States and their cities are at the forefront of efforts to address many of today’s transnational security challenges. States cannot fulfill their basic functions, which include caring for the all-round development of their territory and the needs of its inhabitants, without the existence of critical infrastructure, which can be damaged, destroyed, or disrupted by malicious behavior. The legislation of EU authorities presents methods for improving the crisis management cycle within critical infrastructure protection. However, these methods are not elaborated. Modeling and simulation using software tools enable more accurate decision-making by security managers during the process of designing and evaluating the physical protection systems of critical infrastructure. This article presents a new software solution to the intrusion of unauthorized persons and its potential mathematical extension. The main innovative benefit of this newly created software tool is the possibility of creating more sophisticated attack scenarios using various 2D maps. Mathematical extension model response scenarios are constructed for various types of intruders, allowing more accurate training of defenders, which leads to more effective resource usage. This combination of software and mathematical solutions should allow physical protection system designers to test various intrusion scenarios of critical infrastructure elements.

The issue of environmental risk assessment currently deserves great attention. In order to protect the environment, maintain healthy living conditions, and prevent environmental damage, the member states of the European Union have adopted a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage. The directive classifies two types of operators with different liability regimes for environmental damage, namely, the regime with no-fault (strict) liability and liability for fault. With the adoption of the directive, among experts, operators and the general public have posed questions about how to assess the risk of environmental damage. At present, there is still no uniform procedure for assessing environmental risks, which would create a comprehensive methodological framework for assessment for this type of risk. Due to the non-existent risk assessment methodology for operators with strict liability regimes and the lack of a systematic search for risk sources, a risk assessment procedure is proposed that provides guidance in a sequence of several steps on how to implement the obligations arising from the adopted Environmental Liability Directive. The proposed procedure was verified on a specific operator with a strict liability regime. The environmental risk analysis performed through the proposed procedure provided information on possible operational problems and verified its applicability. Last but not least, the use of the proposed procedure makes it possible to identify serious sources of risk and to establish necessary preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of environmental damage.

In today’s world, where environmental protection and sustainability are increasingly important, it is essential to pay attention to the environmental impact of different industries. One of these industries with a potentially significant impact on life, human health, the environment, and property is gas stations, which are essential links in the fuel supply chain. This article focuses on the topic of assessing the impact of gas stations on surrounding environments and will examine the potential negative impacts that these operations can have on society and the environment. The aim of the paper is to analyze how gas stations affect their surroundings in the event of an incident involving a spill of hazardous substances. The scope of the paper is to assess the impacts of a spill of hazardous substances from a gas station, with an emphasis on assessing the risks and consequences on the life and health of the people in the immediate vicinity of the gas station. The selected gas station’s location in the High Tatras National Park enhances the study’s significance due to the unique environmental context, heightened environmental sensitivity, and potential legislative implications. ALOHA software version 5.4.7 was chosen for simulating the release of hazardous substance due to its extensive substance database, mathematical models, support for various release sources, internet availability, and graphical result representation. This manuscript argues for risk assessment beyond current legislation, addressing unclassified sources of risk. This research contributes by utilizing predictive modeling, recognizing environmental contexts, and emphasizing legislative attention. It discusses the consequences of emergency scenarios involving gasoline and LPG, addresses potential limitations and uncertainties, and advocates for accident prevention and risk assessment, especially in environmentally sensitive areas. The conclusion suggests improvements in predictive modeling, legislative adaptation, collaboration, and an expanded scope of analysis for future research. The aim of the paper is also to discuss measures that can be taken to minimize these impacts and ensure sustainable and safe operation. Assessing the risks arising from the operation of gas stations contributes to the development of measures to protect and preserve our environment for future generations.

Security and safety culture is an increasingly important term in assessing the security and safety of organizations. It is an internal security and safety factor of an organization that can directly influence its overall security and safety. In many cases, however, organizations do not know, nor do they have a way of assessing the level of their security and safety culture. It is therefore necessary to know the content, elements, and sectors in which it can be identified in order to gain a deeper knowledge of security and safety culture in more detail and be able to examine it. Firstly, we focused on creating a model for evaluating the safety and safety culture and its application in selected organizations. Secondly, we devoted to the description and design of an organization’s security and safety culture assessment model. The proposed model is based on the identification of subsectors and indicators of security and safety culture that will gain their value by using information obtained from combining the four proposed methods. Accordingly, six security and safety culture sectors were defined for the purposes of security and safety culture assessment in selected organizations. These were compared to each other to determine their mutual weight. Finally, using these research methods, security and safety culture indicators were also identified and included in the defined security and safety culture sectors. The research needed to design a security and safety culture assessment model was realized in six selected organizations, which wanted to participate in the research. These were divided according to the size of the organization into two small, two medium, and two large organizations. Crucial element in our research was data collection conducted by means of controlled interviews and questionnaire surveys in these organizations. Based on this survey, indicators of security and safety culture could be identified. As a result of this, security and safety culture values are determined for all analyzed organizations. The conclusions will point up the possible way of evaluating security and safety culture in organizations and it also contains a specific example of their usage in the practice. Thus, by using the resulting values, it is possible to decide the further direction for the organizations, focusing on the sectors of the security and safety culture, which yielded unsatisfactory results.

The existence or non-existence of a threat to a system is essential for its existence or essential for the functionality of the system. Even more crucial is the potential of the threat and its development, which leads to the failure of the symmetry of the system. What influences the development of such threats? What contexts influence the evolution of system threats? The development of threats is linked to the changing values of indicators that affect the state of the threat at a certain point in time. This development takes place in a constantly changing environment, therefore it is dynamically and causally linked. The system aims to maintain its order, however, the influence of the development of threats deflects it towards the entropy of the system. The paper is focused on the identification of the phases of the development of threats and their impact on the symmetry of a system. The paper presents a theoretical view of the impact of threat development on system symmetry failure.

Organisations face a wide range of cyber threats with significant operational, financial and reputational impacts. Strengthening resilience therefore requires not only technical and organisational measures, but also clear economic justification. Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a well-established method that compares the costs of security measures with their benefits, such as reducing the likelihood of incidents, limiting their impact or shortening recovery times. In line with NIS2 and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 and ISO/IEC 27005:2023, CBA supports proportionate, risk-based and cost-effective security. This paper outlines the methodology, its role in decision-making, and a practical example of its application in enhancing cyber resilience and trust.