biscuits) and 7% (bread).
Luca Piemontese; Filippo Maria Perna; Antonio Logrieco; Vito Capriati; Michele Solfrizzo. Deep Eutectic Solvents as Novel and Effective Extraction Media for Quantitative Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Derived Products. Molecules 2017, 22, 121 .
AMA StyleLuca Piemontese, Filippo Maria Perna, Antonio Logrieco, Vito Capriati, Michele Solfrizzo. Deep Eutectic Solvents as Novel and Effective Extraction Media for Quantitative Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Derived Products. Molecules. 2017; 22 (1):121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuca Piemontese; Filippo Maria Perna; Antonio Logrieco; Vito Capriati; Michele Solfrizzo. 2017. "Deep Eutectic Solvents as Novel and Effective Extraction Media for Quantitative Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Derived Products." Molecules 22, no. 1: 121.
Blue mould is one of the most important postharvest diseases of pome fruit in all producing countries. It is mainly associated to Penicillium expansum that produces the mycotoxin patulin, although other species might be involved. The aim of the present study was to characterise Penicillium isolates associated with blue mould decay of pome fruit marketed in Apulia region (southern Italy), and verify their ability to produce patulin in vitro. Twenty-nine isolates of Penicillium spp. were recovered from pome fruit showing visible blue mould symptoms, and analysed for patulin production. After fungal isolation, the fruits were singularly analysed for patulin content. In general, the isolates proved to produce patulin and most of the pome fruit contained significant amounts of patulin, but there was no quantitative correspondence between in vitro and in vivo toxin accumulation. Isolate identification at species level was based on DNA analysis by P. expansum species-specific primers and sequencing of β-tubulin gene. Furthermore, fungal isolates were tested for the occurrence of the patN gene coding the enzyme isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH), involved in patulin metabolic pathway and considered a useful indicator of critical control points for patulin contamination. All 26 isolates identified as P. expansum were positive for patN and produced patulin. Moreover, three pear isolates belonging to other Penicillium species were found. They were positive for patN, but only two actually produced patulin. It can be concluded that toxigenic P. expansum isolates are associated with blue mould of pome fruit marketed in Apulia, thus a rapid detection is important to avoid patulin contamination beyond regulatory limits. Nevertheless, the presence of patN gene alone cannot be considered a predictive assay for patulin production. An evaluation of its expression level should be carried out.
S.M. Sanzani; Antonia Susca; S. Mastrorosa; Michele Solfrizzo. Patulin risk associated with blue mould of pome fruit marketed in southern Italy. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 2017, 9, 23 -29.
AMA StyleS.M. Sanzani, Antonia Susca, S. Mastrorosa, Michele Solfrizzo. Patulin risk associated with blue mould of pome fruit marketed in southern Italy. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods. 2017; 9 (1):23-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS.M. Sanzani; Antonia Susca; S. Mastrorosa; Michele Solfrizzo. 2017. "Patulin risk associated with blue mould of pome fruit marketed in southern Italy." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 9, no. 1: 23-29.