Risk assessment for environmental projects consists of studying the probability that projects will achieve a satisfactory performance for threshold - values of internal rate of return (IRR) or net present value (NPV).Risk analysis identifies and estimates risks and their level as well as measures considered to mitigate their negative impact. Quantitative risk analysis is performed for estimating the risk of the project by numeric resources.Monte Carlo simulation method can be widely applied in this area due to the advantages recognized both by practitioners and the academic community.By using this method, the distribution of all possible outcomes of an event is generated by analyzing a model several times, each time using random input values selected from the probability distributions considered normal of the components that comprise the model

In our days, a growing attention is paid to explain the influence of innovation on recycling. While many studies on this subject have been carried out, it's still needed for more investigations on measuring the effect of innovation on recycling. This paper is dedicated to measuring the intensity of the innovation influence on the recycling within EU member states. The methodology follows the next steps: visualization of data used, determining the stationarity of the time series analyzed, developing a panel model for 28 countries, applying specific statistical tests in case of the two indicators selected. After analyzing the models that resulted and applying Hausman test, the authors concluded that the regression panel with fixed effects is appropriate for our research. Thus, it is possible to show that the influence of the innovation on recycling is moderate and not instantaneous because there is manifested a lag of 2 years. In addition, the Fixed Effects model allows highlighting the heterogeneity that is present among member states. In addition, the authors concluded that the membership of the Euro Area has a positive influence on recycling and on circular economy as well. The article has several originality aspects: it took into account criteria that are not discussed very often as membership of Euro area; it has developed a model that brings quantitative aspects to describe the influence of innovation on recycling, it highlighted the heterogeneity existing among EU member states. Future research direction would be to consider including in the model some other variables as eco-investment.

The main objective of this paper is to identify the intensity and the sense of the impact that eco-innovation and recycling exert on raw material consumption in the European Union member-states. The basic hypothesis is that eco-innovation and recycling have a significant influence on raw material consumption. The authors consider that, in the long run, by promoting eco-innovation and recycling, countries will minimize their demand and use of raw materials. In the paper, the material footprint per capita has been considered as an adequate indicator to measure the material consumption induced by economic and social activities. The model used has estimated the influence of eco-innovation and recycling on the material footprint per capita using panel data regression by considering the 27 EU countries, for the 2010–2019 time period. The authors found that the most adequate econometric model is the panel model with fixed effects. The respective econometric model validates the hypothesis that eco-innovation and recycling have significant influence on reducing the material footprint per capita and reveals heterogeneity existing among EU countries. At the same time, the model shows the intensity of influence exerted by each regressor. The eco-innovation and recycling have an important role in decreasing the material footprint per capita and should be in the centre of policies aimed at decoupling the economic growth from the raw material consumption.

Economic assessment of forest ecosystems is especially important for determining efficiency of investment in: biodiversity conservation, expansion of the national forest and rational use of forest resources, sustainable forest development. In Romania, although discussed and debated in recent years, this subject has generated and still produces theoretical, methodological and practical issues. Economic and social consequences of changes in forest ecosystems are difficult to predict. Changes in the dynamics of river basins, ecologic regions or wildlife systems, for example, can reduce or increase various aspects of human welfare. Without sufficient knowledge about the value of forest ecosystem services, consequences unpredictability tends to increase with the degree of change. This paper will address some issues related to estimating the economic value of forests in Romania and ecosystem services provided by forests. The methodology used includes: clarifying and defining the main methodological and operational concepts, charts and diagrams to describe correlations and mechanisms of forest functions, qualitative and quantitative assessment (tables, matrices) of ecosystem services, with identification of the most important benefits, analysis of main methods of economic assessment of forest ecosystem services with recommendations and conclusions

Urban structure consists of all the relationships established in urban areas, between its components: functional, psychosocial, physical and spatial. Developments depend on demographic concentration and socio-economic and cultural differentiated development of member localities. Analysis presented in this material follows changes recorded in urban structure from several European countries for a time period of approximately 30 years. The same analysis was conducted for Romania, highlighting the phenomenon of concentration of urban structure or reducing the concentration, by decreasing share of cities and increasing importance of small and medium towns. After 1990, Romania displayed a phenomenon of emergence of new towns that have led to changes in urban structure