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On the path to high-level vehicle automation, the degree of surveillance both inside and outside the car increases significantly. Consequently, ethical considerations are becoming central to questions around surveillance regimes and data privacy implicit in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation. In this paper, we focus on outputs from the EU Horizon 2020 project Vision Inspired Driver Assistance Systems (VI-DAS). In particular, we assess the VI-DAS 720-degree observation technology, critical to ensuring a safe Human Machine Interaction (HMI), from multiple theoretical perspectives to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomena of privacy. As a synonym for surveillance, we started our evaluation with Bentham's ideation of the panopticon. From there, it is a relatively short step to radical Foucauldian critiques that offered more dystopian technologies of power. However, both theorems demonstrate a limited understanding of the issue of data privacy in the context of safe transportation along the evolution of highly automated vehicles. Thus, to allow the debate to move beyond more binary discussions on privacy versus control/power and to a certain degree escape the shadow of the panopticon, we applied the Nissenbaum four theses framework of Contextual Integrity (CI). Her decision heuristic allowed us to introduce structure and a degree of precision in our thinking on the matter of privacy that represents a step forward to phenomena of privacy in a specific context. Our approach concludes that the VI-DAS 720-degree observation technology can respect the user's privacy through an appropriate flow of personal information. However, the flows of personal data must be strongly regulated to ensure that data is seen as a value in terms of a commodity to protect human life and not seen as an asset that needs to be turned into value in terms of capital or the facilitation of asymmetric power-relations.
Tim Jannusch; Florian David-Spickermann; Darren Shannon; Juliane Ressel; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Irini Furxhi; Martin Cunneen; Martin Mullins. Surveillance and privacy – Beyond the panopticon. An exploration of 720-degree observation in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation. Technology in Society 2021, 66, 101667 .
AMA StyleTim Jannusch, Florian David-Spickermann, Darren Shannon, Juliane Ressel, Michaele Völler, Finbarr Murphy, Irini Furxhi, Martin Cunneen, Martin Mullins. Surveillance and privacy – Beyond the panopticon. An exploration of 720-degree observation in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation. Technology in Society. 2021; 66 ():101667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Jannusch; Florian David-Spickermann; Darren Shannon; Juliane Ressel; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Irini Furxhi; Martin Cunneen; Martin Mullins. 2021. "Surveillance and privacy – Beyond the panopticon. An exploration of 720-degree observation in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation." Technology in Society 66, no. : 101667.
From February 2020, both urban and rural Ireland witnessed the rapid proliferation of the COVID-19 disease throughout its counties. During this period, the national COVID-19 responses included stay-at-home directives issued by the state, subject to varying levels of enforcement. In this paper, we present a new method to assess and rank the causes of Ireland COVID-19 deaths as it relates to mobility activities within each county provided by Google while taking into consideration the epidemiological confirmed positive cases reported per county. We used a network structure and rank propagation modelling approach using Personalised PageRank to reveal the importance of each mobility category linked to cases and deaths. Then a novel feature-selection method using relative prominent factors finds important features related to each county's death. Finally, we clustered the counties based on features selected with the network results using a customised network clustering algorithm for the research problem. Our analysis reveals that the most important mobility trend categories that exhibit the strongest association to COVID-19 cases and deaths include retail and recreation and workplaces. This is the first time a network structure and rank propagation modelling approach has been used to link COVID-19 data to mobility patterns. The infection determinants landscape illustrated by the network results aligns soundly with county socio-economic and demographic features. The novel feature selection and clustering method presented clusters useful to policymakers, managers of the health sector, politicians and even sociologists. Finally, each county has a different impact on the national total.
Furxhi Irini; Arash Negahdari Kia; Darren Shannon; Tim Jannusch; Finbarr Murphy; Barry Sheehan. Associations between mobility patterns and COVID-19 deaths during the pandemic: A network structure and rank propagation modelling approach. Array 2021, 11, 100075 .
AMA StyleFurxhi Irini, Arash Negahdari Kia, Darren Shannon, Tim Jannusch, Finbarr Murphy, Barry Sheehan. Associations between mobility patterns and COVID-19 deaths during the pandemic: A network structure and rank propagation modelling approach. Array. 2021; 11 ():100075.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFurxhi Irini; Arash Negahdari Kia; Darren Shannon; Tim Jannusch; Finbarr Murphy; Barry Sheehan. 2021. "Associations between mobility patterns and COVID-19 deaths during the pandemic: A network structure and rank propagation modelling approach." Array 11, no. : 100075.
We are facing an increase in the emergence of distracting activities while driving. This is especially the case for young people who, more than other age groups, employ their cars as a place of personal fulfilment. This study proposes an interdisciplinary safe-by-design (SbD) heuristic to address this emerging risk. It harnesses a German version of the Behaviour of Young Novice Driver Scale (BYNDS) to gather representative information about young people's distracting activities. This information is then used to address to limitations of Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) and posit safety measures in the context of young driver distraction. Our novel approach reveals three recommendations that should guide the employment of DMS in future generations of cars. We argue that the sole use of DMS Type 1 (i.e. vehicle motion data) is not sufficient to cope with the complex range of distracting activities that occur inside the car. We suggest designers and technologists employ DMS Type 2 (i.e. cameras and acoustic sensors) as this makes it possible to capture rich information about humans, objects and their interaction. In light of concerns about data privacy, policymakers must act to regulate the ethical use of data from the inside of the car and to find the necessary trade-off between data privacy and the unnecessary attrition of young human lives. This research provides a reasonable foundation for this discussion.
Tim Jannusch; Darren Shannon; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. Cars and distraction: How to address the limits of Driver Monitoring Systems and improve safety benefits using evidence from German young drivers. Technology in Society 2021, 66, 101628 .
