Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy is characterized by corneal stromal edema with epithelial and subepithelial bullae due to cell loss and endothelial decompensation through trauma during cataract surgery. Patients present decreased vision, tearing, and pain caused by ruptured epithelial bullae. Cataract affects approximately 20 million people worldwide, and this complication can occur in 1 to 2% of the cataract surgeries. This study reviewed the bullous keratopathy etiopathogenesis and the clinical and surgical treatment available for this corneal disease.

The reconstruction of an orbit after complex craniofacial fractures can be extremely demanding. For satisfactory functional and aesthetic results, it is necessary to restore the orbital walls and the craniofacial skeleton using various types of materials. The reconstruction materials can be divided into autografts (bone or cartilage tissue) or allografts (metals, ceramics, or plastic materials, and combinations of these materials). Over time, different types of materials have been used, considering characteristics such as their stability, biocompatibility, cost, safety, and intraoperative flexibility. Although the ideal material for orbital reconstruction could not be unanimously identified, much progress has been achieved in recent years. In this article, we summarise the advantages and disadvantages of each category of reconstruction materials. We also provide an update on improvements in material properties through various modern processing techniques. Good results in reconstructive surgery of the orbit require both material and technological innovations.

Infectious keratitis is a major global cause of vision loss and blindness. Prompt diagnosis and targeted antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing the condition. Topical antimicrobials are the most effective therapy for bacterial keratitis, but they can lead to unsatisfactory results due to ocular perforation, scarring, and melting. Intrastromal injection is a newer technique for delivering antimicrobials directly to the site of infection and has been successful in treating severe, treatment-resistant infectious keratitis, especially when surgery is not recommended. In cases where deep stromal disease is resistant to topical treatment, intrastromal antimicrobial injections may be necessary to achieve higher drug concentration at the infection site. However, the use of intrastromal antibiotics is limited, as topical antibacterial agents have better penetration than antifungal agents. Bacterial and fungal keratitis have been extensively researched for intrastromal medication injections, while there is limited evidence for viral keratitis. This review emphasizes the potential of intrastromal antimicrobial injections as an alternative for managing severe refractory infectious keratitis. The technique offers direct targeting of the infection site and faster resolution in some cases compared to topical therapy. However, further research is needed to determine the safest antimicrobials options, minimal effective doses, and concentrations for various pathogens. Intrastromal injections may serve as a non-surgical treatment option in high-risk cases, with benefits including direct drug delivery and reduced epithelial toxicity. Despite promising findings, more studies are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach.

With the increasing incidences of orbital wall injuries, effective reconstruction materials and techniques are imperative for optimal clinical outcomes. In this literature review, we delve into the efficacy and potential advantages of using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite for the reconstruction of the orbital wall. Titanium implants, recognized for their durability and mechanical strength, when combined with the osteoconductive properties of hydroxyapatite, present a potentially synergistic solution. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze the recent literature and present the state of the art in orbital wall reconstruction using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite. This review offers clinicians detailed insight into the benefits and potential drawbacks of using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite for orbital wall reconstruction. The highlighted results advocate for its benefits in terms of osseointegration and provide a novel strategy for orbital reconstruction, though further studies are essential to establish long-term efficacy and address concerns.

Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of nanostructured hydroxyapatite (nanoHAp) are dependent on its physical parameters. Therefore, an understanding of both surface chemistry and morphology of nanoHAp is needed in order to be able to anticipate its in vivo behavior. The aim of this paper is to characterize an engineered nanoHAp in terms of physico-chemical properties, biocompatibility, and its capability to reconstitute the orbital wall fractures in rabbits. NanoHAp was synthesized using a high pressure hydrothermal method and characterized by physico-chemical, structural, morphological, and optical techniques. X-ray diffraction revealed HAp crystallites of 21 nm, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed spherical shapes of HAp powder. Mean particle size of HAp measured by DLS technique was 146.3 nm. Biocompatibility was estimated by the effect of HAp powder on the adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in culture. The results showed that cell proliferation on powder-coated slides was between 73.4% and 98.3% of control cells (cells grown in normal culture conditions). Computed tomography analysis of the preformed nanoHAp implanted in orbital wall fractures, performed at one and two months postoperative, demonstrated the integration of the implants in the bones. In conclusion, our engineered nanoHAp is stable, biocompatible, and may be safely considered for reconstruction of orbital wall fractures.

Background and Objectives: There is a clear evidence that pregnancy is associated with high production of sex hormones. During the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, blood hormones levels increase gradually. Cells with affinity for sex hormones have been identified in different ocular tissues, such as: lid, lacrimal gland, meibomian gland, bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae, cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina (retinal pigment epithelium) and choroid. This is why pregnancy is associated with changes at ocular level, involving anterior and posterior segments. Several clinical trials have been made trying to highlight changes in corneal biomechanics during pregnancy. By conducting this review, we want to evaluate both the changes in parameters that define corneal biomechanics and intraocular pressure values in pregnant. Materials and Methods: Following a systematic search in the literature related mainly to changes in corneal biomechanics during pregnancy, focusing on the paper published in the last decade, we included in a meta-analysis the cumulative results of three prospective comparative studies. Results: Important changes in corneal biomechanics (corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor) parameters were observed in women in the third trimester of pregnancy, but these variations were not statistically significant. Also, a decrease in intraocular pressure was mentioned in these women, but only the corneal compensation intraocular pressure showed a decrease with statistical significance. Conclusions: A decrease in corneal compensatory intraocular pressure was observed in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy, but without other statistically significant changes resulting from the analysis of the other three parameters (corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor and Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure).