Currently various methodologies, procedures and software tools are used worldwide for the quantitative assessment of the reliability or effectiveness of the systems for protecting objects evaluating the interaction between the breakthrough resistances and the probabilities of detecting by alarm systems. Their frequent drawback is the fact that currently some concrete values or procedures for acquiring the individual variables are missing, or that these variables do not take into account all the significant influences of the environment. This article defines the possibility of a more complex calculation of one of the basic output quantities, i.e. the cumulative probability of detecting an intruder. Besides the newly defined functional dependences between the input parameters of this output quantity, the article also introduces concrete values of some parameters acquired through experiments (e.g. the probabilities of detecting an intruder by the PIR detector under standard or specific conditions).

The article presents a use case evaluation of the robustness of a physical protection system for the Vodňany water tank, designated as a national critical infrastructure element. The evaluation will be performed based on three probable attack scenarios; the aim of these would be poisoning the drinking water source and intoxication of the population of the nearby city or destruction of the water tank and the resulting cutting off of residents from a source of drinking water. To check the robustness of the water tank itself and its physical protection system as a part of an overall robustness of the water tank area, a new software - SATANO (Security Assessment Of Terrorist Attack In A Network Of Objects) will be used. It allows for modelling physical protection system objects onto 2D maps and then simulate custom attack scenarios. This process of quantitative evaluation of a system's protection level may be accepted as part of the risk management process which is required by European Council as well as various national regulations from all operators of critical infrastructure elements.

Due to its costly and time-consuming nature and a wide range of passive barrier elements and tools for their breaching, testing the delay time of passive barriers is only possible as an experimental tool to verify expert judgements of said delay times. The article focuses on the possibility of creating and utilizing a new method of acquiring values of delay time for various passive barrier elements using expert judgements which could add to the creation of charts where interactions between the used elements of mechanical barriers and the potential tools for their bypassing would be assigned a temporal value. The article consists of basic description of methods of expert judgements previously applied for making prognoses of socio-economic development and in other societal areas, which are called soft system. In terms of the problem of delay time, this method needed to be modified in such a way that the prospective output would be expressible by a specific quantitative value. To achieve this goal, each stage of the expert judgements was adjusted to the use of suitable scientific methods to select appropriate experts and then to achieve and process the expert data. High emphasis was placed on evaluation of quality and reliability of the expert judgements, which takes into account the specifics of expert selection such as their low numbers, specialization and practical experience.

In today’s world, where environmental protection and sustainability are increasingly important, it is essential to pay attention to the environmental impact of different industries. One of these industries with a potentially significant impact on life, human health, the environment, and property is gas stations, which are essential links in the fuel supply chain. This article focuses on the topic of assessing the impact of gas stations on surrounding environments and will examine the potential negative impacts that these operations can have on society and the environment. The aim of the paper is to analyze how gas stations affect their surroundings in the event of an incident involving a spill of hazardous substances. The scope of the paper is to assess the impacts of a spill of hazardous substances from a gas station, with an emphasis on assessing the risks and consequences on the life and health of the people in the immediate vicinity of the gas station. The selected gas station’s location in the High Tatras National Park enhances the study’s significance due to the unique environmental context, heightened environmental sensitivity, and potential legislative implications. ALOHA software version 5.4.7 was chosen for simulating the release of hazardous substance due to its extensive substance database, mathematical models, support for various release sources, internet availability, and graphical result representation. This manuscript argues for risk assessment beyond current legislation, addressing unclassified sources of risk. This research contributes by utilizing predictive modeling, recognizing environmental contexts, and emphasizing legislative attention. It discusses the consequences of emergency scenarios involving gasoline and LPG, addresses potential limitations and uncertainties, and advocates for accident prevention and risk assessment, especially in environmentally sensitive areas. The conclusion suggests improvements in predictive modeling, legislative adaptation, collaboration, and an expanded scope of analysis for future research. The aim of the paper is also to discuss measures that can be taken to minimize these impacts and ensure sustainable and safe operation. Assessing the risks arising from the operation of gas stations contributes to the development of measures to protect and preserve our environment for future generations.