AMA StyleTim Jannusch, Darren Shannon, Michaele Völler, Finbarr Murphy, Martin Mullins. Cars and distraction: How to address the limits of Driver Monitoring Systems and improve safety benefits using evidence from German young drivers. Technology in Society. 2021; 66 ():101628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Jannusch; Darren Shannon; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. 2021. "Cars and distraction: How to address the limits of Driver Monitoring Systems and improve safety benefits using evidence from German young drivers." Technology in Society 66, no. : 101628.
The introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to the road transport ecosystem will change the manner of collisions. CAVs are expected to optimize the safety of road users and the wider environment, while alleviating traffic congestion and maximizing occupant comfort. The net result is a reduction in the frequency of motor vehicle collisions, and a reduction in the number of injuries currently seen as “preventable.” A changing risk ecosystem will introduce new challenges and opportunities for primary insurers. Prior studies have highlighted the economic benefit provided by reductions in the frequency of hazardous events. This economic benefit, however, will be offset by the economic detriment incurred by emerging risks and the increased scrutiny placed on existing risks. We posit four plausible scenarios detailing how an introduction of these technologies could result in a larger relative rate of injury claims currently characterized as tail‐risk events. In such a scenario, the culmination of these losses will present as a second “hump” in actuarial loss models. We discuss how CAV risk factors and traffic dynamics may combine to make a second “hump” a plausible reality, and discuss a number of opportunities that may arise for primary insurers from a changing road environment.
Darren Shannon; Tim Jannusch; Florian David‐Spickermann; Martin Mullins; Martin Cunneen; Finbarr Murphy. Connected and autonomous vehicle injury loss events: Potential risk and actuarial considerations for primary insurers. Risk Management and Insurance Review 2021, 24, 5 -35.
AMA StyleDarren Shannon, Tim Jannusch, Florian David‐Spickermann, Martin Mullins, Martin Cunneen, Finbarr Murphy. Connected and autonomous vehicle injury loss events: Potential risk and actuarial considerations for primary insurers. Risk Management and Insurance Review. 2021; 24 (1):5-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarren Shannon; Tim Jannusch; Florian David‐Spickermann; Martin Mullins; Martin Cunneen; Finbarr Murphy. 2021. "Connected and autonomous vehicle injury loss events: Potential risk and actuarial considerations for primary insurers." Risk Management and Insurance Review 24, no. 1: 5-35.
Road traffic collisions are the leading cause of death for those between the ages of 15–29, according to the World Health Organisation. This study investigates one of the primary reasons for the high fatality rate amongst Young Novice Drivers (YNDs) – their use of smartphones while driving. We gathered responses from a representative sample of YNDs on their behaviour while driving using an updated version of the ‘Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale’. Survey responses totalled 700 YNDs situated throughout Germany. From these responses, we examined the prevalence of certain driving behaviours that are described as ‘distracting’ and compared these driving behaviours to the respondents’ use of specific smartphone features. The responses report that music-related activities (e.g. changing music on a smartphone) are most common amongst YNDs. Speaking on the phone is seldom-reported, although more males than females indicated engagement in this behaviour. We further carried out a correlation analysis and correspondence analysis. On that basis we found that those who report speaking on a smartphone are significantly more likely to engage in driving behaviours with potentially fatal consequences, such as speeding and driving while impaired by prohibited substances (drugs, alcohol). We propose that the results could be used by policymakers for public information implications and to tailor financial penalties for those engaging in smartphone behaviours that are linked to harmful driving behaviours. In addition, our findings can also be used in a Usage-based Insurance (UBI) context to financially incentivise safer driving.
Tim Jannusch; Darren Shannon; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. Smartphone Use While Driving: An Investigation of Young Novice Driver (YND) Behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2021, 77, 209 -220.
AMA StyleTim Jannusch, Darren Shannon, Michaele Völler, Finbarr Murphy, Martin Mullins. Smartphone Use While Driving: An Investigation of Young Novice Driver (YND) Behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2021; 77 ():209-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Jannusch; Darren Shannon; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. 2021. "Smartphone Use While Driving: An Investigation of Young Novice Driver (YND) Behaviour." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 77, no. : 209-220.
In Germany, every year 66,000 road crashes lead to death or injury of young novice drivers. This makes them twice as likely to be involved in, or cause, vehicle crashes compared to their older and more experienced counterparts. This study aims to address this societal issue by developing a better understanding of the German young driver problem. For this purpose, we created an updated, 55-item strong version of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS), originally developed by Scott-Parker et al. in 2010. To make the new version of the BYNDS understandable for German young novice drivers, this research used a new method of translation in combination with extensive pre-testing. As a result, we identified possible threats for response errors such as retrospective formulated questions or double negations. Due the adjustment of the possible sources of error the presented version of the BYNDS is semantically and conceptually different from the original. However, due to the application of the updated version of the BYNDS in a robust sample of 700 participants, this paper presents the first reliable and validated tool to measure novices risky driving behaviour in Germany. Moreover, it offers an updated and extended version of the BYNDS that allows practitioners but also researchers to broaden their understanding of young driver risk.
Tim Jannusch; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. A new version of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS). Insights from a randomised sample of 700 German young novice drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2020, 145, 105622 .
AMA StyleTim Jannusch, Michaele Völler, Finbarr Murphy, Martin Mullins. A new version of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS). Insights from a randomised sample of 700 German young novice drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2020; 145 ():105622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Jannusch; Michaele Völler; Finbarr Murphy; Martin Mullins. 2020. "A new version of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS). Insights from a randomised sample of 700 German young novice drivers." Accident Analysis & Prevention 145, no. : 105622.